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Carrie Chapman Catt to Rosika Schwimmer [and possibly, Vilma Glücklich], [Java or London, late 1912 or early 1913]
written by Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (1913) , 2 page(s)
DESCRIPTION: This post script to a letter was written in the months leading up to the Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) to be held in Budapest, 15-21 June 1913. Catt likely was writing to Rosika Schwimmer, and maybe also Vilma Glücklich. Catt received a letter from Mrs. Braunfel...
Sample
written by Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (1913) , 2 page(s)
Description
DESCRIPTION: This post script to a letter was written in the months leading up to the Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) to be held in Budapest, 15-21 June 1913. Catt likely was writing to Rosika Schwimmer, and maybe also Vilma Glücklich. Catt received a letter from Mrs. Braunfelds, who makes a suggestion for the congress regarding a Christian meeting like was held in previous congresses at Amsterdam and Stockho...
DESCRIPTION: This post script to a letter was written in the months leading up to the Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) to be held in Budapest, 15-21 June 1913. Catt likely was writing to Rosika Schwimmer, and maybe also Vilma Glücklich. Catt received a letter from Mrs. Braunfelds, who makes a suggestion for the congress regarding a Christian meeting like was held in previous congresses at Amsterdam and Stockholm. There is a recommendation to reach out to the Catholic Society of England, and Catt seems to like the idea, given the dominance of Catholicism in Hungary. According to Catt, the Dr. (Aletta Jacobs) believes Braunfelds to be easily provoked. Catt and Jacobs were likely travelling in Asia during this letter, which means it was likely written in late 1912. Catt and Schwimmer exchanged correspondence during 1912-1913 regarding the program and planning of the congress. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Carrie Chapman Catt
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1913
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947
Person Discussed
Aletta Henriette Jacobs, 1854-1929
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Equal Rights for Women, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Suffrage
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Carrie Chapman Catt to Rosika Schwimmer, London, 2 May 1913
written by Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (02 May 1913) , 4 page(s)
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from London, Carrie Chapman Catt writes to Rosika Schwimmer. Catt criticizes Schwimmer for not sending the Hungarian report in time for printing, which meant the publication went forward without it. She begs Schwimmer to write at once, answering the following questions: “1...
Sample
written by Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (02 May 1913) , 4 page(s)
Description
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from London, Carrie Chapman Catt writes to Rosika Schwimmer. Catt criticizes Schwimmer for not sending the Hungarian report in time for printing, which meant the publication went forward without it. She begs Schwimmer to write at once, answering the following questions: “1) What speakers for the evening meetings? 2) What arrangements are made for the afternoons? What ones are free for meetings?” Catt al...
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from London, Carrie Chapman Catt writes to Rosika Schwimmer. Catt criticizes Schwimmer for not sending the Hungarian report in time for printing, which meant the publication went forward without it. She begs Schwimmer to write at once, answering the following questions: “1) What speakers for the evening meetings? 2) What arrangements are made for the afternoons? What ones are free for meetings?” Catt also discusses requirements for the program, such as each country having a presence as a speaker and providing stenographers from the United States, if needed. The third question comes later in the letter: “3) How can delegates secure their reduced rates unless they have some kind of credential that they are going to Budapest?” Catt reports that she is forced to remain in London longer than expected, but she will alert Scwhimmer when she plans to arrive in Budapest. The last page, likely the signature page, is missing. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Róza Schwimmer (Rosika Schwimmer)
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
02 May 1913, 1913
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Suffrage, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Equal Rights for Women
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Carrie Chapman Catt to Rosika Schwimmer, London, 12 May 1913
written by Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (12 May 1913) , 3 page(s)
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from London, Carrie Chapman Catt writes to Rosika Schwimmer. Catt declares that they will arrive in Budapest on Saturday by way of Vienna. She is travelling to Hungary for the congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA). Catt complains about the late corresp...
Sample
written by Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (12 May 1913) , 3 page(s)
Description
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from London, Carrie Chapman Catt writes to Rosika Schwimmer. Catt declares that they will arrive in Budapest on Saturday by way of Vienna. She is travelling to Hungary for the congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA). Catt complains about the late correspondence of some of the IWSA affiliates, delaying her travel. She asks Schwimmer to reserve rooms for her arrival. Catt is looking forwa...
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from London, Carrie Chapman Catt writes to Rosika Schwimmer. Catt declares that they will arrive in Budapest on Saturday by way of Vienna. She is travelling to Hungary for the congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA). Catt complains about the late correspondence of some of the IWSA affiliates, delaying her travel. She asks Schwimmer to reserve rooms for her arrival. Catt is looking forward to the “nice little fishes and fried potatoes in Budapest.” KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Carrie Chapman Catt; Women and Nation within Empire; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Congress Preparations; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Austria; Vienna; Róza Schwimmer (Rosika Schwimmer); Annie Furuhjelm
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
12 May 1913, 1913
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Suffrage, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Equal Rights for Women
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Jeanne del Homme to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894 (1)
written by Jeanne del Homme, fl. 1894 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 833/1894, ff. 1-2) (1894) , 3 page(s)
TITLE: Jeanne del Homme to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894 (1). DESCRIPTION: This letter is one of three written by Jeanne del Homme, in French, to Emilia Rațiu in 1894. The year has been determined based on content. Jeanne del Homme was a French teacher, based in Oxford and then in Le Mans. She was instrumental...
Sample
written by Jeanne del Homme, fl. 1894 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 833/1894, ff. 1-2) (1894) , 3 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Jeanne del Homme to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894 (1). DESCRIPTION: This letter is one of three written by Jeanne del Homme, in French, to Emilia Rațiu in 1894. The year has been determined based on content. Jeanne del Homme was a French teacher, based in Oxford and then in Le Mans. She was instrumental in publicizing the “Memorandum trial” occurring in Transylvania in 1894 among English progressive liberals based in Oxford and beyo...
TITLE: Jeanne del Homme to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894 (1). DESCRIPTION: This letter is one of three written by Jeanne del Homme, in French, to Emilia Rațiu in 1894. The year has been determined based on content. Jeanne del Homme was a French teacher, based in Oxford and then in Le Mans. She was instrumental in publicizing the “Memorandum trial” occurring in Transylvania in 1894 among English progressive liberals based in Oxford and beyond. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda/Torda/Thorenburg, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. Ioan Rațiu was arrested following his condemnation for anti-state activity through the distribution of a manifesto on Transylvanian autonomy and linguistic rights in the “Memorandum trial.” Charles Dilke (1843-1911) was a Liberal and Radical English politician and Member of Parliament. ¶ In this letter, del Homme tells Rațiu that she gave a lengthy interview on the Memorandum trial to the Daily Chronicle. See, “A Rift in the East: Trouble in Transylvania, An Appeal to English Opinion, in _The Daily Chronicle_” (Newspaper clipping, London, July 10, 1894), 1212/1894, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, f.1, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest. Del Homme requests additional information concerning the jury, the conditions of the accused men’s imminent imprisonment, and a copy of the Memorandum brochure that the condemned had distributed since the beginning of the 1890s. Del Homme also mentioned having spoken to Charles Dilke, who was supportive. She expresses her hope that the Daily Chronicle clipping will reach her and not be stopped in its way. The document makes visible the challenges of transnational activism in the late 19th century, among which the relatively slow circulation of information and objects, which facilitated awareness-raising and mobilization. It also underscores the support given to Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activists chiefly by radical-liberal English activists and politicians, especially women. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; Transylvania; Memorandum; Liberalism; Radicalism; Press.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1894
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Jeanne del Homme, fl. 1894
Topic / Theme
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Indigenous Women, Empire and Internationalism, Empire and Feminism, Equal Rights for Women, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Social and Political Leadership, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, English, Romanians
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Jeanne del Homme to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894 (2)
written by Jeanne del Homme, fl. 1894 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 829/1894, ff. 1-2) (1894) , 4 page(s)
TITLE: Jeanne del Homme to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894 (2). DESCRIPTION: This letter is one of three written by Jeanne del Homme, in French, to Emilia Rațiu in 1894. The year has been determined based on content. Jeanne del Homme was a French teacher, based in Oxford and then in Le Mans. She was instrumental...
Sample
written by Jeanne del Homme, fl. 1894 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 829/1894, ff. 1-2) (1894) , 4 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Jeanne del Homme to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894 (2). DESCRIPTION: This letter is one of three written by Jeanne del Homme, in French, to Emilia Rațiu in 1894. The year has been determined based on content. Jeanne del Homme was a French teacher, based in Oxford and then in Le Mans. She was instrumental in publicizing the “Memorandum trial” occurring in Transylvania in 1894 among English progressive liberals. Emilia Rațiu (1846-192...
TITLE: Jeanne del Homme to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894 (2). DESCRIPTION: This letter is one of three written by Jeanne del Homme, in French, to Emilia Rațiu in 1894. The year has been determined based on content. Jeanne del Homme was a French teacher, based in Oxford and then in Le Mans. She was instrumental in publicizing the “Memorandum trial” occurring in Transylvania in 1894 among English progressive liberals. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda/Torda/Thorenburg, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. Ioan Rațiu was arrested following his condemnation for anti-state activity through the distribution of a manifesto on Transylvanian autonomy and linguistic rights in the “Memorandum trial.” ¶ This letter expresses sympathy following the news that Ioan Rațiu had been imprisoned. Del Homme promises to follow the Hungarian press on the issue. She thanks Rațiu for the photograph, apologizes for not being able to send a photograph of herself, and mentions she will pass on the letter for Sarah Byles once the latter returned from her voyage in Italy. The letter is one among several exchanged in 1894 between Emilia Rațiu and progressive Englishwomen. It emphasizes connections between socially-active Transylvanian women and progressive women in England and points to the importance of a new medium, such as photography, in creating and sustaining these connections. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Social Reform and Political Activism; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; Transylvania; Memorandum; Photographs; Mobilization; Networks.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1894
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Jeanne del Homme, fl. 1894
Topic / Theme
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women, Social Reform and Political Activism, Empire and Internationalism, Empire and Feminism, Equal Rights for Women, Social and Political Leadership, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, English, Romanians
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Jeanne del Homme to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894 (3)
written by Jeanne del Homme, fl. 1894 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 830/1894, ff. 1-4) (1894) , 8 page(s)
TITLE: Jeanne del Homme to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894 (3). DESCRIPTION: This letter is one of three written by Jeanne del Homme, in French, to Emilia Rațiu in 1894. The year has been determined based on content. Jeanne del Homme was a French teacher, based in Oxford and then in Le Mans. She was instrumental...
Sample
written by Jeanne del Homme, fl. 1894 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 830/1894, ff. 1-4) (1894) , 8 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Jeanne del Homme to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894 (3). DESCRIPTION: This letter is one of three written by Jeanne del Homme, in French, to Emilia Rațiu in 1894. The year has been determined based on content. Jeanne del Homme was a French teacher, based in Oxford and then in Le Mans. She was instrumental in publicizing the “Memorandum trial” occurring in Transylvania in 1894 among English progressive liberals. Emilia Rațiu (1846-192...
TITLE: Jeanne del Homme to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894 (3). DESCRIPTION: This letter is one of three written by Jeanne del Homme, in French, to Emilia Rațiu in 1894. The year has been determined based on content. Jeanne del Homme was a French teacher, based in Oxford and then in Le Mans. She was instrumental in publicizing the “Memorandum trial” occurring in Transylvania in 1894 among English progressive liberals. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda/Torda/Thorenburg, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. Ioan Rațiu was arrested following his condemnation for anti-state activity through the distribution of a manifesto on Transylvanian autonomy and linguistic rights in the “Memorandum trial” mentioned in the letter. ¶ This letter thanks Emilia Rațiu for the beautifully-embroidered chemisette and bolero she had sent, mentions friends’ admiration for the clothes’ graceful shapes and harmonious colors, and asks Rațiu to thank everyone who worked on the clothing. Del Homme informs Rațiu that she spoke at length to three Members of Parliament on the “Romanian Question”, trying to persuade them that “a word said in Parliament” would greatly help Rațiu’s work. Del Homme reports that MPs were sympathetic and requested further documents on the issue. Del Homme writes that she sent several reports on the Memorandum trial happening in Cluj/Kolosvàr/Klausenburg to English newspapers but that the press there was “hesitant” to publish an account, for “fear of inciting polemics.” ¶ This letter is one among several exchanged in 1894 by Emilia Rațiu and progressive Englishwomen. It sheds light on the merging of transnational cultural interaction (i.e., sending parts of a folk costume as a gift) with transnational political activism and lobbying. Among others, this mix was made possible by the incorporation into nationalists’ self-definition of a particularly Austro-Hungarian ethnographic gaze, which emphasized both ethnic diversity and difference. The document also underscores women’s involvement in England in lobbying Parliament on behalf of the rights of dominated nations or nationalities. It points to the cautious attitude of English MPs as well as the English press towards what was being presented as the “Romanian Question.” KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Peace and War, International Governance, and International Law; Women and International Relations; Empire and Internationalism; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; Transylvania; Networks; Mobilization; Lobbying; Cultural Diplomacy; Press.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1894
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Jeanne del Homme, fl. 1894
Topic / Theme
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Women of Color, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Immigration, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Empire and Internationalism, Empire and Feminism, Equal Rights for Women, Racial and Ethnic Differences Among Women, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Nationality Rights, Pol...
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Women of Color, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Immigration, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Empire and Internationalism, Empire and Feminism, Equal Rights for Women, Racial and Ethnic Differences Among Women, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Nationality Rights, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, International Peace, Social and Cultural Rights, Austrians, Hungarians, English, Romanians
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Margaret Bondfield to 'Dear Madam,' London, 1 May 1913
written by Margaret Grace Bondfield, 1873-1953 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (01 May 1913) , 1 page(s)
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter, Margaret Bondfield writes on behalf of the Women’s Co-Operative Guild based out of London. She is sending regrets on the invitation to attend congress being hosted in Budapest by the International Women Suffrage Alliance (IWSA). This letter was likely sent to Rosika Schwi...
Sample
written by Margaret Grace Bondfield, 1873-1953 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (01 May 1913) , 1 page(s)
Description
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter, Margaret Bondfield writes on behalf of the Women’s Co-Operative Guild based out of London. She is sending regrets on the invitation to attend congress being hosted in Budapest by the International Women Suffrage Alliance (IWSA). This letter was likely sent to Rosika Schwimmer or Vilma Glücklich, who were making arrangements for the congress along with the Hungarian women’s affiliate of the IWSA. Bondf...
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter, Margaret Bondfield writes on behalf of the Women’s Co-Operative Guild based out of London. She is sending regrets on the invitation to attend congress being hosted in Budapest by the International Women Suffrage Alliance (IWSA). This letter was likely sent to Rosika Schwimmer or Vilma Glücklich, who were making arrangements for the congress along with the Hungarian women’s affiliate of the IWSA. Bondfield wishes the women success with the congress and support in advancing the enfranchisement for women throughout the world. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Women’s Co-Operative Guild
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
01 May 1913, 1913
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Margaret Grace Bondfield, 1873-1953
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Suffrage, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Equal Rights for Women
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Sarah Anne Byles to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 2 August 1894
written by Sarah Anne Byles, fl. 1894 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 1032/1894, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1-2) (02 August 1894) , 4 page(s)
TITLE: Sarah Anne Byles to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 2 August 1894. DESCRIPTION: Letter to Emilia Rațiu from Sarah Anne Byles, thanking her for sending the photograph of imprisoned leaders of the Romanian National Party of Transylvania, among whom Emilia Rațiu’s husband. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transy...
Sample
written by Sarah Anne Byles, fl. 1894 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 1032/1894, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1-2) (02 August 1894) , 4 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Sarah Anne Byles to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 2 August 1894. DESCRIPTION: Letter to Emilia Rațiu from Sarah Anne Byles, thanking her for sending the photograph of imprisoned leaders of the Romanian National Party of Transylvania, among whom Emilia Rațiu’s husband. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader...
TITLE: Sarah Anne Byles to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 2 August 1894. DESCRIPTION: Letter to Emilia Rațiu from Sarah Anne Byles, thanking her for sending the photograph of imprisoned leaders of the Romanian National Party of Transylvania, among whom Emilia Rațiu’s husband. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda/Torda/Thorenburg. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially with the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. Ioan Rațiu was arrested following his condemnation for anti-state activity through the distribution of a manifesto on Transylvanian autonomy and linguistic rights in the “Memorandum trial.” Sarah Anne Byles was a moderate English activist for suffrage, active in the Women’s National Liberal Association, a section of the British Liberal Party. She was married to William Byles, pacifist Liberal MP between 1893 and 1895. The Inter-Parliamentary Conference (later the Inter-Parliamentary Union) was an international organization founded in 1889, bringing together MPs from several European countries. In 1894, it was dedicated to avoiding armed conflict by promoting international arbitration and the creation of procedures for declaring neutrality. ¶ Byles promises to try to have the photograph of the imprisoned members of the Romanian National Party published in an illustrated paper. She assures that her husband would do everything he can for the Memorandists and that they were going to take the photograph to show in The Hague,during the 1894 meeting of the Inter-Parliamentary Conference. Most of the Transylvanian men imprisoned were pardoned in 1895 by Emperor Francis Joseph, partly due to the international echoes of the affair. The letter emphasizes connections between socially-active Transylvanian women and progressive women in England, as well as political mobilization tactics at the advent of mass politics in Europe. It also points to the importance of a new medium, such as photography, in such mobilizations. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; Transylvania; Memorandum; Photographs; Mobilization; Networks.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
02 August 1894, 1894
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Sarah Anne Byles, fl. 1894
Topic / Theme
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Indigenous Women, Empire and Feminism, Empire and Internationalism, Equal Rights for Women, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Social and Political Leadership, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Romanians, English
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