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Diamond Jubilee, 1927-87: All India Women's Conference

written by Sarojini House (Delhi, Delhi State: Sarojini House, 1987), 144 page(s)

These printed proceedings include two handwritten letters (pages 97-101): The first is from Vijaya Lakshmi Pandlit; the second is signed Dhanvanti Rama Rao.

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Dr. Elena Bratu [to] Alexandrina Cantacuzino, 30 Sept. 1932

written by Elena Bratu, fl. 1932, in Cantacuzino Family Collection, of Romania. National Archives (folder 157, files 7) (Bucharest, Bucharest County) (1932) , 2 page(s)

Title: Dr. Elena Bratu to Alexandrina Cantacuzino, September 30, 1932. Description: Letter from Dr. Elena Bratu (president of GFR / Romanian Women’s Organization, Cluj branch) to Alexandrina Cantacuzino (president of GFR/ Romanian Women’s Organization), September 30, 1932 in which it was discussed the GFR Cong...

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Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894

written by Elena Baiulescu, fl. 1860 and Elena Mureşianu, 1862-1924 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 734/1905, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, f.1) (16 June 1894) , 4 page(s)

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TITLE: Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter on custom-made stationery with “Everything for the Nation” slogan in one corner, addressed to Emilia Rațiu and signed by Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu in the name of the National Committee of Romanian Women. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor... TITLE: Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter on custom-made stationery with “Everything for the Nation” slogan in one corner, addressed to Emilia Rațiu and signed by Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu in the name of the National Committee of Romanian Women. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda/Torda/Thorenburg, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. Ioan Rațiu was arrested following his condemnation for anti-state activity through the distribution of a manifesto on Transylvanian autonomy and linguistic rights in the “Memorandum trial.” Elena Muresianu (1862-1924) was an artist and publicist from Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt, active in the Women’s Reunion in the city and a founding member of the National Committee of Romanian Women. A graduate of the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts (1884-1888), she married into the Muresianu family who published Gazeta Transilvaniei [The Transylvanian Gazette], one of the most significant Romanian-language publications in the region. Between 1909 and 1911, Elena Muresianu was the sole administrator of the newspaper and associated typography, having always been heavily involved in the running of the business. Elena Baiulescu was President of the Reunion of Romanian Women in Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt in the 1890s and President of the National Committee of Romanian Women, from 1894 to 1896. She was married to Orthodox Archpriest (Protopop) Bartolomeu Baiulescu and the mother to Maria Baiulescu, who would become in the 1900s a visible spokeswoman for socially active women and the Transylvanian Romanian nationalist cause. The National Committee of Romanian Women was described as a “secret committee” of Romanian women founded in Brașov/Brassó/Hermannstadt in 1894 by Elena Muresianu, acting as Secretary, and Elena Baiulescu, as President. The Committee gathered signatures from women all around Transylvania to support the Transylvanian politicians condemned in the Memorandum trial. According to a 1934 article written by a member of the Committee, the Committee gathered “thousands upon thousands” of signatures for letters sent to MPs in Italy and journalists in France, thanking them for the support shown to the “Romanian national cause.” See, Maria Baiulescu, “Participrea femeilor romane din Ardeal in procesul Memorandumului in _Universul_(Bucharest) [The Participation of Romanian Women from Transylvania in the Memorandum Trial in _The Universe_(Bucharest)]” (Newspaper clipping, Bucharest, June 19, 1934), MS 1954, f. 30, “George Baritiu” County Library Special Collections, “George Baritiu” County Library Brasov, Special Collections Unit. The Committee minted decorative medals with the inscription “Everything for the Nation.” The “Memorandum trial” involved the 1894 condemnation of several prominent Transylvanian members of the Romanian National Party for publishing and distributing a manifesto critical of Hungarian centralism but not of the Emperor. The event garnered international attention and significant popular support in Transylvania and other territories inhabited by Romanians. ¶ This letter asks for Rațiu’s consent for writing letters to foreign supporters of the tried Memorandum politicians “not only [in the name of women from Brașov], but also in the name of all Romanian women from Transylvania and Hungary.” The senders consider the issue an important one and mention that they have written “to Romanian ladies from the different towns in Transylvania thus asking for their consent.” The senders mention writing a planned first thank-you letter to Italian MP Imbriani. ¶ This document provides evidence about the formation and mobilization strategies of the National Committee of Romanian Women. It captures a moment in which women involved in the nationalist cause sought to transform gender solidarities forged on municipal bases into the collective solidarity of all “Romanian women from Transylvania and Hungary.” The process mirrors similar developments in the rest of Austria-Hungary at the time. The 1880s were marked by middle-class municipal activism. This development was overshadowed (or in this case, merged) in 1890 by the rise of nationalist, mass mobilization, a political phenomenon that was, in fact, difficult to sustain and had somewhat waned by the early 1900s. In relation to the politics of gendered mobilization, the emphasis on and the use of the language of consent also makes this document an interesting one; it shows how liberal doctrines on contract and consent, assumed to be governing associations and individuals, were part of Transylvanian women’s activism. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Municipal Activism; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Socialism; Political and Human Rights; Habsburg Empire; Transylvania; Comitetul Național al Femeilor Române/National Committee of Romanian Women; Memorandum; Municipal Activism; Mobilization; Networks; k. k. Kunstgewerbeschule/ Vienna School of Arts and Crafts. Show more Show less

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Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Oxford, 9 April 1894

written by Elisabeth Lee, 1879- (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 911/1894, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, f.1) (09 April 1894) , 2 page(s)

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TITLE: Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Oxford, 9 April 1894. DESCRIPTION: French-language letter from Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Rațiu. Elisabeth Lee (1879-?) was an Englishwoman living in Oxford in the house of her brother-in-law, popular Russian and Slavic languages professor W.R. Morfill (married to Charlotte Lee). Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She... TITLE: Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Oxford, 9 April 1894. DESCRIPTION: French-language letter from Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Rațiu. Elisabeth Lee (1879-?) was an Englishwoman living in Oxford in the house of her brother-in-law, popular Russian and Slavic languages professor W.R. Morfill (married to Charlotte Lee). Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda/Torda/Thorenburg, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. Ioan Rațiu was arrested following his condemnation for anti-state activity through the distribution of a manifesto on Transylvanian autonomy and linguistic rights in the “Memorandum trial.” ¶ In reply to the letter received from Emilia Rațiu, Elisabeth Lee thanks Rațiu for the photographs she had sent. Lee remarks on the physiognomy of the Romanian peasants depicted and the qualities they express. She mentions that she has been told about inhabitants, landscapes, and language by her brother-in-law, who had travelled in the region. For Rațiu’s initial letter, see Emilia Dr. Rațiu, “Emilia Dr. Rațiu to Elisabeth Lee [1894]” (Draft Letter, Turda, 1894), 912/1894, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff.1-2, Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest. ¶ Elisabeth Lee’s brief letter can be read in the context of emerging interest in England for Transylvania because of ethnography and women’s travel writing. Ethnography developed in the Austrian side of the Austro-Hungarian Empire as a way of emphasizing the monarchy’s protection of diversity, whereas in the Hungarian side ethnography served assimilation goals. This may have led to a particular “ethnographic gaze” among Transylvanian artists and intellectuals, one that emphasized both ethnic diversity and essential ethnic difference. In the case of the British Empire, ethnography underpinned the colonial enterprise and fed citizens’ fantasies of empire. The correspondence between the two women might be read as the intersection of the two, quite distinctive “ethnographic gazes” of differently positioned imperial subjects. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Ethnography; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Habsburg Empire; Transylvania; Photographs; Mobilization; Networks. Show more Show less

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How Did Eight Translations of Charlotte Perkins Gilman's WOMEN AND ECONOMICS Transmit Feminist Thought across National Boundaries in the Yea...

written by Harriet Feinberg, 1931- (Alexandria, VA: Alexander Street, 2018), 32 page(s),
Source: documents.alexanderstreet.com

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Jeanne del Homme to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894 (3)

written by Jeanne del Homme, fl. 1894 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 830/1894, ff. 1-4) (1894) , 8 page(s)

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TITLE: Jeanne del Homme to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894 (3). DESCRIPTION: This letter is one of three written by Jeanne del Homme, in French, to Emilia Rațiu in 1894. The year has been determined based on content. Jeanne del Homme was a French teacher, based in Oxford and then in Le Mans. She was instrumental in publicizing the “Memorandum trial” occurring in Transylvania in 1894 among English progressive liberals. Emilia Rațiu (1846-192... TITLE: Jeanne del Homme to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894 (3). DESCRIPTION: This letter is one of three written by Jeanne del Homme, in French, to Emilia Rațiu in 1894. The year has been determined based on content. Jeanne del Homme was a French teacher, based in Oxford and then in Le Mans. She was instrumental in publicizing the “Memorandum trial” occurring in Transylvania in 1894 among English progressive liberals. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda/Torda/Thorenburg, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. Ioan Rațiu was arrested following his condemnation for anti-state activity through the distribution of a manifesto on Transylvanian autonomy and linguistic rights in the “Memorandum trial” mentioned in the letter. ¶ This letter thanks Emilia Rațiu for the beautifully-embroidered chemisette and bolero she had sent, mentions friends’ admiration for the clothes’ graceful shapes and harmonious colors, and asks Rațiu to thank everyone who worked on the clothing. Del Homme informs Rațiu that she spoke at length to three Members of Parliament on the “Romanian Question”, trying to persuade them that “a word said in Parliament” would greatly help Rațiu’s work. Del Homme reports that MPs were sympathetic and requested further documents on the issue. Del Homme writes that she sent several reports on the Memorandum trial happening in Cluj/Kolosvàr/Klausenburg to English newspapers but that the press there was “hesitant” to publish an account, for “fear of inciting polemics.” ¶ This letter is one among several exchanged in 1894 by Emilia Rațiu and progressive Englishwomen. It sheds light on the merging of transnational cultural interaction (i.e., sending parts of a folk costume as a gift) with transnational political activism and lobbying. Among others, this mix was made possible by the incorporation into nationalists’ self-definition of a particularly Austro-Hungarian ethnographic gaze, which emphasized both ethnic diversity and difference. The document also underscores women’s involvement in England in lobbying Parliament on behalf of the rights of dominated nations or nationalities. It points to the cautious attitude of English MPs as well as the English press towards what was being presented as the “Romanian Question.” KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Peace and War, International Governance, and International Law; Women and International Relations; Empire and Internationalism; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; Transylvania; Networks; Mobilization; Lobbying; Cultural Diplomacy; Press. Show more Show less

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Josephine Schain (International Assembly of Women) to Mary McLeod Bethune (National Council of Negro Women, NCNW), New York, 18 May 1946, wi...

written by Josephine Schain, 1886-1973, in National Council of Negro Women Papers, of Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site (Series 5, Box 18, Folder 300) (District of Columbia) , 3 page(s)

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m g nc (Mrs. Gábor Magyar) to A Nő és a Társadalom szerkesztősége, Balmazújváros, 26 March 1919

written by Gábor Magyar, fl. 1910 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 3 Folder 5) (26 March 1919) , 2 page(s)

TITLE: m g nc (Mrs. Gábor Magyar) to A Nő és a Társadalom szerkesztősége [Editorial Board of Woman and Society], Balmazújváros, 26 March 1919. DESCRIPTION: This card belongs to a group of letters, which gives information on a group of politically active peasant women from Balmazújváros, today North-Easte...

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Malonia Perényi, Kleona Farkas, Ilona Kraievska, Nina Blaskovics, Rózsa Puteani [Puteáni], Matild [Matilda] Dőri, Mária Sztankovanszki...

written by Mária Sztankovanszki, fl. 1848, Matild Dőri, fl. 1848, Rózsa Puteani, fl. 1848, Nina Blaskovics, fl. 1848, Ilona Kraievska, fl. 1848, Kleona Farkas, fl. 1848 and Malonia Perényi, fl. 1848 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], H 117 - Pál Vasvári) (1848) , 2 page(s)

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TITLE: Malonia Perényi, Kleona Farkas, Ilona Kraievska, Nina Blaskovics, Rózsa Puteani [Puteáni], Matild [Matilda] Dőri, Mária Sztankovanszki to 'Hazafiak!' [Patriots!], Budapest, ca. 1848. DESCRIPTION: Proclamation without date signed by pupils of the educational institute of Blanka Teleki (1806-1862), kept in the papers of the history teacher Pál Fejér, from 1847 Pál Vasvári (1826-1849), and refering to Vasvári as their former teacher... TITLE: Malonia Perényi, Kleona Farkas, Ilona Kraievska, Nina Blaskovics, Rózsa Puteani [Puteáni], Matild [Matilda] Dőri, Mária Sztankovanszki to 'Hazafiak!' [Patriots!], Budapest, ca. 1848. DESCRIPTION: Proclamation without date signed by pupils of the educational institute of Blanka Teleki (1806-1862), kept in the papers of the history teacher Pál Fejér, from 1847 Pál Vasvári (1826-1849), and refering to Vasvári as their former teacher. A note drawn with pencil on the document says “from L. Madarász’ letters, 22.12.” Teleki had founded the school, where the girls were taught in the spirit of Hungarian patriotism, in 1846; it ceased to exist in 1848. The female students, Teleki, and Vasvári, who as voluntary combatant was killed by Romanian insurgents, were famously involved in the Hungarian revolution of 1848. This proclamation constitutes a key document of women’s aspirations to equality and inclusion into the Hungarian revolution of 1848. It opens as follows: “Patriots! Freedom, brotherhood [the term in Hungarian is gender-neutral, referring to sibling rather than brother], and equality are your watchwords, therefore the women shall also be equal.” The proclamation demanded access for women to the university, the establishment of schools even in the smallest villages, better salaries for village teachers, and “[t]hat there shall be no such sentences as everybody holds the right to vote (Mindenki bír szavazattal, kivévén a nőket).” The latter demand paraphrases (what was to become or had already been enshrined into) §3 of Law No. 5, 1848, on the system of the parliamentary elections, which excluded all women from the franchise. The closing sentence of the proclamation reads: “This is what we desire and we expect the zealous sons of our homeland to yield their consent.” Six of the seven signatories of the proclamation are identical with the signatories of the Letter of Request on 6 April 1848. The names of Mária Sztankovanszki and Nina Blaskovics appear there in a slightly different spelling. See also, “Matild to ‘Tisztelt Tanitónk’ Pál Fejér [Dear Our Teacher], Budapest, 31 December 1847” (Letter, Budapest, December 31, 1847), H 117 - Pál Vasvári, Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives]; “Julia to ‘Tisztelt Tanitóm’ Pál Fejér [My dear Teacher], Budapest, January 1848” (Letter, Budapest, January 1848), H 117 - Pál Vasvári, Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives]; “Hermina to ‘Tisztelt Tanitó ur’ Pál Fejér [Dear Mr. Teacher], Budapest, January 1848” (Letter, Budapest, January 1848), H 117 - Pál Vasvári, Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives]; “Matild Dőri, et al., to ‘Tisztelt Polgártárs,’ Kérelemlevél. Vasvári Pál Polgártársnak [Döri to ‘Fellow Citizen,’ Letter of Request, for Pál Vasvári], Budapest, 6 April 1848” (Letter, Budapest, April 6, 1848), H 117 - Pál Vasvári, Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives]. KEYWORDS: Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Equal Rights for Women; Women and Education; Access to Higher Education; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Hungarian Revolution Show more Show less

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Maria Dimitriu-Castano to Elena Meissner, February 22, 1938

written by Maria Dimitriu-Castano, fl. 1930, in Constantin and Elena Meissner Family Collection, of Romania. National Archives (folder XI29, vol. 2, files 150 - 151) (Bucharest, Bucharest County) (22 February 1938) , 4 page(s)

Description: Letter sent to Elena Meissner, leader of the Association for the Civil and Political Emancipation of Romanian Women (AECPFR), by Maria Dimitriu-Castano (president of the Constanța branch of AECPFR) on February 22, 1938. Two days before the letter was sent, on February 20, 1938, a new constitution inc...

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