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Az alakuló Noképzo-Egyesület programmja.1867; Alapszabály. 1868
(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). pp. 702-705 (1902), 4 page(s)
TITLE: Program of the Forming Association for Women's Education, 1867; and the Charter, 1868, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, 702-705. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1...
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(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). pp. 702-705 (1902), 4 page(s)
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TITLE: Program of the Forming Association for Women's Education, 1867; and the Charter, 1868, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, 702-705. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book c...
TITLE: Program of the Forming Association for Women's Education, 1867; and the Charter, 1868, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, 702-705. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book contains an extensive account of the life and activities of Beniczky and reprints of many original documents. Hermin Beniczky, usually remembered as Mrs. Pál Veres (1815-1895), was a pioneer of Hungarian women’s education, founder in 1868 of the National Association for Women’s Education (Országos Nőképző-Egyesület) and its long-term President, and co-founder in 1869 of the first high school for girls in Hungary. See the biographical summary of her in Krassimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi, and Francisca de Haan, A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), 54-57. The extracts selected include a collection of writings dating from the period 1865–69. These include Beniczky’s calls from 1865 and 1867, her treatise from 1868 and documents of her lobbying with the governing party from 1868–69, when she submitted a petition signed by nine thousand women to the Hungarian parliament, requesting a law on higher women’s schools with public funding. In her writings, Beniczky condemned the exclusive concern for languages and etiquette in the upbringing of upper-class girls and argued that a more meaningful education would also help secure a livelihood for unmarried and widowed women. Taking note of a general shift from physical towards intellectual work, she set out a broad range of possible female careers. However, she kept distancing herself from any more far-reaching concept of women’s emancipation. There is also a portrait of Beniczky. Another selection from Beniczky’s writings from the period 1869 to 1883, includes opening speeches from the Association’s general assembly meetings, letters, papers and addresses. The initiative to finance higher women’s schools from public funds failed in lack of political backing. The central school, however, got under way in 1869 with Hungarian as the sole language of instruction, and although Beniczky complained about high attrition rates, it soon launched a teacher training track as well. Finally, a selection from the documents from the period 1869–94 include the statutes of the National Association, the first curriculum of the central school for the two lower grades, a report on its opening, a call by the Association to celebrate the royal couple’s 25 year coronation jubilee (Francis Joseph was Emperor of Austria since 1848 but had been crowned King of Hungary only in 1867), its congratulatory letter sent on the same occasion, and contributions to the 25 year jubilee of the National Association itself in 1893. The curriculum is remarkable for giving a close glimpse at Beniczky’s ambitious vision of women’s education. Girls of thirteen to fourteen years of age in the general track studied all of the following subjects: art history, aesthetics, pedagogy, hygienic, Hungarian, German and French, arithmetic, drawing, thinking, ethics, Hungarian cultural history and civics, Hungarian literary history and chemistry applied to the household. A few letters received by Mrs. Veres, writings about her, and writings which address her activities and other important events in relation to women’s education, such as for instance the speech by the Minister for education, Gyula Wlassics, on the occasion of the opening of the National Association’s girls’ gymnasium in 1896, are also included. In 1906 a statue was erected in Budapest depicturing Mrs. Veres, wearing a Hungarian national costume. Today, the statue is placed at the beginning of Mrs. Pál Veres Street (Veres Pálné utca) in the inner city of the Hungarian capital. Its pedestal carries the inscription “Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky. She fought for the cause that Woman with her education and her soul may become a factor/agent (tényező) of national welfare.” For more on the sculpture, see Veres Pálné, Beniczky Hermin szobra [The Sculpture of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky] (Budapest, 1906). KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Dynasty; Elisabeth Queen of Hungary and Empress of Austria; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire Silenced; Women and Education; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male-Dominated Organizations; Habsburg Empire; Austria; Hungary
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Date Published / Released
1902
Person Discussed
Hermin Beniczky, 1815-1895, Elisabeth, Empress, consort of Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1837-1898, Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1830-1916, Gyula Wlassics, 1852-1937
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Access to Higher Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Social and Cultural Rights, Equal Rights for Women, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Indigenous La...
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Access to Higher Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Social and Cultural Rights, Equal Rights for Women, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Hungarians, Austrians
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Computu public alu fondului Reuniunei Femeilor Române spre ajutoriulu crescerei fetitieloru orfane scl si actele acesteia: Partea II. pentr...
written by Maria Nicolau, fl. 1854 (Brașov, Brașov County: Römer and Kamner (Publisher), 1854), 48 page(s)
TITLE: Public Account for the Fund of the Reunion of Romanian Women to Aid in Raising Orphan Girls, etc., and its Acts: Part II, Year III. DESCRIPTION: This document is the second part of a two-part account included in this digital archive. For Part I, see Maria Nicolau, Computu public alu fondului Reuniunei Femei...
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written by Maria Nicolau, fl. 1854 (Brașov, Brașov County: Römer and Kamner (Publisher), 1854), 48 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Public Account for the Fund of the Reunion of Romanian Women to Aid in Raising Orphan Girls, etc., and its Acts: Part II, Year III. DESCRIPTION: This document is the second part of a two-part account included in this digital archive. For Part I, see Maria Nicolau, Computu public alu fondului Reuniunei Femeilor Române spre ajutoriulu crescerei fetitieloru orfane scl si actele acesteia: Partea I. pentru anulu I si II [Public Account for the...
TITLE: Public Account for the Fund of the Reunion of Romanian Women to Aid in Raising Orphan Girls, etc., and its Acts: Part II, Year III. DESCRIPTION: This document is the second part of a two-part account included in this digital archive. For Part I, see Maria Nicolau, Computu public alu fondului Reuniunei Femeilor Române spre ajutoriulu crescerei fetitieloru orfane scl si actele acesteia: Partea I. pentru anulu I si II [Public Account for the Fund of the Reunion of Romanian Women to Aid in Raising Orphan Girls, etc., and its Acts: Part I, Year I and II] (Brasov: Römer & Kamner, 1853). Reports, accounts and transcribed documents by and for the Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov covering the first four years of its existence (1850-1854). The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov/Brasso/Kronstadt was founded in 1850. Its initial goal was to support and educate orphaned girls. From 1880, it focused more on providing a Romanian-language education for middle-class girls. In its first decade of functioning, the Reunion opened a primary school for girls in Brasov and a handiwork school in the neighboring, smaller town of Blaj. Later, it organized a boarding school. A later account of the political and social context in which the Reunion was founded and functioned in its first two decades, was published by its then President in 1870. The Reunion mobilized an impressive support network in aristocratic and merchant families in the Empire and counted, on average, 100 local members throughout its existence This document provides details on the circumstances in which the Brasov Reunion was founded, its initial goals and the reasons provided for women’s growing social involvement. It shows that in a period considered repressive towards civil society organizing in the whole of the Habsburg Empire, because of the aftermath of the 1848-1849 Revolution, Romanian speaking upper-middle class women in the city considered themselves “secure [enough] under the Austrian scepter” to create an association. The transcribed speeches, meeting protocols, and accounting books for the years 1850-1854 show that the Reunion admitted members regardless of confession, organized collections throughout the region and deposited its capital in different investments, using the interest obtained to support up to a dozen girls. This Yearbook for the period 1850-1854 reveals that founders aimed to work “to the benefit of offering a more solid upbringing to our sex, and especially to the orphans of martyrs of the faith from the past revolution.” They obtained the support of the Austrian governor of Transylvania Ludwig von Wohlgemuth and a donation from his spouse, Sofia Wohlgemuth; they also named several noble women from Austria and neighboring territories inhabited by Romanians as patrons. Interestingly, the Yearbook highlights a number of discourses motivating Transylvanian Romanian women’s involvement in the relatively novel domain of civic associations. In letters, speeches and reports republished in the book, they argued that: they were “following the example of other European ladies,” that women should prove that they understand and support their husbands’ struggle for nationality rights, that girls’ upbringing needed to be better suited to the “new life of the present century,” and that the context calls on women to add social concerns to their domestic duties. The document offers an insight into the beginnings of Romanian women’s associations in Transylvania, the mobilization techniques they used, their relatively comfortable relationship with Habsburg authorities during the neo-absolutism of the 1850s and the intellectual genealogy of ideas about women’s social contributions through education. ¶ The ulterior evolution of the Reunion (up until its disbandment in 1939) is mirrored in several other items included in this digital archive: see, Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brasov, “Propecta [Proposal for Modified Statutes of the Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brașov]” (Statutes, Brașov, 1861), 5150/1861, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff. 1-3, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov; Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brașov, “Regulament. Pentru internatul de fetite ax reuniunii femeilor române din Brasov [Regulations: For the Girls’ Boarding School of the Reunion of the Romanian Women in Brașov]” (Policy, Brașov, României, January 1, 1888), 5747/1888, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov; Reuniunea Femeilor Române Brașov, “Simțindu-se încă de mult lipsa unei scóle practice, 6 iunie 1893 [Given the Lack of a Practical School: Statutes, 6 June 1893, with Penciled Comments by the Representative of the Hungarian Ministry of Internal Affairs, November 1894]” (Statutes, Brașov, November 1894), 5904/1893 and 5960/1783, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff. 4-10, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov; and Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brasov, “Raportul [Report of the Committee of the Reunion of Romanian Women to the General Assembly held on 11/23 October 1892]” (Report, Brașov, October 11, 1892), 5864/1892, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov. Keywords: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Education; Access to Primary Education/Literacy; Gendered Education; Habsburg Empire; Reunion of Romanian Women/Reuniunea Femeilor Române; Funds and Donations; Political mobilization; Neo-absolutism; Habsburg Empire; Transylvania
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Maria Nicolau, fl. 1854
Date Published / Released
1854
Publisher
Römer and Kamner (Publisher)
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Indigenous Women, Equal Rights for Women, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Gendered Education, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Opposition to Imperialism, Social and Political Leadership, Social and Cul...
Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Indigenous Women, Equal Rights for Women, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Gendered Education, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Opposition to Imperialism, Social and Political Leadership, Social and Cultural Rights, Romanians
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Cuvantul de deschidere rostit de doamna Maria B. Baiulescu, presedinta Uniunii Femeilor Romane din Brasov la I-ul Congres al Reuniunilor de...
written by Maria Baiulescu, 1860-1941 ("George Baritiu" Library, Brasov, Romania, MS 1954, f. 36, "George Baritiu" County Library Special Collections) (1913) , 1 page(s)
TITLE: Opening Speech Given by Mrs. Maria B. Baiulescu, President of the Union of Romanian Women in Brasov to the Ist Congress of the Women's Reunions held in Brasov between 3-5 June 1913. DESCRIPTION: Typed draft of speech by Maria Baiulescu on the occasion of the first congress of the Union of Romanian Women in...
Sample
written by Maria Baiulescu, 1860-1941 ("George Baritiu" Library, Brasov, Romania, MS 1954, f. 36, "George Baritiu" County Library Special Collections) (1913) , 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Opening Speech Given by Mrs. Maria B. Baiulescu, President of the Union of Romanian Women in Brasov to the Ist Congress of the Women's Reunions held in Brasov between 3-5 June 1913. DESCRIPTION: Typed draft of speech by Maria Baiulescu on the occasion of the first congress of the Union of Romanian Women in Hungary. Maria Baiulescu (1860-1941) was an author, Romanian nationalist and civic organizer. She was the president of the Reunion of R...
TITLE: Opening Speech Given by Mrs. Maria B. Baiulescu, President of the Union of Romanian Women in Brasov to the Ist Congress of the Women's Reunions held in Brasov between 3-5 June 1913. DESCRIPTION: Typed draft of speech by Maria Baiulescu on the occasion of the first congress of the Union of Romanian Women in Hungary. Maria Baiulescu (1860-1941) was an author, Romanian nationalist and civic organizer. She was the president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov/Brasso/Kronstadt (1908-1935), the President of the Union of Romanian Women (a federation of Transylvanian women’s associations) (1913-1935), and leader of ASTRA association’s Biopolitical Section, founded in 1927. A supporter of women’s social involvement, she advocated what has been termed “republican motherhood,” which focused on women’s roles as nurturers and educators of the nation. See, Krassimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi, and Francisca de Haan, A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), 48-50. Baiulescu’s personal archives are housed by the "George Baritiu" County Library Brasov (Romania), Special Collections Unit. The Union of Romanian Women reunited approximatively half of the 60 independent Romanian women’s “Reunions” that had appeared in Transylvania since the 1850s. ¶ The speech laid out the purpose of a Union with “centralized power” to direct the activities of the adhering women’s Reunions in Hungary. The document also argued that the Union would direct the activities of women’s Reunions that would form in the future. The goals of the Union outlined by Baiulescu were promoting girls’ education, preserving peasant women’s handicraft traditions, raising “hardworking and thrifty wives and mothers,” promoting charitability among women, and creating a unified orphanage. Finally, according to Baiulescu, “through her disinterested social work woman is becoming an important factor even in states’ lives as only she is capable to resolve somewhat the humanitarian problem.” At first sight, the speech reaffirms and unifies the existing areas of activity of the Union’s members and places them within the politically uncontroversial frame of “republican motherhood.” However, concerning the context of this speech, the Romanian Women’s Union founding congress was scheduled to coincide with the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) Congress in Budapest (3-5 June 1913). Whereas Saxon and Hungarian women’s associations in Transylvania were visible participants at the IWSA Congress, the newly-formed Union abstained from organized participation. The abstention was due to a “silenced or veiled” (but, nevertheless, present) suffrage politics pursued by the Transylvanian Romanian women’s movement in Hungary, one that may have been carried aut through the Romanian National Party’s advocating universal suffrage in the Hungarian Parliament, largely because of governemntal restrictions against minorities associational life in the Kingdom of Hungary ¶ This document points to the existence of the Union of Romanian Women in Hungary and the tendencies towards centralization of disparate women’s associations, occurring by the 1910s. Secondly, Baiulescu’s speech reveals the rhetoric that masked the transnational connections and internationally convergent politics some politically-minded Transylvanian Romanian women, although, perhaps, not Maria Baiulescu herself, were pursuing at the time. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; National Identity; Social Reform and Political Activism; Welfare Movements; Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Political and Human Rights; Human Rights, Suffrage; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Work and Class Identity; Sexual Division of Labor; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA).
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1913
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Speech/Address
Author / Creator
Maria Baiulescu, 1860-1941
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Work and Class Identity, Indigenous Women, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Equal Rights for Women, Sexual Division of Labor, Gendered Education, Human Rights, Su...
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Work and Class Identity, Indigenous Women, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Equal Rights for Women, Sexual Division of Labor, Gendered Education, Human Rights, Suffrage, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Social Movements and Indigenous Women, Social and Political Leadership, Empire and Feminism, Romanians
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![Egyesült Erovel. A Magyarországi Noegyesületek Szövetségének és a sz.-et [szövetséget] alkotó egyesületek legtöbbjének hivatalos közlönyük, harmadik évfolyam, February–March 1912](https://d3crmev290s45i.cloudfront.net/content/1009464xxx/1009464816/1009464816-size-exact-140x0.jpg "Egyesült Erovel. A Magyarországi Noegyesületek Szövetségének és a sz.-et [szövetséget] alkotó egyesületek legtöbbjének hivatalos közlönyük, harmadik évfolyam, February–March 1912")
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Egyesült Erovel. A Magyarországi Noegyesületek Szövetségének és a sz.-et [szövetséget] alkotó egyesületek legtöbbjének hivatalo...
(Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [National Széchényi Library]), in Egyesült Erővel. A Magyarországi Nőegyesületek Szövetségének és a sz.-et [szövetséget] alkotó egyesületek legtöbbjének hivatalos közlönyük [With United Forces: Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary], Vol. 3, February–March 1912 (Budapest, Budapest County: Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary, 1912), 24 page(s)
TITLE: With United Forces: Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary, Vol. 3, February-March 1912. DESCRIPTION: This journal issue is part of a selection of journals documenting the history of the Hungarian-speaking women’s movement in the Hungarian Kingdom in the Habsburg Monarchy....
Sample
(Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [National Széchényi Library]), in Egyesült Erővel. A Magyarországi Nőegyesületek Szövetségének és a sz.-et [szövetséget] alkotó egyesületek legtöbbjének hivatalos közlönyük [With United Forces: Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary], Vol. 3, February–March 1912 (Budapest, Budapest County: Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary, 1912), 24 page(s)
Description
TITLE: With United Forces: Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary, Vol. 3, February-March 1912. DESCRIPTION: This journal issue is part of a selection of journals documenting the history of the Hungarian-speaking women’s movement in the Hungarian Kingdom in the Habsburg Monarchy. All issues available from 1909 to 1914 in the Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [Hungarian National Library] are included in this digit...
TITLE: With United Forces: Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary, Vol. 3, February-March 1912. DESCRIPTION: This journal issue is part of a selection of journals documenting the history of the Hungarian-speaking women’s movement in the Hungarian Kingdom in the Habsburg Monarchy. All issues available from 1909 to 1914 in the Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [Hungarian National Library] are included in this digital archive. As indicated in its subtitle, Egyesült Erővel (With United Forces) was the Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary (Magyarországi Nőegyesületek Szövetsége) and most of the associations forming the alliance. The alliance was established in 1904 and had 78 members in 1909. The journal gives information on the activities of the alliance, including its general assemblies and the activities of many Hungarian women’s associations. Repeatedly mentioned, among others, are the Budapest Israelite Women’s Association (Budapesti Izraelita Nőegylet) and other Jewish women’s associations, the Hungarian Welfare Women’s Association of Brassó [Brasov, Kronstadt] (Brassói Magyar Jótékony Nőegylet), the Klotild Assocation for the Marketing of Women’s Work (A női munkát értékesitő Klotild egylet), the National Association of Hungarian Farmer Women (Magyar Gazdasszonyok Országos Egyesülete), the Maria Dorothea Association (Mária Dorothea Egyesület), the National Association for Women’s Education (Országos Nőképző Egyesület), the Hungarian Association against the Traffic in Girls (Magyar Egyesület a Leánykereskedés ellen), the National Association of Woman Employees (Nőtisztviselők Országos Egyesülete), the National Catholic Association for the Protection of Women (Országos Kath. Nővédő Egyesület), and the Tabitha Women’s Association (Tabitha-Nőegylet). ¶ Egyesült Erővel regularly reported on congresses, news, and activities related to international organizations, including those by and for women and women’s movements of other countries. The journal published articles about various questions, institutions, and activities considered relevant for the women’s movement and women’s organizing in Hungary, in other countries, and in transnational perspective. It also included book reviews. The journal thus constitutes a key source of information in particular on the history of the more moderate wing of the Hungarian women’s movement and its international context. Non-Hungarian women’s activism in the Hungarian Kingdom is barely mentioned (see vol. 2, July-October 1911, p. 126); therefore, silenced in the journal. The organizations of social-democratic women were not covered by the journal. The liberal-progressive Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete) was a member of the Alliance and is repeatedly mentioned. The Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete) published its own journal, however, which is available online elsewhere. The journals of the social democratic women, Nőmunkás (Woman Worker) and the Catholic women’s movement, Értesítő (Information), are partially available in this digital archive. KEYWORDS: Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; National Identity; Habsburg Empire; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Hungary; Auguszta Rosenberg; Ilona Szemere; Mrs. Gábor Vay Márta Zichy; Alexandra Gripenberg, Alexandra von Grippenberg (1857–1913); Anna Ruuth; Lady Aberdeen
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical issue
Date Published / Released
1912
Publisher
Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary
Series
Egyesült Erővel. A Magyarországi Nőegyesületek Szövetségének és a sz.-et [szövetséget] alkotó egyesületek legtöbbjének hivatalos közlönyük [With United Forces: Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary]
Person Discussed
Anna Ruuth, fl. 1911, Ishbel Maria Marjoribanks Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair, 1857-1939, Alexandra Gripenberg, 1857-1913, Márta Zichy, fl. 1911, Auguszta Rosenberg, 1859-1946, Ilona Szemere, fl. 1910
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Suffrage, Equal Rights for Women, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Feminism, Human Rights, National Identity, Hungarians
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Legelso tanterv. 1869
(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). pp. 705-707 (1902), 3 page(s)
TITLE: The First Curriculum: 1869, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, pp. 705-707. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres He...
Sample
(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). pp. 705-707 (1902), 3 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The First Curriculum: 1869, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, pp. 705-707. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book contains an extensive account of the life and activities...
TITLE: The First Curriculum: 1869, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, pp. 705-707. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book contains an extensive account of the life and activities of Beniczky and reprints of many original documents. Hermin Beniczky, usually remembered as Mrs. Pál Veres (1815-1895), was a pioneer of Hungarian women’s education, founder in 1868 of the National Association for Women’s Education (Országos Nőképző-Egyesület) and its long-term President, and co-founder in 1869 of the first high school for girls in Hungary. See the biographical summary of her in Krassimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi, and Francisca de Haan, A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), 54-57. The extracts selected include a collection of writings dating from the period 1865–69. These include Beniczky’s calls from 1865 and 1867, her treatise from 1868 and documents of her lobbying with the governing party from 1868–69, when she submitted a petition signed by nine thousand women to the Hungarian parliament, requesting a law on higher women’s schools with public funding. In her writings, Beniczky condemned the exclusive concern for languages and etiquette in the upbringing of upper-class girls and argued that a more meaningful education would also help secure a livelihood for unmarried and widowed women. Taking note of a general shift from physical towards intellectual work, she set out a broad range of possible female careers. However, she kept distancing herself from any more far-reaching concept of women’s emancipation. There is also a portrait of Beniczky. Another selection from Beniczky’s writings from the period 1869 to 1883, includes opening speeches from the Association’s general assembly meetings, letters, papers and addresses. The initiative to finance higher women’s schools from public funds failed in lack of political backing. The central school, however, got under way in 1869 with Hungarian as the sole language of instruction, and although Beniczky complained about high attrition rates, it soon launched a teacher training track as well. Finally, a selection from the documents from the period 1869–94 include the statutes of the National Association, the first curriculum of the central school for the two lower grades, a report on its opening, a call by the Association to celebrate the royal couple’s 25 year coronation jubilee (Francis Joseph was Emperor of Austria since 1848 but had been crowned King of Hungary only in 1867), its congratulatory letter sent on the same occasion, and contributions to the 25 year jubilee of the National Association itself in 1893. The curriculum is remarkable for giving a close glimpse at Beniczky’s ambitious vision of women’s education. Girls of thirteen to fourteen years of age in the general track studied all of the following subjects: art history, aesthetics, pedagogy, hygienic, Hungarian, German and French, arithmetic, drawing, thinking, ethics, Hungarian cultural history and civics, Hungarian literary history and chemistry applied to the household. A few letters received by Mrs. Veres, writings about her, and writings which address her activities and other important events in relation to women’s education, such as for instance the speech by the Minister for education, Gyula Wlassics, on the occasion of the opening of the National Association’s girls’ gymnasium in 1896, are also included. In 1906 a statue was erected in Budapest depicturing Mrs. Veres, wearing a Hungarian national costume. Today, the statue is placed at the beginning of Mrs. Pál Veres Street (Veres Pálné utca) in the inner city of the Hungarian capital. Its pedestal carries the inscription “Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky. She fought for the cause that Woman with her education and her soul may become a factor/agent (tényező) of national welfare.” For more on the sculpture, see Veres Pálné, Beniczky Hermin szobra [The Sculpture of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky] (Budapest, 1906). KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Dynasty; Elisabeth Queen of Hungary and Empress of Austria; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire Silenced; Women and Education; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male-Dominated Organizations; Habsburg Empire; Austria; Hungary
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Date Published / Released
1902
Person Discussed
Hermin Beniczky, 1815-1895, Elisabeth, Empress, consort of Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1837-1898, Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1830-1916, Gyula Wlassics, 1852-1937
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women and Education, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Equal Rights for Women, Social and Cultural Rights, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Empire and Feminism, Empire and Education, Hungarians, Austrians
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Príhlas k ct. obecenstvu slovenskému
written by Anna Mudroňová, 1864-1954, Ambro Pietor, 1843-1906 and Anna Pivková, 1835-1921, in Živena. Národní almanach [Živena: National Almanac]. (Turč. Sv. Martin, Slovakia: Knihtlačiarsky-účastinárský spolok, 1872), pp. 226-232 (1872), 7 page(s)
TITLE: “Statement to the Revered Slovak Audience” in Živena: National Almanac. DESCRIPTION: The text is a declaration of the leaders of Živena to a Slovak audience, published in 1872. Živena was the first women’s association of Slovak women (women identifying themselves with the Slovak nation), founded in...
Sample
written by Anna Mudroňová, 1864-1954, Ambro Pietor, 1843-1906 and Anna Pivková, 1835-1921, in Živena. Národní almanach [Živena: National Almanac]. (Turč. Sv. Martin, Slovakia: Knihtlačiarsky-účastinárský spolok, 1872), pp. 226-232 (1872), 7 page(s)
Description
TITLE: “Statement to the Revered Slovak Audience” in Živena: National Almanac. DESCRIPTION: The text is a declaration of the leaders of Živena to a Slovak audience, published in 1872. Živena was the first women’s association of Slovak women (women identifying themselves with the Slovak nation), founded in 1869.The text is signed by Anna Pivková (1835-1921), the first chairwoman of the association, Ambro Pietor (1843-1906), the secretary...
TITLE: “Statement to the Revered Slovak Audience” in Živena: National Almanac. DESCRIPTION: The text is a declaration of the leaders of Živena to a Slovak audience, published in 1872. Živena was the first women’s association of Slovak women (women identifying themselves with the Slovak nation), founded in 1869.The text is signed by Anna Pivková (1835-1921), the first chairwoman of the association, Ambro Pietor (1843-1906), the secretary of the association, and Anna Mudroňová (1864-1954), the treasurer of the association. The support for women’s education is presented as a national question. In order for the Slovak nation to be strong, it is necessary for education to affect all its members - so also Slovak women. The main goal of the association was therefore to support the education of Slovak women in the national language. The text emphasizes that the education of individuals and nations begins at the home hearth, and women as educators are therefore an important factor in national awareness. The association planned to achieve its goals by establishing schools for girls in Slovak language. The authors turn to “Slovak parents”, “fathers and brothers” and “mothers and sisters” requesting their support. According to the text the household continues to constitute the main field of women’s activity; education is to make women into good Christians, housekeepers, and patriots. See also, Ambróz Pietor, “Slovenky pozor! [Slovak Women, Beware!],” Národní hlásník [National Watchman] 2, no. 6 (1869): 169–73 (5pp.); and “Úloha ‘Živeny’ [Mission of ‘Živena’],” in Živena. Národní almanach [Živena. National Almanac] (Turč. Sv. Martin: Knihtlačiarsky-účastinárský spolok, 1885), 299–308 (10pp.). KEYWORDS: Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Education in National Languages; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Slovakia
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Author / Creator
Anna Mudroňová, 1864-1954, Ambro Pietor, 1843-1906, Anna Pivková, 1835-1921
Date Published / Released
1872
Person Discussed
Anna Mudroňová, 1864-1954, Ambro Pietor, 1843-1906, Anna Pivková, 1835-1921
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Gendered Education, Indigenous Languages, Empire and Education, Social and Cultural Rights, National Identity, Equal Rights for Women, Empire and Feminism, Slovak
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Report of the Committee of the Reunion of Romanian Women to the General Assembly held on 11/23 October 1892
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov, 5864/1892, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-2) (October 1892) , 4 page(s)
TITLE: Report of the Committee of the Reunion of Romanian Women to the General Assembly held on 11/23 October 1892. DESCRIPTION: This document is a report on the reasons for calling an extra-ordinary General Assembly of the Reunion of Romanian Women from Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt. The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ T...
Sample
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov, 5864/1892, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-2) (October 1892) , 4 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Report of the Committee of the Reunion of Romanian Women to the General Assembly held on 11/23 October 1892. DESCRIPTION: This document is a report on the reasons for calling an extra-ordinary General Assembly of the Reunion of Romanian Women from Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt. The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ The Reunion of Romanian Women of Brașov was founded in 1850. Its stated aim was to raise “poorer Romanian girls, and especially those...
TITLE: Report of the Committee of the Reunion of Romanian Women to the General Assembly held on 11/23 October 1892. DESCRIPTION: This document is a report on the reasons for calling an extra-ordinary General Assembly of the Reunion of Romanian Women from Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt. The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ The Reunion of Romanian Women of Brașov was founded in 1850. Its stated aim was to raise “poorer Romanian girls, and especially those who became orphans through the death of (both) parents during the Transylvanian-Hungarian civil war of 1848-1849.” The “civil war” mentioned was occasioned by many Transylvanian Romanian’s participation in the defeat of 1848 Hungarian revolutionaries, as a part of the imperial army. ¶ The document mentions that the General Assembly was called following a request by the Ministry of the Interior that the association’s Statutes be clarified or changed. In October 1892, the Office of the Viscount in Brașov, representing the Ministry had asked the Reunion for evidence of Empress Elisabeth’s acceptance of the status of Patron of the Reunion, mentioned in its 1854 Statutes. The document details that the association was also required to report on its patrimony and expenses and clarify in what way it continued to care for girls orphaned by the 1848 Revolution. This document mentions that the Reunion supplied documents of a donation of 750 florins made by the Empress in 1854, and it gives details on the Reunion’s history and functioning. It also mentions that in its answer to the Viscount, the Reunion argued that following the official donation by the Empress on the occasion of her marriage, it considered Elisabeth “its natural patron.” The document states that, at the further request of the Brașov Viscount, references to Elisabeth were omitted and the goals of the association were rewritten. As such, this document announces that the new goals of the Brașov Women’s Reunion were “to raise orphan girls by founding professional and learning schools [întemeierea scolilor de lucru și de învățătură] and through material aid.” ¶ The document is part of a series concerning the administrative back-and-forth between the Reunion of Romanian Women in Brașov and municipal authorities, representing the Hungarian government in the 1890s. See also, Sterie N. Ciurcu, “Sterie N. Ciurcu to Lazar Nastasy, 18 November 1892” (Letter, Wien [Vienna], November 18, 1892), 5875/1892, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-3, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov; Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brasov, “Reuniunea Femeilor Romane to the City Magistrate, 1/13 November 1892” (Letter, Brașov, November 1, 1892), 5869/1892, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov; and Reuniunea Femeilor Române Brașov, “Simțindu-se încă de mult lipsa unei scóle practice, 6 iunie 1893 [Given the Lack of a Practical School: Statutes, 6 June 1893, with Penciled Comments by the Representative of the Hungarian Ministry of Internal Affairs, November 1894]” (Statutes, Brașov, November 1894), 5904/1893 and 5960/1783, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff. 4-10, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov. Together, these items illuminate the way in which imperial bureaucratic practices mediated nationalist struggles. For instance, it is easy to surmise that the proud goal of caring for orphans of the 1848 “civil war” may not have resonated with the Hungarian administration. This particular document also shows how Habsburg symbols (i.e., Empress Elisabeth’s patronage) were part of symbolic struggles between nationalist activists and the representatives of the centralizing Hungarian Kingdom within the Dual Monarchy. It is significant that Empress Elisabeth enjoyed a popular cult in Hungary, where she was seen as a Habsburg supporter of Hungarian national aspirations, expressed in 1848-1849. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Municipal Administration; Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; National Identity; Social Reform and Political Activism; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; Transylvania; Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, Elisabeth of Bavaria (“Sissi”); Women’s Associations.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
October 1892, 1892
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Government/institutional document
Author / Creator
Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov
Person Discussed
Elisabeth, Empress, consort of Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1837-1898
Topic / Theme
Hungarian Revolution of 1848, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Equal Rights for Women, Social and Political Leadership, National Identity, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Feminism, Romanians
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Revolucionarka. Istinit dogadjaj
written by Marija Jurić Zagorka, 1873-1957, in Obzor, no. 55 & 56, August 7, 1901, p. NA (1901), 3 page(s)
TITLE: Revolutionary Woman: A True Event. DESCRIPTION: Marija Jurić Zagorka (1873-1956) was a Croatian feminist, the first female political journalist, editor of women’s magazines, and the most popular Croatian writer. The newspaper article, published in two parts in the daily Obzorin 1901, is a fictionalized a...
Sample
written by Marija Jurić Zagorka, 1873-1957, in Obzor, no. 55 & 56, August 7, 1901, p. NA (1901), 3 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Revolutionary Woman: A True Event. DESCRIPTION: Marija Jurić Zagorka (1873-1956) was a Croatian feminist, the first female political journalist, editor of women’s magazines, and the most popular Croatian writer. The newspaper article, published in two parts in the daily Obzorin 1901, is a fictionalized account of the author’s own experience of being married to a Hungarian official and living in Hungary. As a young woman, Marica Klupi..
TITLE: Revolutionary Woman: A True Event. DESCRIPTION: Marija Jurić Zagorka (1873-1956) was a Croatian feminist, the first female political journalist, editor of women’s magazines, and the most popular Croatian writer. The newspaper article, published in two parts in the daily Obzorin 1901, is a fictionalized account of the author’s own experience of being married to a Hungarian official and living in Hungary. As a young woman, Marica Klupićeva is not satisfied with her life among foreigners, and secretly subscribes to the Croatian culture magazine Vienac. It is a form of rebellion against her husband, who forbids her the use of Croatian language and limits her economic independence. The author depicts a vivid image of provincial Hungarian men, her husband, the apothecary and the postman, who are outraged by the young wife’s insubordination, accusing her of Pan-Slavism and revolutionary tendencies. The story ends with the protagonist leaving her husband and returning to Croatia, while the accusations of being a dangerous revolutionary later reverberate in her opponents’ articles and letters from Hungary. Zagorka later made this episode an integral part of her autobiographical novel “Kamenna cesti” (A Stone on the road), published in 1937. It is also included in her other autobiographical texts and memoirs, as well as in the biographical article written by Adela Milčinović (20460). All these texts demonstrate Zagorka’s understanding of the importance of woman’s economic independence, patriotism, and the participation in public life, often seen by the society as a manifestation of rebellion or a revolution. Being denied further education and forced to be married to a foreigner by her parents when she was only 17 years old, the author effectively links patriarchy and Magyar domination in the Hungarian part of the Empire. Keywords: Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Political and Human Rights; Equal Rights for Women; Habsburg Empire
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Marija Jurić Zagorka, 1873-1957
Date Published / Released
07 August 1901, 1901
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Social Reform and Political Activism, Equal Rights for Women, Empire and Feminism, Social and Cultural Rights, Access to Higher Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Indigenous Languages, Croatians, Hungarians
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Savezi Srpkinja
written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 28, no. 4, January 4, 1913, pp. 74-77 (1913), 4 page(s)
TITLE: The Alliances of Serbian Women. DESCRIPTION: This article is an unsigned text, giving information on various Serbian women’s associations (societies, cooperatives) in Austria-Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. It was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World...
Sample
written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 28, no. 4, January 4, 1913, pp. 74-77 (1913), 4 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Alliances of Serbian Women. DESCRIPTION: This article is an unsigned text, giving information on various Serbian women’s associations (societies, cooperatives) in Austria-Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. It was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women), a journal published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Voj...
TITLE: The Alliances of Serbian Women. DESCRIPTION: This article is an unsigned text, giving information on various Serbian women’s associations (societies, cooperatives) in Austria-Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. It was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women), a journal published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojvodina, by the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. The editor of the journal was Arkadije Varađanin, a man who was an active proponent of women’s rights and who was a teacher and director of the Serbian High School for Girls established in Novi Sad, in 1874. The article reports that there are over 150 Serbian women’s associations, 86 of which are in Austria-Hungary, including Bosnia and Herzegovina. Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 and fully annexed the territory in 1908. The province was jointly administered as a Condominium. As the text describes, after the failed initiative of the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad in the year 1903 to gather all the Serbian women’s associations in one alliance (the government refused to allow this step), three separate alliances have been successfully initiated in Serbia in 1906, in Zagreb, the capital city of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, in 1910, and in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1911. The text further describes the differences between the three alliances. The associations within the Habsburg Empire are primarily charitable. Whereas women in Serbia can aspire to more internationalist causes, Serbian women in Austria-Hungary are deprived of the possibility to work “side by side Western women,” and “end up” focusing primarily on national interests. These statements refer to the historical fact that women’s organizations of the non-dominant nationalities in Austria and Hungary could not affiliate independently, or fully equally, with the international women’s organizations; see Susan Zimmermann, “The Challenge of Multinational Empire for the International Women’s Movement: The Habsburg Monarchy and the Development of Feminist Inter/National Politics,” in Globalizing Feminisms, 1789-1945, ed. Karen Offen (London, England: Routledge, 2010), 153–69, 367–73. These conditions are illustrated by the report on the declared aims of the Alliance of Serbian Women in Austria-Hungary (Austro-Ugarski Savez Srpkinja, the meeting was held in Zagreb in May 1912), as well as the declared aims of the Alliance of Serbian Women in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Savez Srpkinja, Bosna i Hercegovina). The author of the article argues that one more aim should be added to the declared aims of the alliances: better-of Serbian families shall take Serbian girls and boys from poor families into their own homes as domestic workers. This is described as a charitable endeavor. The author describes in detail how this project would work and what the benefits for the Serbian people would be. The plan includes the establishment of domestic schools. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Women Challenging Empire; Empire and Feminism; Empire and Internationalism; Empire Silenced; Social Reform and Political Activism; Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Equal Rights for Women; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Education in National Languages; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Serbia; Hungary; Bosnia; Herzegovina
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women
Date Published / Released
04 January 1913, 1913
Person Discussed
Arkadije Varađanin, fl. 1874
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women and Education, Women and Immigration, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Equal Rights for Women, Social and Cultural Rights, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Nationality Rights, Empire and Feminism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Indigenous...
Political and Human Rights, Women and Education, Women and Immigration, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Equal Rights for Women, Social and Cultural Rights, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Nationality Rights, Empire and Feminism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Serbians
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Slovenska žena
edited by Minka Govekar, 1874-1950 (Ljubljana, Ljubljana (State): General Slovene Women’s Society, 1926), 281 page(s)
TITLE: Slovenian Woman. DESCRIPTION: The book is published on the occasion of the celebration of 25 years of existence of Splošnoslovenskoženskodruštvo (General Slovene Women’s Society), the most important association of Slovene-speaking women in the Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Twenty-eigh...
Sample
edited by Minka Govekar, 1874-1950 (Ljubljana, Ljubljana (State): General Slovene Women’s Society, 1926), 281 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Slovenian Woman. DESCRIPTION: The book is published on the occasion of the celebration of 25 years of existence of Splošnoslovenskoženskodruštvo (General Slovene Women’s Society), the most important association of Slovene-speaking women in the Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Twenty-eight chapters, written by 24 authors (18 of them women, affiliated with Splošnoženskodruštvo), present an extensive overview of public...
TITLE: Slovenian Woman. DESCRIPTION: The book is published on the occasion of the celebration of 25 years of existence of Splošnoslovenskoženskodruštvo (General Slovene Women’s Society), the most important association of Slovene-speaking women in the Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Twenty-eight chapters, written by 24 authors (18 of them women, affiliated with Splošnoženskodruštvo), present an extensive overview of public activities of Slovene women during history and in modern times. The historical chapters contain information on Slovene women in medieval history, Turkish wars, the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation, peasants’ revolts, the Baroque period, among aristocracy and in oral epic poetry. Biographies of women painters, writers, actresses, singers, musicians, and dancers, active from the 19th century until the publication of the book, contain valuable information on their careers. Special chapters are devoted to women’s organizations, education, schools for domestic economy, teachers, popular arts and crafts, working women, women in trade and crafts, and in various professions. The most prominent leaders, activists and journalists active in Splošnoženskodruštvo and in women’s movements are presented in individual chapters: Franja Tavčarjeva, Elvira Dolinarjeva, Ivanka Anžič-Klemenčičeva, Alojzija Štebi, and Minka Govekarjeva, the editor of the volume. The final chapter is devoted to Slovene women in foreign countries, including Egypt. Although the book is published a decade after the demise of the Habsburg Empire, it still provides one of the most extensive coverage of the activities of Slovene women during the Empire and the beginnings of the women’s movement in Slovene lands, collected and written by the activists themselves. Particularly valuable are chapters on women writers, on women’s organizations (Alojzija Štebi: “Aktivnostslovenskežene”, pp. 161-185), and on the history of Splošnoslovenskoženskodruštvo (by Minka Govekarjeva). A wealth of bibliographical information makes this document a primary source for further research, together with all Slovene journals containing texts by women authors. Keywords: Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; National Identity; Political and Human Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Suffrage; Equal Rights for Women; Women and Education; Access to Higher Education; Gendered Education; Education in National Languages; Women as Teachers; Education as Source of Women’s Emancipation; Women and Migration
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Contributor
Minka Govekar, 1874-1950
Date Published / Released
1926
Publisher
General Slovene Women’s Society
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Immigration, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Access to Higher Education, Empire and Education, Equal Rights for Women, Suffrage, Social and Cultural Rights, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Nationality Rights...
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Immigration, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Access to Higher Education, Empire and Education, Equal Rights for Women, Suffrage, Social and Cultural Rights, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Nationality Rights, Women as Teachers, Austrians, Slovene, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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