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Indreptatire politica femeilor!
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Indreptatire politica femeilor!

written by Eleonora Lemény, 1885-1954, in Adevarul-Glasul Poporulu, December 2, 1918, p. NA (1918), 2 page(s)
TITLE: Legitimate Women's Policy! DESCRIPTION: This brief newspaper article by Eleonora Lemény celebrates Art. III.3 of the 1918 Resolution proclaiming the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania. The article was published in the social-democratic newspaper Adevarul-Glasul Poporului. Eleonora Lemény (1...
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Indreptatire politica femeilor!

written by Eleonora Lemény, 1885-1954, in Adevarul-Glasul Poporulu, December 2, 1918, p. NA (1918), 2 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Legitimate Women's Policy! DESCRIPTION: This brief newspaper article by Eleonora Lemény celebrates Art. III.3 of the 1918 Resolution proclaiming the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania. The article was published in the social-democratic newspaper Adevarul-Glasul Poporului. Eleonora Lemény (1885-1954) was a teacher and politician, a prominent member of the Social-democratic Party in Transylvania. She was a participant in int... TITLE: Legitimate Women's Policy! DESCRIPTION: This brief newspaper article by Eleonora Lemény celebrates Art. III.3 of the 1918 Resolution proclaiming the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania. The article was published in the social-democratic newspaper Adevarul-Glasul Poporului. Eleonora Lemény (1885-1954) was a teacher and politician, a prominent member of the Social-democratic Party in Transylvania. She was a participant in international congresses, among which (in all likelihood) the 1913 International Suffrage Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA), in Budapest. Beginning with 1912, she published on feminist themes in Romanian-language, social-democratic journals. Simultaneously a member of the Reunion of Romanian Women network, she taught literature and foreign languages in the Reunion's Sibiu secondary school. Together with other socialist leaders, she participated in the 1919 Paris negotiations to help convince outside socialist entities of the importance of a unified Romania. The 1918 Resolution proclaiming Transylvania’s union with the Kingdom of Romania included a provision for universal suffrage, at her insistence. She would resign, together with other Socialists, from her post as Minister of Labour in the transitional, government-like body of the Consiliul Dirigent/Transylvanian Guidance Council on account of the Bucharest central government’s dithering on the suffrage question. Art III.3 of the Resolution mentioned in this newspaper clipping called for “popular, direct, equal, secret vote, per village commune, proportionally, for both sexes, aged at least 21 years for representation in village communes, counties or parliament.” Lemény’s article argues that the provision built on the growing recognition of women’s long-standing political efforts for the national and social cause; she guarantees that “the future will show how much labor power, how much energy of thought has been squandered until now by disregarding women’s political work.” The document highlights the ideological diversity which existed among women involved in the Reuniunile Femeilor Române/Reunions of Romanian Women, the Transylvanian Romanian nationalist associations dedicated to philanthropy and women’s education. Secondly, the document signals discussions on suffrage in a post-imperial setting. Lemény’s biography reveals the importance of transnational connections, within and outside the Habsburg Empire for the genesis of these ideological positions. Her stance on the “national question” for instance, was compatible with the Austro-Marxist tradition, a current of thought which considered nationalist identifications to not be merely superstructural. The article also spotlights the largely-forgotten figure of Eleonora Lemény. Finally, it shows the influence of left-leaning versions of feminism in shaping political realities in Transylvania before and after 1918. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Peace and War, International Governance, and International Law; State Sovereignty; International Peace; Women and International Relations; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women Challenging Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Socialism; Political and Human Rights; Human Rights, Suffrage; Equal Rights for Women; Women and Education; Women as Teachers; Habsburg Empire; Transylvania; Eleonora Lemenyi/ Nora Lemeny/ Lemenyi/Lemeny/ Lemeni/ Lemenyi-Rozvan/ Lemeny-Rozvany; Transylvania; Hermannstadt; Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women; Women’s Associations. Show more Show less
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Eleonora Lemény, 1885-1954
Date Published / Released
02 December 1918, 1918
Person Discussed
Eleonora Lemény, 1885-1954
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Indigenous Women, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Suffrage, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Feminism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Women as Teachers, Huma... Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Indigenous Women, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Suffrage, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Feminism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Women as Teachers, Human Rights, Socialism, Social and Political Leadership, Domestic/National Sovereignty, International Peace, Romanians, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000) Show more Show less
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[Letter from] Wyslouchowa Marja [to] Sokolové-Seidlové Vilmé, April 06, 1893
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[Letter from] Wyslouchowa Marja [to] Sokolové-Seidlové Vilmé, April 06, 1893

written by Maria Wyslouchowa, 1858-1905 (Památník národního písemnictví, Praha, fond Sokolová-Seidlová Vilma 33/44) (06 April 1893) , 4 page(s)
TITLE: Letters from Maria Wysłouchowa to Vilma Sokolová-Seidlová. DESCRIPTION: Maria Wysłouchowa (1858-1905) was a teacher and a famous activist in national and peasants’ politics. With her husband the politician and editor Bolesław Wysłouch (1855-1937) she moved from the Russian partition to Galicia where...
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[Letter from] Wyslouchowa Marja [to] Sokolové-Seidlové Vilmé, April 06, 1893

written by Maria Wyslouchowa, 1858-1905 (Památník národního písemnictví, Praha, fond Sokolová-Seidlová Vilma 33/44) (06 April 1893) , 4 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Letters from Maria Wysłouchowa to Vilma Sokolová-Seidlová. DESCRIPTION: Maria Wysłouchowa (1858-1905) was a teacher and a famous activist in national and peasants’ politics. With her husband the politician and editor Bolesław Wysłouch (1855-1937) she moved from the Russian partition to Galicia where the couple built up a democratic and socialist peasants’ movement. Since 1889, they published its organ “Przyjaciel ludu (The Peop... TITLE: Letters from Maria Wysłouchowa to Vilma Sokolová-Seidlová. DESCRIPTION: Maria Wysłouchowa (1858-1905) was a teacher and a famous activist in national and peasants’ politics. With her husband the politician and editor Bolesław Wysłouch (1855-1937) she moved from the Russian partition to Galicia where the couple built up a democratic and socialist peasants’ movement. Since 1889, they published its organ “Przyjaciel ludu (The People’s Friend)” and in 1895 Wysłouchowa supported her husband in founding the party “StronnictwoLudowe (Peasants’ Party).” Due to Habsburg Law, as a woman she was not allowed to be a member of a political party. Wysłouchowa wrote and published a huge number of articles and brochures on Polish history and culture and was active in adult education, in particular in peasants’ education. Though she was not at the center of the women’s movement, she nevertheless cultivated contacts to Polish and Czech feminists. One of her favorite contacts was Vilma Sokolová-Seidlová (1859-1941), a Czech writer and publisher, with whom she corresponded a lot and told her about several events concerning her political activities and writing experiences. The letters from February1 and April 6, 1893, are dedicated to Wysłouchowa’s reflectionson the “Congress of Women” held in Chicago in the same year. She had been invated by Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmit (1859-1921), a leader of the Polish women’s movement from Warsaw, to represent the movement on the international congress. In the first letter Wysłouchowa hesitated because she felt unpleasant as a representative; nevertheless, she stresses the necessity because of her privileged situation concerning the constitutional Habsburg monarchy which allowed her to travel. In the second letter, she had changed her mind fundamentaly because she concidered the congress only a feminist one which was dedicated to feminist issues and would ignore political and national questions. She told Sokolová-Seidlová that she cancelled the journey because of the Russian and Prussian delegation which she judged as supporters of anti-Polish rpressions in the partitions and ignorant against the national question. She explicitly subordinated women’s issues to political and national issues (implicitely independence of Poland). KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Empire and Feminism; Political and Human Rights; Women and International Politics; Habsburg Empire; Galicia; Bohemia/Chechy; Chicago; Prussia; Russia Show more Show less
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
06 April 1893, 1893
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Maria Wyslouchowa, 1858-1905
Person Discussed
Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmit, 1859-1921
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Socialism, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Social and Cultural Rights, Equal Protection, Empire and Feminism, Polish
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[Letter from] Wyslouchowa Marja [to] Sokolové-Seidlové Vilmé, February 01, 1893
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[Letter from] Wyslouchowa Marja [to] Sokolové-Seidlové Vilmé, February 01, 1893

written by Maria Wyslouchowa, 1858-1905 (Památník národního písemnictví, Praha, fond Sokolová-Seidlová Vilma 33/44) (01 February 1893) , 4 page(s)
TITLE: Letters from Maria Wysłouchowa to Vilma Sokolová-Seidlová. DESCRIPTION: Maria Wysłouchowa (1858-1905) was a teacher and a famous activist in national and peasants’ politics. With her husband the politician and editor Bolesław Wysłouch (1855-1937) she moved from the Russian partition to Galicia where...
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[Letter from] Wyslouchowa Marja [to] Sokolové-Seidlové Vilmé, February 01, 1893

written by Maria Wyslouchowa, 1858-1905 (Památník národního písemnictví, Praha, fond Sokolová-Seidlová Vilma 33/44) (01 February 1893) , 4 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Letters from Maria Wysłouchowa to Vilma Sokolová-Seidlová. DESCRIPTION: Maria Wysłouchowa (1858-1905) was a teacher and a famous activist in national and peasants’ politics. With her husband the politician and editor Bolesław Wysłouch (1855-1937) she moved from the Russian partition to Galicia where the couple built up a democratic and socialist peasants’ movement. Since 1889, they published its organ “Przyjaciel ludu (The Peop... TITLE: Letters from Maria Wysłouchowa to Vilma Sokolová-Seidlová. DESCRIPTION: Maria Wysłouchowa (1858-1905) was a teacher and a famous activist in national and peasants’ politics. With her husband the politician and editor Bolesław Wysłouch (1855-1937) she moved from the Russian partition to Galicia where the couple built up a democratic and socialist peasants’ movement. Since 1889, they published its organ “Przyjaciel ludu (The People’s Friend)” and in 1895 Wysłouchowa supported her husband in founding the party “StronnictwoLudowe (Peasants’ Party).” Due to Habsburg Law, as a woman she was not allowed to be a member of a political party. Wysłouchowa wrote and published a huge number of articles and brochures on Polish history and culture and was active in adult education, in particular in peasants’ education. Though she was not at the center of the women’s movement, she nevertheless cultivated contacts to Polish and Czech feminists. One of her favorite contacts was Vilma Sokolová-Seidlová (1859-1941), a Czech writer and publisher, with whom she corresponded a lot and told her about several events concerning her political activities and writing experiences. The letters from February1 and April 6, 1893, are dedicated to Wysłouchowa’s reflectionson the “Congress of Women” held in Chicago in the same year. She had been invated by Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmit (1859-1921), a leader of the Polish women’s movement from Warsaw, to represent the movement on the international congress. In the first letter Wysłouchowa hesitated because she felt unpleasant as a representative; nevertheless, she stresses the necessity because of her privileged situation concerning the constitutional Habsburg monarchy which allowed her to travel. In the second letter, she had changed her mind fundamentaly because she concidered the congress only a feminist one which was dedicated to feminist issues and would ignore political and national questions. She told Sokolová-Seidlová that she cancelled the journey because of the Russian and Prussian delegation which she judged as supporters of anti-Polish rpressions in the partitions and ignorant against the national question. She explicitly subordinated women’s issues to political and national issues (implicitely independence of Poland). KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Empire and Feminism; Political and Human Rights; Women and International Politics; Habsburg Empire; Galicia; Bohemia/Chechy; Chicago; Prussia; Russia Show more Show less
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
01 February 1893, 1893
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Maria Wyslouchowa, 1858-1905
Person Discussed
Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmit, 1859-1921
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Socialism, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Feminism, Polish
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Zoe Arion to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Bucharest, October 1905
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Zoe Arion to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Bucharest, October 1905

written by Zoe Arion, fl. 1905 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 734/1905, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1-5) (October 1905) , 11 page(s)
TITLE: Zoe Arion to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Bucharest, October 1905. DESCRIPTION: Letter sent by Zoe Arion from Bucharest (in the Romanian Kingdom) to Emilia Rațiu (in Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt, Kingdom of Hungary at the time). Zoe Arion was the daughter of Romanian Army General and diplomat Eracle Arion, likely s...
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Zoe Arion to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Bucharest, October 1905

written by Zoe Arion, fl. 1905 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 734/1905, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1-5) (October 1905) , 11 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Zoe Arion to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Bucharest, October 1905. DESCRIPTION: Letter sent by Zoe Arion from Bucharest (in the Romanian Kingdom) to Emilia Rațiu (in Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt, Kingdom of Hungary at the time). Zoe Arion was the daughter of Romanian Army General and diplomat Eracle Arion, likely some twenty years youger than her correspondent. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequ... TITLE: Zoe Arion to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Bucharest, October 1905. DESCRIPTION: Letter sent by Zoe Arion from Bucharest (in the Romanian Kingdom) to Emilia Rațiu (in Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt, Kingdom of Hungary at the time). Zoe Arion was the daughter of Romanian Army General and diplomat Eracle Arion, likely some twenty years youger than her correspondent. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. ¶ This letter expresses the opinion that, despite the Emperor’s many faults, the monarch had begun to see the mistakes of the Hungarians. Arion articulates that Romanians had always been in favor of the dynasty (‘dynastic’) but that it was an inappropriate moment for Transylvanian politicians to become Kossuthists. If there were any need to join a party, socialists, with their platform of universal suffrage, might be more appealing. In 1905, when this letter was written, the Romanian National Party (RNP) in Transylvania had ceased its boycott of Hungarian parliamentary institutions and was pushing from within the Parliament for universal suffrage within the Kingdom of Hungary. (Of note, the RNP had debated whether to formally endorse women’s suffrage at its January 1905 congress, finally deciding against the issue with some members expressing support for the cause.) The RNP was probably debating at the time the alliances it should forge within the Parliament. During 1905, workers, especially in the Austrian half of the Dual Monarchy, mobilized by a popular socialist movement, were demanding suffrage in mass demonstrations and through other forms of participation. Arion’s entreaty towards an alliance with the socialists functioned in this context. The Kosshutism mentioned in the letter as a less appealing alternative to the support of socialists refers to the ideological legacy of 1848 revolutionary Kossuth Lajos (1802-1894), a symbol of the more radical patriotism of the Hungarian Revolution and a hero of Hungarian centralizers. The brief mention of suffrage politics links with how a Member of Hungarian Parliament, Stefan Cicio-Pop, participated in 1913 in the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) Congress in Budapest and later supported a bill for universal suffrage. However, this letter does not mention women’s suffrage explicitly, and is likely to be implicitly referring to male suffrage without property qualifications when discussing “universal suffrage.” On women’s suffrage and Transylvanian Romanian nationalism, see also Helena Densusianu, “Helena Densusianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, 10 March 1870” (Letter, Făgăraș, March 10, 1870), 844/1870, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest; and Eleonora Lemény, “Indreptatire politica femeilor! [Legitimate Women’s Policy!],” Adevarul-Glasul Poporului, December 2, 1918. ¶ This document captures with unusual directness Transylvanian Romanian positioning vis-à-vis the Habsburg dynasty and within the Austro-Hungarian Empire (a stance taken since the 1848-1849 Hungarian Revolution). The letter exemplifies pragmatic politics and organizing, and places a young upper-class educated woman such as Arion in the middle of the “male sphere” of parliamentary political strategizing in both Transylvania and the Romanian Kingdom. For example, it is interesting to note that the presumed aversion towards socialist politics among the Transylvanian Romanian middle class and within the Romanian National Party could be conceived as surmountable, in the context of the struggle for universal suffrage. Finally, the topics and rhetorical features of this letter offer a counterweight to the maternalist, “women’s sphere,” and the highly affective style encountered in other politically active women’s public rhetoric. Compare this with Maria Baiulescu, “Cuvantul de deschidere rostit de doamna Maria B. Baiulescu, presedinta Uniunii Femeilor Romane din Brasov la I-ul Congres al Reuniunilor de Femei din Ungaria, tinut la Brasov in zilele de 3-5 Iunie 1913 [Opening Speech Given by Mrs. Maria B. Baiulescu, President of the Union of Romanian Women in Brasov to the Ist Congress of the Women’s Reunions held in Brasov between 3-5 June 1913]” (Speech, Brașov, June 1913), MS 1954, f. 36, “George Baritiu” County Library Special Collections, “George Baritiu” County Library Special Collections. The Arion letter contributes to a more complex image of the reasons and tactics of nationalist mobilization among women involved in the Transylvanian Romanian national cause and underscores the gap that existed between private discourse and public rhetoric among politicized women. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Hungarian Parliament; Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Socialism; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Human Rights, Suffrage; Habsburg Empire; Kossuth Lajos/ Louis Kossuth. Show more Show less
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
October 1905, 1905
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Zoe Arion, fl. 1905
Person Discussed
Lajos Kossuth, 1802-1894
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Empire and Feminism, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Political Leadership, Socialism, Suffrage, Romanians, Hungarians
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