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Cuvantul de deschidere rostit de doamna Maria B. Baiulescu, presedinta Uniunii Femeilor Romane din Brasov la I-ul Congres al Reuniunilor de...
written by Maria Baiulescu, 1860-1941 ("George Baritiu" Library, Brasov, Romania, MS 1954, f. 36, "George Baritiu" County Library Special Collections) (1913) , 1 page(s)
TITLE: Opening Speech Given by Mrs. Maria B. Baiulescu, President of the Union of Romanian Women in Brasov to the Ist Congress of the Women's Reunions held in Brasov between 3-5 June 1913. DESCRIPTION: Typed draft of speech by Maria Baiulescu on the occasion of the first congress of the Union of Romanian Women in...
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written by Maria Baiulescu, 1860-1941 ("George Baritiu" Library, Brasov, Romania, MS 1954, f. 36, "George Baritiu" County Library Special Collections) (1913) , 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Opening Speech Given by Mrs. Maria B. Baiulescu, President of the Union of Romanian Women in Brasov to the Ist Congress of the Women's Reunions held in Brasov between 3-5 June 1913. DESCRIPTION: Typed draft of speech by Maria Baiulescu on the occasion of the first congress of the Union of Romanian Women in Hungary. Maria Baiulescu (1860-1941) was an author, Romanian nationalist and civic organizer. She was the president of the Reunion of R...
TITLE: Opening Speech Given by Mrs. Maria B. Baiulescu, President of the Union of Romanian Women in Brasov to the Ist Congress of the Women's Reunions held in Brasov between 3-5 June 1913. DESCRIPTION: Typed draft of speech by Maria Baiulescu on the occasion of the first congress of the Union of Romanian Women in Hungary. Maria Baiulescu (1860-1941) was an author, Romanian nationalist and civic organizer. She was the president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov/Brasso/Kronstadt (1908-1935), the President of the Union of Romanian Women (a federation of Transylvanian women’s associations) (1913-1935), and leader of ASTRA association’s Biopolitical Section, founded in 1927. A supporter of women’s social involvement, she advocated what has been termed “republican motherhood,” which focused on women’s roles as nurturers and educators of the nation. See, Krassimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi, and Francisca de Haan, A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), 48-50. Baiulescu’s personal archives are housed by the "George Baritiu" County Library Brasov (Romania), Special Collections Unit. The Union of Romanian Women reunited approximatively half of the 60 independent Romanian women’s “Reunions” that had appeared in Transylvania since the 1850s. ¶ The speech laid out the purpose of a Union with “centralized power” to direct the activities of the adhering women’s Reunions in Hungary. The document also argued that the Union would direct the activities of women’s Reunions that would form in the future. The goals of the Union outlined by Baiulescu were promoting girls’ education, preserving peasant women’s handicraft traditions, raising “hardworking and thrifty wives and mothers,” promoting charitability among women, and creating a unified orphanage. Finally, according to Baiulescu, “through her disinterested social work woman is becoming an important factor even in states’ lives as only she is capable to resolve somewhat the humanitarian problem.” At first sight, the speech reaffirms and unifies the existing areas of activity of the Union’s members and places them within the politically uncontroversial frame of “republican motherhood.” However, concerning the context of this speech, the Romanian Women’s Union founding congress was scheduled to coincide with the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) Congress in Budapest (3-5 June 1913). Whereas Saxon and Hungarian women’s associations in Transylvania were visible participants at the IWSA Congress, the newly-formed Union abstained from organized participation. The abstention was due to a “silenced or veiled” (but, nevertheless, present) suffrage politics pursued by the Transylvanian Romanian women’s movement in Hungary, one that may have been carried aut through the Romanian National Party’s advocating universal suffrage in the Hungarian Parliament, largely because of governemntal restrictions against minorities associational life in the Kingdom of Hungary ¶ This document points to the existence of the Union of Romanian Women in Hungary and the tendencies towards centralization of disparate women’s associations, occurring by the 1910s. Secondly, Baiulescu’s speech reveals the rhetoric that masked the transnational connections and internationally convergent politics some politically-minded Transylvanian Romanian women, although, perhaps, not Maria Baiulescu herself, were pursuing at the time. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; National Identity; Social Reform and Political Activism; Welfare Movements; Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Political and Human Rights; Human Rights, Suffrage; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Work and Class Identity; Sexual Division of Labor; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA).
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1913
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Speech/Address
Author / Creator
Maria Baiulescu, 1860-1941
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Work and Class Identity, Indigenous Women, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Equal Rights for Women, Sexual Division of Labor, Gendered Education, Human Rights, Su...
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Work and Class Identity, Indigenous Women, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Equal Rights for Women, Sexual Division of Labor, Gendered Education, Human Rights, Suffrage, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Social Movements and Indigenous Women, Social and Political Leadership, Empire and Feminism, Romanians
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Cuvântarea Doamnei Alexandrina Gr. Cantacuzino asupra subiectului 'Femeile și Noua Constituție românească,' Congresul Grupării Femeilo...
written by Alexandrina Cantacuzino, 1876-1944, in Cantacuzino Family Collection, of Romania. National Archives (folder 254, files 1-4) (Bucharest, Bucharest County) , 4 page(s)
Title: The Congress of the Romanian Women’s Association in Brasov, November 12.13.14, 1938. The Speech of Mrs. Alexandrina Gr. Cantacuzino on the Topic ‘Women and the New Romanian Constitution.’ Description: Speech held by Alexandrina Gr. Cantacuzino, leader of the Romanian Women’s Association in Brasov, N...
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written by Alexandrina Cantacuzino, 1876-1944, in Cantacuzino Family Collection, of Romania. National Archives (folder 254, files 1-4) (Bucharest, Bucharest County) , 4 page(s)
Description
Title: The Congress of the Romanian Women’s Association in Brasov, November 12.13.14, 1938. The Speech of Mrs. Alexandrina Gr. Cantacuzino on the Topic ‘Women and the New Romanian Constitution.’ Description: Speech held by Alexandrina Gr. Cantacuzino, leader of the Romanian Women’s Association in Brasov, November 12.13.14, 1938. At that time, certain categories of women obtained partial political rights, and the inclusion in the new const...
Title: The Congress of the Romanian Women’s Association in Brasov, November 12.13.14, 1938. The Speech of Mrs. Alexandrina Gr. Cantacuzino on the Topic ‘Women and the New Romanian Constitution.’ Description: Speech held by Alexandrina Gr. Cantacuzino, leader of the Romanian Women’s Association in Brasov, November 12.13.14, 1938. At that time, certain categories of women obtained partial political rights, and the inclusion in the new constitution of this restrictive and incomplete version of women’s political rights was received with great joy and celebrated with fast. In this speech, Cantacuzino’s argumentation was directed towards increasing women’s public role (she decries the elaboration of a social work law without the consultation of women’s organizations) and the recognition of women’s legitimacy to weight upon the transformation of political and state life from their positions as mothers. Also, in this speech Cantacuzino’s “internationalist” image is rather paradoxical if we take into the account the context in which the speech was delivered. In that period, the Romanian Women’s Association under Cantacuzino’s leadership became very adamant in promoting and demanding ethnic discriminatory measures using eugenic and economic arguments. In these conditions, it is difficult to understand how in this period Cantacuzino could play both the roles of “internationalist” seeking connections with minority women and fervent “nationalist” committed to exclusionary politics at the same time. This unless one does not take into account the fact that for Cantacuzino this “internationalism” was first of all another way of bringing a contribution to the building of the Romanian nation-state. Keywords: Alexandrina Cantacuzino, political rights, Romanian Women’s Association, minority rights, social work
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Speech/Address
Author / Creator
Alexandrina Cantacuzino, 1876-1944
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Suffrage, Social and Cultural Rights, Equal Rights for Women, Romanians, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894
written by Elena Baiulescu, fl. 1860 and Elena Mureşianu, 1862-1924 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 734/1905, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, f.1) (16 June 1894) , 4 page(s)
TITLE: Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter on custom-made stationery with “Everything for the Nation” slogan in one corner, addressed to Emilia Rațiu and signed by Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu in the name of the Nation...
Sample
written by Elena Baiulescu, fl. 1860 and Elena Mureşianu, 1862-1924 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 734/1905, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, f.1) (16 June 1894) , 4 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter on custom-made stationery with “Everything for the Nation” slogan in one corner, addressed to Emilia Rațiu and signed by Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu in the name of the National Committee of Romanian Women. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor...
TITLE: Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter on custom-made stationery with “Everything for the Nation” slogan in one corner, addressed to Emilia Rațiu and signed by Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu in the name of the National Committee of Romanian Women. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda/Torda/Thorenburg, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. Ioan Rațiu was arrested following his condemnation for anti-state activity through the distribution of a manifesto on Transylvanian autonomy and linguistic rights in the “Memorandum trial.” Elena Muresianu (1862-1924) was an artist and publicist from Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt, active in the Women’s Reunion in the city and a founding member of the National Committee of Romanian Women. A graduate of the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts (1884-1888), she married into the Muresianu family who published Gazeta Transilvaniei [The Transylvanian Gazette], one of the most significant Romanian-language publications in the region. Between 1909 and 1911, Elena Muresianu was the sole administrator of the newspaper and associated typography, having always been heavily involved in the running of the business. Elena Baiulescu was President of the Reunion of Romanian Women in Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt in the 1890s and President of the National Committee of Romanian Women, from 1894 to 1896. She was married to Orthodox Archpriest (Protopop) Bartolomeu Baiulescu and the mother to Maria Baiulescu, who would become in the 1900s a visible spokeswoman for socially active women and the Transylvanian Romanian nationalist cause. The National Committee of Romanian Women was described as a “secret committee” of Romanian women founded in Brașov/Brassó/Hermannstadt in 1894 by Elena Muresianu, acting as Secretary, and Elena Baiulescu, as President. The Committee gathered signatures from women all around Transylvania to support the Transylvanian politicians condemned in the Memorandum trial. According to a 1934 article written by a member of the Committee, the Committee gathered “thousands upon thousands” of signatures for letters sent to MPs in Italy and journalists in France, thanking them for the support shown to the “Romanian national cause.” See, Maria Baiulescu, “Participrea femeilor romane din Ardeal in procesul Memorandumului in _Universul_(Bucharest) [The Participation of Romanian Women from Transylvania in the Memorandum Trial in _The Universe_(Bucharest)]” (Newspaper clipping, Bucharest, June 19, 1934), MS 1954, f. 30, “George Baritiu” County Library Special Collections, “George Baritiu” County Library Brasov, Special Collections Unit. The Committee minted decorative medals with the inscription “Everything for the Nation.” The “Memorandum trial” involved the 1894 condemnation of several prominent Transylvanian members of the Romanian National Party for publishing and distributing a manifesto critical of Hungarian centralism but not of the Emperor. The event garnered international attention and significant popular support in Transylvania and other territories inhabited by Romanians. ¶ This letter asks for Rațiu’s consent for writing letters to foreign supporters of the tried Memorandum politicians “not only [in the name of women from Brașov], but also in the name of all Romanian women from Transylvania and Hungary.” The senders consider the issue an important one and mention that they have written “to Romanian ladies from the different towns in Transylvania thus asking for their consent.” The senders mention writing a planned first thank-you letter to Italian MP Imbriani. ¶ This document provides evidence about the formation and mobilization strategies of the National Committee of Romanian Women. It captures a moment in which women involved in the nationalist cause sought to transform gender solidarities forged on municipal bases into the collective solidarity of all “Romanian women from Transylvania and Hungary.” The process mirrors similar developments in the rest of Austria-Hungary at the time. The 1880s were marked by middle-class municipal activism. This development was overshadowed (or in this case, merged) in 1890 by the rise of nationalist, mass mobilization, a political phenomenon that was, in fact, difficult to sustain and had somewhat waned by the early 1900s. In relation to the politics of gendered mobilization, the emphasis on and the use of the language of consent also makes this document an interesting one; it shows how liberal doctrines on contract and consent, assumed to be governing associations and individuals, were part of Transylvanian women’s activism. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Municipal Activism; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Socialism; Political and Human Rights; Habsburg Empire; Transylvania; Comitetul Național al Femeilor Române/National Committee of Romanian Women; Memorandum; Municipal Activism; Mobilization; Networks; k. k. Kunstgewerbeschule/ Vienna School of Arts and Crafts.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
16 June 1894, 1894
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Elena Baiulescu, fl. 1860, Elena Mureşianu, 1862-1924
Topic / Theme
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Nationalism and Independence Movements, Empire and Internationalism, Empire and Feminism, Equal Rights for Women, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Opposition to Imperialism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Austrian...
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Nationalism and Independence Movements, Empire and Internationalism, Empire and Feminism, Equal Rights for Women, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Opposition to Imperialism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Austrians, Hungarians, Romanians
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Report of the Committee of the Reunion of Romanian Women to the General Assembly held on 11/23 October 1892
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov, 5864/1892, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-2) (October 1892) , 4 page(s)
TITLE: Report of the Committee of the Reunion of Romanian Women to the General Assembly held on 11/23 October 1892. DESCRIPTION: This document is a report on the reasons for calling an extra-ordinary General Assembly of the Reunion of Romanian Women from Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt. The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ T...
Sample
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov, 5864/1892, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-2) (October 1892) , 4 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Report of the Committee of the Reunion of Romanian Women to the General Assembly held on 11/23 October 1892. DESCRIPTION: This document is a report on the reasons for calling an extra-ordinary General Assembly of the Reunion of Romanian Women from Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt. The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ The Reunion of Romanian Women of Brașov was founded in 1850. Its stated aim was to raise “poorer Romanian girls, and especially those...
TITLE: Report of the Committee of the Reunion of Romanian Women to the General Assembly held on 11/23 October 1892. DESCRIPTION: This document is a report on the reasons for calling an extra-ordinary General Assembly of the Reunion of Romanian Women from Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt. The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ The Reunion of Romanian Women of Brașov was founded in 1850. Its stated aim was to raise “poorer Romanian girls, and especially those who became orphans through the death of (both) parents during the Transylvanian-Hungarian civil war of 1848-1849.” The “civil war” mentioned was occasioned by many Transylvanian Romanian’s participation in the defeat of 1848 Hungarian revolutionaries, as a part of the imperial army. ¶ The document mentions that the General Assembly was called following a request by the Ministry of the Interior that the association’s Statutes be clarified or changed. In October 1892, the Office of the Viscount in Brașov, representing the Ministry had asked the Reunion for evidence of Empress Elisabeth’s acceptance of the status of Patron of the Reunion, mentioned in its 1854 Statutes. The document details that the association was also required to report on its patrimony and expenses and clarify in what way it continued to care for girls orphaned by the 1848 Revolution. This document mentions that the Reunion supplied documents of a donation of 750 florins made by the Empress in 1854, and it gives details on the Reunion’s history and functioning. It also mentions that in its answer to the Viscount, the Reunion argued that following the official donation by the Empress on the occasion of her marriage, it considered Elisabeth “its natural patron.” The document states that, at the further request of the Brașov Viscount, references to Elisabeth were omitted and the goals of the association were rewritten. As such, this document announces that the new goals of the Brașov Women’s Reunion were “to raise orphan girls by founding professional and learning schools [întemeierea scolilor de lucru și de învățătură] and through material aid.” ¶ The document is part of a series concerning the administrative back-and-forth between the Reunion of Romanian Women in Brașov and municipal authorities, representing the Hungarian government in the 1890s. See also, Sterie N. Ciurcu, “Sterie N. Ciurcu to Lazar Nastasy, 18 November 1892” (Letter, Wien [Vienna], November 18, 1892), 5875/1892, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-3, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov; Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brasov, “Reuniunea Femeilor Romane to the City Magistrate, 1/13 November 1892” (Letter, Brașov, November 1, 1892), 5869/1892, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov; and Reuniunea Femeilor Române Brașov, “Simțindu-se încă de mult lipsa unei scóle practice, 6 iunie 1893 [Given the Lack of a Practical School: Statutes, 6 June 1893, with Penciled Comments by the Representative of the Hungarian Ministry of Internal Affairs, November 1894]” (Statutes, Brașov, November 1894), 5904/1893 and 5960/1783, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff. 4-10, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov. Together, these items illuminate the way in which imperial bureaucratic practices mediated nationalist struggles. For instance, it is easy to surmise that the proud goal of caring for orphans of the 1848 “civil war” may not have resonated with the Hungarian administration. This particular document also shows how Habsburg symbols (i.e., Empress Elisabeth’s patronage) were part of symbolic struggles between nationalist activists and the representatives of the centralizing Hungarian Kingdom within the Dual Monarchy. It is significant that Empress Elisabeth enjoyed a popular cult in Hungary, where she was seen as a Habsburg supporter of Hungarian national aspirations, expressed in 1848-1849. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Municipal Administration; Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; National Identity; Social Reform and Political Activism; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; Transylvania; Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, Elisabeth of Bavaria (“Sissi”); Women’s Associations.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
October 1892, 1892
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Government/institutional document
Author / Creator
Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov
Person Discussed
Elisabeth, Empress, consort of Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1837-1898
Topic / Theme
Hungarian Revolution of 1848, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Equal Rights for Women, Social and Political Leadership, National Identity, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Feminism, Romanians
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