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Okinawa Island Archive (292)
- Okinawa Island Archive Introduction (1)
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Habitats (222)
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Caves (13)
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Chibi Chiri Gama, Yomitan (1)
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DescriptionChibi chiri Gama is a natural cave located in Namihira, Yomitan. It is where Okinawan civilians were driven to commit mass suicide during the Battle of Okinawa in 1945. Chibi Chiri Gama Photo: Credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2008. Location Name: Yomitan.
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Shimuku Gama cave, Yomitan (5)
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DescriptionShimuku gama is a natural cave used as a shelter by around 1,000 civilians during the shelling that preceded the landing of U.S. forces on April 1, 1945. Shimuku Gama Photo: Credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2017. Location Name: Yomitan.
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Kumaya Gama cave, Sunabe (7)
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DescriptionKumaya gama is a natural cave, close to the Sunabe Baba beach, used as a shelter and living space by residents of the community of Sunabe during and after the US bombardment and landing in 1945. One of these residents, Yogi san, is a war survivor whom we interviewed many times. Archaeological excavations organised by the Chatan board of Education and the Japanese government found artefacts and human remains estimated to be between 2500-3000 years old. Kumaya Gama Photo: Credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2013. Location Name: Sunabe.
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Chibi Chiri Gama, Yomitan (1)
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- OKEON Bioacoustic Soundscapes (105)
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Rural and Coast (49)
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Cape Zanpa Lighthouse (3)
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DescriptionZanpa is a rocky cape on the Western most part of Okinawa, close to Yomitan and featuring a lighthouse which is a popular tourist attraction. Cape Zanpa Lighthouse Photo: Credit to shutterstock.com. Date: 2017. Location Name: Cape Zanpa.
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Concrete Sea Wall Sunabe (1)
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DescriptionThe concrete sea wall in Sunabe is a shore accessible dive and surf site, popular with domestic tourists and US service personnel and used by local people for walking and jogging. It is close by to the Kadena USAF base, American Village and Sunset Beach and comprises dive and surf shops, hotels, restaurants, cafes, and izakaya’s (Japanese pubs). Concrete Sea Wall Photo: Credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2013. Location Name: Sunabe, Chatan.
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Ishigaki Island (4)
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DescriptionThese recordings were made from the Observation platform and Digital TV / FM Radio Relay Station on Mt Omoto overlooking Ishigaki city and at Akashi beach. Ishigaki Island Photo: Credit to shutterstock.com. Date: 2017. Location Name: Ishigaki.
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Mabuni Beach (1)
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DescriptionMabuni Beach lies below steep sea cliffs that were the site of a fierce last stand, fought by Japanese forces at the end of the Battle of Okinawa and culminating in the suicide of General Mitsuro Ushijima, commander of the Japanese land forces. They are situated beside the Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Museum and Peace Park, popular with tourists and regularly visited by school groups. Mabuni Beach Photo: Credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2017. Location Name: Itoman.
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Moon Beach Hotel (1)
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DescriptionThe Moon Beach hotel located in Onna, is the oldest and longest-established resort hotel in the prefecture, patronised almost exclusively from the late 1950s to 1975 by US military personnel, but now mostly used by domestic tourists from the Japanese mainland. It is well known for its crescent beach and its glass covered, flower filled interior garden lobby. Date: 2017. Location Name: Onna.
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Scenes from Lagoons (10)
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DescriptionThe coral lagoons at Jashiki, a small village in the Kunigami district and at Sunabe located at the end of the Kadena USAF base runway, are still used occasionally by local people to collect sea grasses, crabs, crustaceans, fish and octopus. They have, like all coral reefs in Okinawa, been damaged by coral bleaching. The lagoon at Sunabe which bears the physical traces of the US landings that took place in 1945 is used for recreational fishing. The lagoon at Jashiki is used for wildlife educational tours, led by guides like Kudaka san. Scenes from lagoons Photo1 Credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2015. Location Name: Jashiki Photo 2 Credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2015. Location Name: Sunabe
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Yanbaru (29)
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DescriptionThe Yanbaru is the name for the northern area of Okinawa. Literally meaning ‘mountains and fields’, and spanning the northern communities of Higashi, Kunigami, and Ogimi, this area was designated as the 33rd National Park in Japan in 2016. It contains some of the last large surviving tracts of subtropical rainforest in Asia, with many endemic species of flora and fauna, such as mangrove and cloud forests and unique plants and animals, such as the Okinawa rail (Yanbaru Kuina). It is also home to the 7,500 ha US Jungle Warfare Training Centre, located on the northeast mountain side of Higashi and Kunigami, which was founded in 1952 via a joint agreement between the Japanese government and the US. This facility has attracted anti-U.S. base protests, particularly from the nearby Takae, Higashi village. They contest the construction and use of helipads as well as toxins and chemicals infiltrating surrounding groundwater and soil. Yogi san, the war survivor whom we worked with, hid in this area during the war and we returned with him on memory journeys. Yanbaru Photo: Credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2008. Location Name: Yanbaru forest.
- Camp Gonsalves, US marine jungle warfare training centre, Takae (5)
- Hiji-otake waterfall - river pathway (2)
- Jashiki Village (3)
- Memory journeys Yogi san (2)
- Miyagi Minshuku (Inn) Oku (2)
- Okinawa Yanbaru Seawater Pumped Storage Power Station (1)
- Oku Village crows (3)
- Oku village Kunigami (7)
- Yanbaru forest dawn (3)
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Zakimi castle park (1)
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DescriptionZakimi-jo castle, constructed in the early 1400s as part of the Ryukyuan kingdom of Chuzan sits some 125 metres above sea level in the town of Yomitan, not far from the popular Zanpa Beach and Zanpa lighthouse. It is now a UNESCO world heritage site, whose ruins were restored following their use as a gunnery station by the Japanese military during the Pacific war and as a radar station by the US military afterwards. It is also the site of a small forest of ebony trees, which provides the wood used to make the sao (rod) of the Okinawan shamisen instrument known as a sanshin. Zakimi castle park Photo: Credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2017. Location Name: Yomitan.
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Cape Zanpa Lighthouse (3)
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Sacred Spaces (11)
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Ashimui Utaki sacred grove (3)
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DescriptionThe utaki are sites of spiritual power and ‘nature worship’, comprising a sacred grove, usually a grove of trees or plants including kuba, pines, banyan figs, mani (Formosa palm), sanin (shell ginger), gehn (Japanese silver grass), and azaka (Japanese laurels), but sometimes are a rock or cave or spring. The belief has been that gods descend or are enshrined through these trees and plants and they are the most important constituting feature of a village community in Okinawa, acting as a Kusati (guardian). They were the exclusive domain of shamanic female practitioners (kaminchu or noro), but excepting the occasion of ceremonies, have become more accessible in the post-war period because of tourism and their heritage and conservations status; achieving UNESCO world heritage status and ‘important cultural property’ status by the Japanese government. According to the Chuzan seikan, the first official history of the Ryūkyū kingdom, the Ashimui utaki, located in the Asa forest on Cape Hedo is the first utaki, blessed by the goddess Amamikyu. It is the northernmost utaki of seven imbued with particular spiritual power and its name means four mountains bound together as from the peak of the mountain on which it is located, four distinguishable mountain peaks can be identified. Ashimui utaki sacred grove Photo: Credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2011. Location Name: Ginama, Cape Hedo.
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Sefa Utaki sacred grove (5)
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DescriptionThe Sefa Utaki, meaning ‘purified place of utaki’ is a UNESCO designated world heritage site located on the Chinen Peninsula and popular with tourists. It is mentioned in the Chuzan Seikan history of the Ryukyu kingdom, as the place where in the Okinawan religious cosmology the goddess of creation, Amamikyu, first arrived and comprises a number of caves among other rock formations situated on a promontory overlooking the ocean. Sefa utaki, sacred grove Photo: Credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2017. Location Name: Nanjo.
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Shuri Utaki sacred grove (1)
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DescriptionThe utaki located in the grounds of Shuri castle, known as Sonohyan-utaki is situated close to the Shureimon castle gate which like the rest of the castle was severely damaged during the battle of Okinawa in 1945. It is now partly occupied by an elementary school and the gates which are always closed have come to represent the actual sacred space itself. Shuri utaki, sacred grove Photo: Credit to shutterstock.com. Date: 2019. Location Name: Shuri, Naha city.
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Sunabe Utaki sacred grove (2)
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DescriptionThe utaki in Sunabe is situated on a small hill in the centre of the town close to the community centre and backing onto the main highway, route 58. It comprises a ritual area that consists of an open space with a small building that acts as a shrine, called a Tun-nu-Kami. Sunabe utaki, sacred grove Photo: Credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2007, 2008. Location Name: Sunabe.
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Ashimui Utaki sacred grove (3)
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Sugar Cane (11)
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Ginama village, Kayauchi Banta (7)
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DescriptionSugar cane (sato kibi) known as uuji in the Okinawan dialect, is the predominant form of agriculture, superseding rice farming within the region, making brown sugar and sugar cane juice local specialities. It plays a particular role in the memory of the Pacific war, as sugar cane fields were hiding places for Japanese troops and Okinawan civilians trying to conceal themselves from US troops and in the aftermath of the conflict many plantations, upon which families and communities depended, were appropriated for the construction of the US bases. This painful history was powerfully expressed in the post-war by the popular song Zawawa, named by its composer Naohiko Terashima because the word mimicked the plaintive sounds of the susurration of sugar cane leaves wrapping themselves around their stalks and evoked feelings of loss and sadness for Okinawans. This sugar cane plantation above Ginama village in the northernmost part of Okinawa is traditionally farmed by hand rather than by mechanical means. Ginama village, Kayauchi Banta Photo: Credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2015. Location Name: Ginama.
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Ishigaki airport (3)
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DescriptionThis sugar cane plantation near to the airport on Ishigaki island is traditionally farmed by hand which is becoming unusual on the island as elsewhere. The recording was made in the winter (January) during a period of wet weather. Ishigaki airport Photo: Credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2017. Location Name: Ishigaki.
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Zakimi castle (1)
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DescriptionThis sugar cane field is located near Zakimi-jo castle, constructed in the early 1400s as part of the Ryukyuan kingdom of Chuzan sits some 125 metres above sea level in the town of Yomitan, not far from the popular Zanpa Beach and Zanpa lighthouse. It is a UNESCO world heritage site, whose ruins were restored following their use as a gunnery station by the Japanese military during the Pacific war and as a radar station by the US military afterwards. Zakimi castle Photo: Credit to shutterstock.com. Date: 2017. Location Name: Yomitan.
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Ginama village, Kayauchi Banta (7)
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Urban (33)
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Asato Market Naha City (3)
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DescriptionThe covered ‘market’ (Machiguwa) at Asato, in Naha city, otherwise known as the Sakaemachi arcade was constructed in 1955 and comprises narrow alleyways (Yokocho) with around 150 bars, restaurants and stores which are used on a daily basis by local people and are popular at night-time. Asato market, Naha city Photo: Credit to Angus Carlyle. Date: 2017. Location Name: Naha.
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Chatan Apartment 2015 (6)
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DescriptionThe Chatan-cho district in the central part of Okinawan island comprises hilly areas in the east which were originally used for rice cultivation and are now taken over by the USAF base of Kadena, and also adjoins parts of Camp Foster and Camp Lester. The district extends to a low lying coastal strip that includes large areas for shopping and tourism, such as ‘American Town’ as well as the town of Sunabe. The close proximity of the Kadena USAF base means that the sounds of various activities and operations, particularly of overflying aircraft, can be heard in Chatan. Chatan apartment Photo: Credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2017. Location Name: Chatan.
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Futenma High School (10)
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DescriptionFutenma high school situated next to the boundary fence of Marine Corps air station Futenma, was founded by the Okinawa prefectural government in 1948 some three years after the military base was begun, which was before the end of the war. Noise emanating from the base was shown by the epidemiological study led by K Hiramatsu to have led to an increased propensity for misbehaviour among children and to have generally affected mental health, particularly nervousness and depression. Other effects of being in close proximity to the base include a part from a US military Osprey helicopter falling onto the nearby Futenma No. 2 Elementary School in 2017 and the notorious crash of a helicopter in 2004 at Okinawa International University in Ginowan. Futenma High School Photo: Credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2013. Location Name: Ginowan.
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Nakamura House (1)
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DescriptionThis early 18th century home of an upper class farmer (Ujagi), which is located high up in Nakagusuku, was commandeered by the US military during and immediately after the Battle of Okinawa. It survived largely intact, was designated by the Ryukyu kingdom as a traditional Okinawan residence in 1956, as an important cultural property by the Japanese government in 1972 and in the 1990’s was used by the epidemiological study led by K Hiramatsu to provide a base line of ‘quietness’ against which to the measure the noise from the surrounding US bases. Nakamura House Photo: Credit to shutterstock.com. Date: 2019. Location Name: Kitanakagusuku.
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Shuri Castle (8)
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DescriptionShuri castle, located in the centre of Naha city was the royal court, administrative and symbolic centre of the Ryukyu kingdom between 1429 and 1879, was almost completely destroyed during the Battle of Okinawa in 1945, reconstructed and achieved UNESCO world heritage status in 2000 before being badly damaged by fire in 2019. Currently being reconstructed, these recordings, which document a variety of spaces were made just prior to the 2019 fire, in collaboration with students from Okinawa Prefecture University of the Arts. Shuri Castle Photo: Credit to shutterstock.com. Date: 2019. Location Name: Shuri, Naha.
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Sunabe (5)
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DescriptionSunabe is a seaside town, part of the Chatan district, popular as a dive spot with tourists and home to many American service personnel who chose to live off base because it is conveniently located outside gate one of Kadena USAF base and offers a beach and park that are attractive for families. It was a landing point for US invasion forces in 1945, the centre point for much of the epidemiological study led by K Hiramatsu in the 1990’s and adjoins that part of the boundary fence of the Kadena USAF base that encloses one end of its main runway. Sunabe Photo: Credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2013. Location Name: Sunabe.
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Asato Market Naha City (3)
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Caves (13)
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Kadena USAF Base (21)
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Kadena AmericaFest on Base 2009 (1)
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DescriptionThe annual summer time AmericaFest event held on the flightline of the Kadena airbase celebrates U.S. Independence Day and promotes friendship through games, food and performances, including live music, with Okinawan and American guest entertainers invited from outside the base community. The event hosts U.S. Air Force, Marine Corps and Navy as well as Japan Self Defence Forces’ aircraft to showcase the alliance between these different services. It is one of the rare occasions when Okinawans living besides the base can gain access to the facility. Kadena AmericaFest Photo: Credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2009. Location Name: Kadena.
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Protests and legal action against the base (2)
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DescriptionThese protest chants and songs are by those suing the Japanese government over noise pollution from Okinawa's Kadena Air Force Base. They are part of a series of mostly successful lawsuits over compensation for residents which started with the Fukuoka High Court in Japan’s successful ruling for compensation in 1994 and are still on-going. The number of residents involved in these cases has risen from around 5,500 to over 22,000. Protests and legal action against the base Photo: Credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2007. Location Name: Naha district court, Higawa and Toguchi beach, Yomitan.
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Sunabe Beach overflights (13)
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DescriptionThis beach is located on the west side of the Sunabe seawall and comprises ‘Baba beach’ and ‘Baba park’, with various play grounds, basketball court and skateboard park, servicing the families of US base personnel as well as locals, as well as a reef that attracts fishermen, surfers and divers. The reef is separated from Baba beach by a small Okinawan cemetery with extended family graves called munchu and is situated just beneath the main flight path of aircraft taking off and landing at Kadena USAF base. Sunabe beach overflights Photo: credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2013. Location Name: Sunabe.
- Overflight 2007 (1) (1)
- Overflight 2007 (2) (1)
- Combined recordings 2007 (1)
- Overflight 2008 (1) (1)
- Overflight 2008 (2) (1)
- Combined recordings 2008 (1)
- Sunabe overflights 2010 (1)
- Overflight 2013 (1) (1)
- Overflight 2013 (2) (1)
- Overflight 2013 afterburner (1)
- Combined recordings 2013 (1)
- Overflight close to surf (1)
- Overflight near US personnel flats (1)
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Sunabe Evening Engine Noise from Kadena (3)
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DescriptionSunabe town is located opposite Kadena’s gate 1 on route 58 and adjacent to the boundary fence of the area servicing the main runway of Kadena USAF base. The sounds of jets taxiing, taking off and landing can be heard throughout most days. Photo: credit to Angus Carlyle. Date: 2013 Location Name: Sunabe
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Sunabe Matsuda Kame sama's residence overflights (1)
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DescriptionThe residence of Matsuda Kame, who was a war survivor, research informant and subsequently the subject of a biography written by K Hiramatsu: A Grandma of Anti-War of Okinawa -A Narrative Life History of Kame Matsuda, Tosui-shobo, Tokyo (in Japanese) is located right next to the boundary fence of Kadena USAF base, closer to the sounds of the military aircraft taking off and landing than any other residence in Sunabe. Sunabe Matsuda Kame sama’s residence overflights Photo: credit to Rupert Cox. Date: Unknown. Location Name: Sunabe
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USAF Armed forces TV and radio 2012 (1)
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DescriptionThe American Forces Network (AFN) Pacific television and radio broadcast service is a US Government network. Founded in 1942 it provides for the US military stationed or assigned overseas. It operates from one full-power VHF station located on the Rycom Plaza Housing area in the central part of the island. For Okinawan’s, until the 1970’s AFN was one of the only ways it could get classic American tunes from jazz, rock, country and Motown genres. The radio and TV station’s news, public service announcements and advertising offers an insight into the social life, attitudes and values of the base community. Photo: credit to Wikipedia. Date: 2012. Location Name: Sunabe.
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Kadena AmericaFest on Base 2009 (1)
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Rites (28)
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Eisa festivals (10)
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DescriptionEisa is an Okinawan form of folk dance accompanied by singing, chanting, and drumming, held during the lunar Bon festival to honor ancestors and typically performed by 20 to 30 young men and women drawn from within a local community. It is regarded as an essential part of Okinawa traditional culture, drawing large crowds to events such as the Okinawa Zento Eisa Matsuri at Koza Sports Park in Okinawa City, which is an island wide annual competition. The anthropologist Christopher T. Nelson has shown how the performance of eisa is an articulation of community at a local level as well as a way of working through larger issues of the legacies of Japanese colonialism, the Pacific war and the long US military occupation. Eisa festivals Photo: credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2008; 2015. Location Name: Sunabe and Koza.
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Ireisai Ceremony 2019 (1)
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DescriptionIreisai is a Japanese memorial ceremony, based on Shinto beliefs, for pacifying and consoling the spirits of the war dead (irei). It is held in particular in Okinawa, Nagasaki and Hiroshima. The annual memorial has a lot of significance in Okinawa where a recurrently powerful nationalist narrative about how the many Okinawans who died in the Battle of Okinawa are part of the Japanese war dead is contested and their memories reclaimed into an Okinawan story. This ceremony took place at the Okinawa Peace memorial park on the 75th anniversary of the end of the Pacific war. Ireisai ceremony Photo: credit to K Hiramatsu. Date: 2019. Location Name: Itoman.
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Otsunahiki tug of war in Naha 2019 (1)
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DescriptionThe annual Otsunahiki (giant tug-of-war) held at the intersection of Kumoji at Route 58, near the prefectural office, in the centre of Naha City is attended by about 25,000 attendees and one of the most popular tourist attractions in Okinawa. It originates in a local custom held to pray for rain or prosperity which after a decline in the 1930’s was reinstituted by the municipal government in 1971 as part of its 50th anniversary celebrations. Otsunahiki tug of war in Naha Photo: credit to K Hiramatsu. Date: 2019. Location Name: Kumoji, Naha city.
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Shioya Ungami Sea Festival (14)
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DescriptionThe Ungami (or Unjami) festival for sea and mountain gods held in Shioya Bay occurs annually in July at the time of the Bon Festival. The rituals involved include services and offerings performed by the Noro / Kaminchu shamanic priestesses at the Tanna hamlet, a haarii dragon boat race held in Shioya Bay and the offering of prayers towards Kouri island, which is made by Kaminchu from nearby Kaneku-hama beach. These symbolise a prayer for a plentiful harvest and catch. The festival was designated an Intangible Cultural Property by the Japanese government in 1997 and is popular as a tourist attraction. Shioya Ungami sea festival Photo: credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2015. Location Name: Ogimi.
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Sunabe Jugoya festival 2008 (2)
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DescriptionThe Jugoya, also called chuushuu no meigetsu in Okinawa and Otsukimi in mainland Japan is a “moon viewing” festival held on August 15 of the lunar calendar. At the occasion of the viewing of the full moon, decorations made from Japanese pampas grass (susuki) are displayed, sweet potatoes are offered and rice dumplings (tsukimi dango) are consumed. Sunabe Jugoya festival Photo: credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2008. Location Name: Sunabe.
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Eisa festivals (10)
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Skilled Action (20)
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Kijoka Bashofu Banana Leaf Weaving Cooperative (7)
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DescriptionKijoka no Bashofu is a fabric woven with fibers taken from the Japanese banana plant (Basho) produced in Kijoka, Ogimi Village in northern Okinawa. With a history going back to the 13th or 14th century, production ceased in the years of the US occupation after WWII before an association was established in 1956 and in 1974 the Japanese government designated it as an "Important Intangible Cultural Property". Kijoka Bashofu banana leaf weaving cooperative Photo: credit to K Hiramatsu. Date: 2019. Location Name: Ogimi.
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Ryukyu Glass (1)
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DescriptionRyukyu glassware production, which is believed to have originated in the late 1800s or early 1900s, centres on a factory in Itoman that after being destroyed during the war was reconstructed in 1947. It became well known for utilising recycled glass left by the US occupation forces and producing glassware that was initially appreciated by those troops as tableware for daily use and is now acquired by mainland Japanese tourists as souvenirs. Ryukyu glass Photo: credit to K Hiramatsu. Date: 2019. Location Name: Itoman.
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Sanshin Manufacturer Naha (1)
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DescriptionThe sanshin is the ubiquitous stringed instrument of Okinawa. Manufactured in Naha city and other parts of Japan’s southernmost islands, it is essential in traditional Japanese dance, Ryukyu opera, and folk/pop musical arrangements. As a symbol of Okinawan identity, the techniques and materials of its manufacture reflects its centrality to elite and popular culture. A single sanshin could take decades to make and be a symbol of wealth and status. At the same time the use of empty food cans to replace its traditional, wooden ring shaped body in the post-war aftermath, gave rise to the kankara sanshin that became the symbol of Okinawan reconstruction and resilience. Sanshin manufacturer Photo: credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2015. Location Name: Naha.
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Sugar Cane Harvesting In the Drizzle (1)
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DescriptionSugar cane is traditionally harvested by hand using a hoe. The recording was made in the winter (January) during a period of wet weather. Sugar cane harvesting in the drizzle Photo: credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2017. Location Name: Ishigaki.
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Tsukayama Awamori Brewery (6)
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DescriptionThe Tsukayama Brewery of the Awamori spirit Kokka, is located in Nago City in northern Okinawa. Built around 1928, it is the only Awamori brewery that survived the war keeping its distinctive Okinawan red tile-roof and wooden architecture and as such is designated as one of Japan’s Nationally Important Cultural Properties. Every process involved with making the Awamori, from brewing to labelling, is done by hand. Tsukayama Awamori brewery Photo: credit to K Hiramatsu. Date: 2019. Location Name: Nago.
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Yubi-bue two fingered whistle for sanshin and Eisa music (1)
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DescriptionOkinawan finger-whistling (yubi bue) is usually associated with the performance of Kachashi, a celebratory, festive folk dance, when it periodically punctuates the music of the sanshin and drum. The dance and accompanying finger whistle can be a feature of weddings and victory celebrations for example at sports events or public elections. Yubi-bue two fingered whistle for sanshin and Eisa music Photo: credit to Rupert Cox. Date: 2017. Location Name: Naha.
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Yuntanza Hanaui Co-operative (3)
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DescriptionYuntanza-hanaui is a well known type of hand weaved textile, characterised by floral and geometric patterns and made today by a business cooperative of around 110 employees based at a workshop in Yomitan. Although it has a history going back some 600 years, the process of manufacture had to be re-discovered after the war when there was no-one left with direct knowledge. The process is distinct from other types of hanaui textiles where individuals are tasked with a particular, separate aspect of the manufacture. In this case each product is made from start to finish by a single weaver. Photo: credit to Voyapon. Date: 2017. Location Name: Yomitan.
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Kijoka Bashofu Banana Leaf Weaving Cooperative (7)
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