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Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912), 33 page(s)
TITLE: The Yearbook of the Women's Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1911-1912 period issued by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/Hermannstadt/ Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880 with the stated goal of creating t...
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912), 33 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Yearbook of the Women's Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1911-1912 period issued by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/Hermannstadt/ Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880 with the stated goal of creating to promote Romanian women’s education, including both an institute and a boarding school. Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romani...
TITLE: The Yearbook of the Women's Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1911-1912 period issued by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/Hermannstadt/ Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880 with the stated goal of creating to promote Romanian women’s education, including both an institute and a boarding school. Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. (On a similar, older initiative, run by the Brasov/Brasso/Kronstadt Women’s Reunion, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brașov, “Regulament. Pentru internatul de fetite ax reuniunii femeilor române din Brasov [Regulations: For the Girls’ Boarding School of the Reunion of the Romanian Women in Brașov]” (Official Organizational Document, Brașov, României, January 1, 1888), 5747/1888, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov. Also of note, the Sibiu Reunion’s elementary school should not be confused with the Civil School for Girls, the secondary school founded by ASTRA Association, which the former functioned in “organic connection” and shared a building; on ASTRA’s school; see also, Scoala Civila de Fete a Asociatiunii Astra, “Condiții de primire în școala civilă de fete a Asociațiunii și în internatul acesteia [Admission Conditions in the Civil Girls’ School of the Association and its Boarding House]” (Official Organizational Document, Sibiu, 1901), 2/1901, Fond Scoala Civila de Fete (Astra) SB-F-00045-2-1901-2, ff. 1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Directia Judetena a Arhivelor Nationale Sibiu.) In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” In 1915, the Reunion’s wartime charitable activities were commended by the Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria (1866-1939) and the municipal authorities in Sibiu. In 1919, now part of the Kingdom of Romania, the school of the Sibiu Reunion and that of ASTRA merged and changed their status from private (or civil) to public (or state) schools. The same year, Queen Marie of Romania (1875-1938) became patron of the Reunion’s reopened School for Housekeeping and Industry. In general, the Reunion thrived. In 1918, it organized a public meeting, attended by over 500 women, to celebrate the planned union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania. It also named Eleonora Lemeny as its representative to the official unification negotiations; it mobilized to counter the brutality of the Hungarian Bolsheviks, and it favored the Romanian army’s march against the Budapest Soviet Republic. In the years that followed, the Sibiu Reunion was a significant participant in the Union of Romanian Women, initiated by Maria Baiulescu. ¶ The Yearbook contains minutes of the Reunion’s 1911-1912 meeting, the formal annual report of the organization’s activities, information on the association’s budget and funding, lists of members and the transcript of the speech made by longtime Reunion President, Maria Cosma, during that year’s general assembly. Together, the documents included in the Yearbook show that during 1911-1912 the Reunion reorganized its housekeeping school (founded in 1905), by hiring highly qualified personnel and acquiring a building for this institution. The newly-reorganized school had a section for instruction in “industry” and one for training in housekeeping (“școala de menaj”). The industrial section offered courses aimed to train women both in cottage industry weaving and in factory-type, mechanized weaving. The Reunion recognized the influence of the Fribourg Home Economics School (in Switzerland) on its housekeeping section. The Yearbook mentions hiring one of the Swiss School’s (Romanian) graduates and seeking to select and adapt Fribourg methods to local conditions. Differently from the middle-class clientele of the Reunion’s elementary school, this professional training school was meant to grant scholarships and “open up a career” for poorer girls, all the while contributing to the Romanian national cause through the Romanian-language education of these poorer women, with rural origins. The documents also discuss the Reunion’s desire to begin caring for boys’ education, by providing them with meals and a dedicated boarding school. It should be noted that at the time the multiethnic town of Sibiu/Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben already had a strong tradition in both women’s educational institutions and professional training. Nevertheless, the Reunion’s ambitions for the new school are notable as they responded to several major socio-economic trends in or affecting the Austro-Hungarian Empire. At the time, Austria-Hungary was undergoing a boom in the textile industry. Secondly, the household-training movement was a fairly conservative European response to rural-urban migration and changes in women’s work, brought about by proletarization. Thirdly, Transylvanian Romanian nationalists had intensified by the 1910s their middle-class reformist outlook, by more strongly promoting economic organization and productivity as keys to national progress. The Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu placed itself and the young women it wished to educate in the middle of these developments, in interesting ways. Reunion members’ participation in the People’s Kitchen (“Bucataria Poporala”) organized by the municipality also receives a mention in the Yearbook. ¶ The Yearbook shows how the Sibiu version of the Transylvanian Romanian network of Reunions chose to deal with industrialization and women’s work. Compared to the Hunedoara Reunion’s social pedagogy concerning women’s work, the Sibiu Reunion was embracing technological change more openly. For comparison, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Hunedoara, Reuniunea femeilor române din Comitatul Hunedoarei 1886-1911 [The Reunion of Romanian Women from the District of Hunedoara, 1886-1911] (Orastie: Tipografia Noua, 1912). Furthermore, this Yearbook shows how the Reunion wanted to promote women’s and national progress simultaneously, by linking young Romanian women’s improved career opportunities to the furthering of the national cause. The Reunion recognized and developed practices around certain class issues as well (visible in their seeking to grant scholarships to all students of the Housekeeping school). This Yearbook contributes to a better understanding of the evolution of Transylvanian Romanian women’s associations in the years right before, during and immediately after the Great War. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Education in National Languages; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; The Home Economics Movement; Work and Class Identity; Habsburg Empire; Home industry; Funds and donations; Municipal activism; People’s Kitchens; Archduke Franz Salvator, Archduke of Austria, Prince of Tuscany; Princess Marie of Edinburgh, Queen Marie of Romania
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu
Date Published / Released
1912
Publisher
Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane
Person Discussed
Franz Salvator, Archduke of Austria, 1866-1939, Marie, of Romania, 1875-1938
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women, Empire and Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Social and Political Leadership, Roma...
Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women, Empire and Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Social and Political Leadership, Romanians
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Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1913-1914
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1914), 30 page(s)
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the Years 1913-1914. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1913-1914 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, el...
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1914), 30 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the Years 1913-1914. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1913-1914 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It reorganized th...
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the Years 1913-1914. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1913-1914 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It reorganized this school in 1911, by dividing it into sections for training in industrial and housekeeping work but closed it in 1914. For more on the school, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Sibiu, Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912 [The Yearbook of the Women’s Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912] (Sibiu: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912). After the beginning of the Great War, the Sibiu Reunion volunteered to care for the Austro-Hungarian Army’s wounded by creating a “reserve hospital” in the training school’s building. In 1919, Queen Marie of Romania (1875-1938) became patron of the Reunion’s reopened School for Housekeeping and Industry. In the years that followed, the Sibiu Reunion was a significant participant in the federative Union of Romanian Women, initiated by Maria Baiulescu. ¶ The Yearbook offers information on the activities of the Sibiu Reunion of Romanian Women between 1913 and 1914. The administrative documents reproduced in the yearbook include the presidential address by Maria Cosma, meeting minutes, budgets, annual organizational report, the household section report, the industrial section report, an accounting report, a membership report, and proposals before the committee. A balance sheet and a budget sheet are included in table form, and the membership list is printed last. This yearbook shows how the Reunion wanted to promote women’s and national progress simultaneously, by linking young Romanian women’s improved career opportunities to the furthering of the national cause. The Reunion recognized and developed practices around certain class issues as well. This yearbook contributes to a better understanding of the evolution of Transylvanian Romanian women’s associations in the years right before, during and immediately after the Great War. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Education in National Languages; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; The Home Economics Movement; Work and Class Identity; Habsburg Empire; Home industry; Funds and donations; Municipal activism; People’s Kitchens; Princess Marie of Edinburgh, Queen Marie of Romania
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu
Date Published / Released
1914
Publisher
Editura Reuniunii
Person Discussed
Marie, of Romania, 1875-1938
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Work and Class Identity, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Women as “Proletariat”, Ro...
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Work and Class Identity, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Women as “Proletariat”, Romanians
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Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1914-1915 si 1915-1916
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1916), 38 page(s)
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the years 1914-1915 and 1915-1916. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1914-1915 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-languag...
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1916), 38 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the years 1914-1915 and 1915-1916. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1914-1915 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It...
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the years 1914-1915 and 1915-1916. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1914-1915 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It reorganized this school in 1911, by dividing it into sections for training in industrial and housekeeping work but closed it in 1914. For more on the school, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Sibiu, Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912 [The Yearbook of the Women’s Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912] (Sibiu: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912). After the beginning of the Great War, the Sibiu Reunion volunteered to care for the Austro-Hungarian Army’s wounded by creating a “reserve hospital” in the training school’s building. In 1919, Queen Marie of Romania (1875-1938) became patron of the Reunion’s reopened School for Housekeeping and Industry. In the years that followed, the Sibiu Reunion was a significant participant in the federative Union of Romanian Women, initiated by Maria Baiulescu. ¶ The Yearbook offers information on the activities of the Sibiu Reunion of Romanian Women between 1914 and 1916. According to the administrative documents reproduced in the yearbook (meeting minutes, budgets, annual report), the “reserve hospital” cared for “264 wounded soldiers, by origin from the different countries of our Monarchy.” In 1915, the Reunion hospital and its initiators were commended by the visiting Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria (1866-1939), a promoter of the Red Cross in Austria-Hungary. In 1916, the Reunion closed its hospital, arguing that it was no longer sent any wounded to care for. Valeria Soroștineanu has shown that the situation of Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt and its inhabitants during the second half of the war was complicated: when the Kingdom of Romania joined the war in 1916, on the side of the Entente, the city was quickly surrounded by the neighboring country’s troops, with most civilians fleeing the area. The members of the Reunion remaining in the (still Austro-Hungarian) city of Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt drastically reduced their social involvement, due to the “heavy atmosphere” and the weight of familial concerns. The Reunion re-emerged in late 1918 to welcome Romanian troops to the city and host a reception in honor of the Romanian-allied French General Henri Berthelot (1861-1931). For more on this, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Sibiu, Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912 [The Yearbook of the Women’s Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912] (Sibiu: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912). ¶ By covering the first years of the Great War, the yearbook helps us understand the transition undergone by the Sibiu Reunion, and to a certain extent, all women’s Reunions in Transylvania. Until 1916, the Reunion behaved largely like an Austro-Hungarian association of pragmatic, nationalistic Romanian women and was considered a significant part of Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt’s municipal associational fabric. After 1918, the organization presented itself and was recognized as primarily, ardently nationalistic. This yearbook helps reconstruct the evolution of Transylvanian Romanian women’s associations in the years right before, during and immediately after the Great War. In a broader sense, it contributes to comprehending the transformation of “empire” into “post-empire,” for the case of the Dual Monarchy. KEYWORDS: Peace and War, International Governance, and International Law; War; War-time welfare; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire Silenced; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health; Women as Medical Professionals; Habsburg Empire; Funds and donations; Municipal activism; Archduke Franz Salvator, Archduke of Austria, Prince of Tuscany; Princess Marie of Edinburgh, Queen Marie of Romania.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu
Date Published / Released
1916
Publisher
Editura Reuniunii
Person Discussed
Marie, of Romania, 1875-1938, Franz Salvator, Archduke of Austria, 1866-1939
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source...
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Women as Medical Professionals, Birth Control, Sexuality, International Peace, Romanians, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Az alakuló Noképzo-Egyesület programmja.1867; Alapszabály. 1868
(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). pp. 702-705 (1902), 4 page(s)
TITLE: Program of the Forming Association for Women's Education, 1867; and the Charter, 1868, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, 702-705. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1...
(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). pp. 702-705 (1902), 4 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Program of the Forming Association for Women's Education, 1867; and the Charter, 1868, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, 702-705. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book c...
TITLE: Program of the Forming Association for Women's Education, 1867; and the Charter, 1868, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, 702-705. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book contains an extensive account of the life and activities of Beniczky and reprints of many original documents. Hermin Beniczky, usually remembered as Mrs. Pál Veres (1815-1895), was a pioneer of Hungarian women’s education, founder in 1868 of the National Association for Women’s Education (Országos Nőképző-Egyesület) and its long-term President, and co-founder in 1869 of the first high school for girls in Hungary. See the biographical summary of her in Krassimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi, and Francisca de Haan, A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), 54-57. The extracts selected include a collection of writings dating from the period 1865–69. These include Beniczky’s calls from 1865 and 1867, her treatise from 1868 and documents of her lobbying with the governing party from 1868–69, when she submitted a petition signed by nine thousand women to the Hungarian parliament, requesting a law on higher women’s schools with public funding. In her writings, Beniczky condemned the exclusive concern for languages and etiquette in the upbringing of upper-class girls and argued that a more meaningful education would also help secure a livelihood for unmarried and widowed women. Taking note of a general shift from physical towards intellectual work, she set out a broad range of possible female careers. However, she kept distancing herself from any more far-reaching concept of women’s emancipation. There is also a portrait of Beniczky. Another selection from Beniczky’s writings from the period 1869 to 1883, includes opening speeches from the Association’s general assembly meetings, letters, papers and addresses. The initiative to finance higher women’s schools from public funds failed in lack of political backing. The central school, however, got under way in 1869 with Hungarian as the sole language of instruction, and although Beniczky complained about high attrition rates, it soon launched a teacher training track as well. Finally, a selection from the documents from the period 1869–94 include the statutes of the National Association, the first curriculum of the central school for the two lower grades, a report on its opening, a call by the Association to celebrate the royal couple’s 25 year coronation jubilee (Francis Joseph was Emperor of Austria since 1848 but had been crowned King of Hungary only in 1867), its congratulatory letter sent on the same occasion, and contributions to the 25 year jubilee of the National Association itself in 1893. The curriculum is remarkable for giving a close glimpse at Beniczky’s ambitious vision of women’s education. Girls of thirteen to fourteen years of age in the general track studied all of the following subjects: art history, aesthetics, pedagogy, hygienic, Hungarian, German and French, arithmetic, drawing, thinking, ethics, Hungarian cultural history and civics, Hungarian literary history and chemistry applied to the household. A few letters received by Mrs. Veres, writings about her, and writings which address her activities and other important events in relation to women’s education, such as for instance the speech by the Minister for education, Gyula Wlassics, on the occasion of the opening of the National Association’s girls’ gymnasium in 1896, are also included. In 1906 a statue was erected in Budapest depicturing Mrs. Veres, wearing a Hungarian national costume. Today, the statue is placed at the beginning of Mrs. Pál Veres Street (Veres Pálné utca) in the inner city of the Hungarian capital. Its pedestal carries the inscription “Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky. She fought for the cause that Woman with her education and her soul may become a factor/agent (tényező) of national welfare.” For more on the sculpture, see Veres Pálné, Beniczky Hermin szobra [The Sculpture of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky] (Budapest, 1906). KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Dynasty; Elisabeth Queen of Hungary and Empress of Austria; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire Silenced; Women and Education; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male-Dominated Organizations; Habsburg Empire; Austria; Hungary
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Date Published / Released
1902
Person Discussed
Hermin Beniczky, 1815-1895, Elisabeth, Empress, consort of Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1837-1898, Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1830-1916, Gyula Wlassics, 1852-1937
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Access to Higher Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Social and Cultural Rights, Equal Rights for Women, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Indigenous La...
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Access to Higher Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Social and Cultural Rights, Equal Rights for Women, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Hungarians, Austrians
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The Changing World: Our Heritage and Our Future, Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference of the Pan Pacific and South East As...
written by Pan Pacific and Southeast Asia Women's Association (Bangkok, Thailand: Pan Pacific and Southeast Asia Women's Association, 1990), 255 page(s)
written by Pan Pacific and Southeast Asia Women's Association (Bangkok, Thailand: Pan Pacific and Southeast Asia Women's Association, 1990), 255 page(s)
Collection
Women and Social Movements, International
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Proceeding
Author / Creator
Pan Pacific and Southeast Asia Women's Association
Date Published / Released
1990
Publisher
Pan Pacific and Southeast Asia Women's Association
Series
Proceedings of Pan-Pacific and South-East Asia Women's Association
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Health Rights, Social and Cultural Rights, Economic Development, United Nations
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La Citoyenne, No. 136, septembre 1888
edited by Maria Martin, 1839-1910, in La Citoyenne, No. 136, September, 1888 (Paris, Ile-de-France: La Citoyenne, 1888), 4 page(s)
La Citoyenne was a French feminist newspaper, founded, funded, and edited by Hubertine Auclert, with the primary aim of promoting women’s suffrage. Auclert, the leader of France’s fledgling suffrage movement from 1880 to her death in 1914, lived in Algeria from 1888-1892. This experience intensified and shaped...
edited by Maria Martin, 1839-1910, in La Citoyenne, No. 136, September, 1888 (Paris, Ile-de-France: La Citoyenne, 1888), 4 page(s)
Description
La Citoyenne was a French feminist newspaper, founded, funded, and edited by Hubertine Auclert, with the primary aim of promoting women’s suffrage. Auclert, the leader of France’s fledgling suffrage movement from 1880 to her death in 1914, lived in Algeria from 1888-1892. This experience intensified and shaped her already existing interest in the colony. La Citoyenne, published from 1881-1891, was the first French feminist newspaper to addres...
La Citoyenne was a French feminist newspaper, founded, funded, and edited by Hubertine Auclert, with the primary aim of promoting women’s suffrage. Auclert, the leader of France’s fledgling suffrage movement from 1880 to her death in 1914, lived in Algeria from 1888-1892. This experience intensified and shaped her already existing interest in the colony. La Citoyenne, published from 1881-1891, was the first French feminist newspaper to address questions of empire. In this issue. Maria Martin writes about widespread feminist progress, ranging from the United States to three Scandinavian countries, refuting commonly heard charges that nothing could change in women’s status and showing that French women stand in good company to move forward. Other articles concern a fight against regulated prostitution in Geneva, improved education for girls, and achievements by women in academia and the professions. This issue includes an open letter to Séverine on her resignation from a leading socialist journal. Abstract created by Marilyn J. Boxer.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical issue
Contributor
Maria Martin, 1839-1910
Date Published / Released
September 1888, 1888
Publisher
La Citoyenne
Series
La Citoyenne
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Campaigns Against Prostitution and Sex Trafficking, Social and Cultural Rights, Equal Rights for Women, French, Industrialization and Western Global Hegemony (1750–1914)
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Egyesült Erovel. A Magyarországi Noegyesületek Szövetségének és a szövetséget alkotó egyesületek legtöbbjének hivatalos közlö...
(Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [National Széchényi Library]), in Egyesült Erővel. A Magyarországi Nőegyesületek Szövetségének és a sz.-et [szövetséget] alkotó egyesületek legtöbbjének hivatalos közlönyük [With United Forces: Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary], Vol. 5, No. 1-2 (Budapest, Budapest County: Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary, 1914), 32 page(s)
TITLE: With United Forces: Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary, Vol. V, No. 1-2. DESCRIPTION: This journal issue is part of a selection of journals documenting the history of the Hungarian-speaking women’s movement in the Hungarian Kingdom in the Habsburg Monarchy. All issues...
(Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [National Széchényi Library]), in Egyesült Erővel. A Magyarországi Nőegyesületek Szövetségének és a sz.-et [szövetséget] alkotó egyesületek legtöbbjének hivatalos közlönyük [With United Forces: Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary], Vol. 5, No. 1-2 (Budapest, Budapest County: Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary, 1914), 32 page(s)
Description
TITLE: With United Forces: Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary, Vol. V, No. 1-2. DESCRIPTION: This journal issue is part of a selection of journals documenting the history of the Hungarian-speaking women’s movement in the Hungarian Kingdom in the Habsburg Monarchy. All issues available from 1909 to 1914 in the Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [Hungarian National Library] are included in this digital archive....
TITLE: With United Forces: Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary, Vol. V, No. 1-2. DESCRIPTION: This journal issue is part of a selection of journals documenting the history of the Hungarian-speaking women’s movement in the Hungarian Kingdom in the Habsburg Monarchy. All issues available from 1909 to 1914 in the Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [Hungarian National Library] are included in this digital archive. As indicated in its subtitle, Egyesült Erővel (With United Forces) was the Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary (Magyarországi Nőegyesületek Szövetsége) and most of the associations forming the alliance. The alliance was established in 1904 and had 78 members in 1909. The journal gives information on the activities of the alliance, including its general assemblies and the activities of many Hungarian women’s associations. Repeatedly mentioned, among others, are the Budapest Israelite Women’s Association (Budapesti Izraelita Nőegylet) and other Jewish women’s associations, the Hungarian Welfare Women’s Association of Brassó [Brasov, Kronstadt] (Brassói Magyar Jótékony Nőegylet), the Klotild Assocation for the Marketing of Women’s Work (A női munkát értékesitő Klotild egylet), the National Association of Hungarian Farmer Women (Magyar Gazdasszonyok Országos Egyesülete), the Maria Dorothea Association (Mária Dorothea Egyesület), the National Association for Women’s Education (Országos Nőképző Egyesület), the Hungarian Association against the Traffic in Girls (Magyar Egyesület a Leánykereskedés ellen), the National Association of Woman Employees (Nőtisztviselők Országos Egyesülete), the National Catholic Association for the Protection of Women (Országos Kath. Nővédő Egyesület), and the Tabitha Women’s Association (Tabitha-Nőegylet). ¶ Egyesült Erővel regularly reported on congresses, news, and activities related to international organizations, including those by and for women and women’s movements of other countries. The journal published articles about various questions, institutions, and activities considered relevant for the women’s movement and women’s organizing in Hungary, in other countries, and in transnational perspective. It also included book reviews. The journal thus constitutes a key source of information in particular on the history of the more moderate wing of the Hungarian women’s movement and its international context. Non-Hungarian women’s activism in the Hungarian Kingdom is barely mentioned (see vol. 2, July-October 1911, p. 126); therefore, silenced in the journal. The organizations of social-democratic women were not covered by the journal. The liberal-progressive Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete) was a member of the Alliance and is repeatedly mentioned. The Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete) published its own journal, however, which is available online elsewhere. The journals of the social democratic women, Nőmunkás (Woman Worker) and the Catholic women’s movement, Értesítő (Information), are partially available in this digital archive. KEYWORDS: Women and Education; Pauperism; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Mrs. György Markos; Auguszta Rosenberg; Ilona Stetina Mrs. Sebestyén; Contessa Marianna Soderini
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical issue
Date Published / Released
1914
Publisher
Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary
Series
Egyesült Erővel. A Magyarországi Nőegyesületek Szövetségének és a sz.-et [szövetséget] alkotó egyesületek legtöbbjének hivatalos közlönyük [With United Forces: Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary]
Person Discussed
Marianna Soderini, fl. 1911, Ilona Stetina, 1855-1932, Auguszta Rosenberg, 1859-1946, Mrs. György Markos, fl. 1911
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Work and Class Identity, Women and Education, Suffrage, Equal Rights for Women, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Feminism, Class Discrimination, Access to Higher Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire...
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Work and Class Identity, Women and Education, Suffrage, Equal Rights for Women, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Feminism, Class Discrimination, Access to Higher Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Hungarians
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Govor g-đe Delfe Ivanićke na kongresu slovenskih žena, koji je održan u Pragu o.g. (1)
written by Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972, in Ženski svet, Vol. 23, no. 10, January 10, 1908, pp. 223-227 (1908), 5 page(s)
TITLE: The Speech of Mrs Delfa Ivanić at the Congress of Slavic Women held in Prague This Year (1). DESCRIPTION: This speech by Mrs. Delfa Ivanić was given at the second congress of Czechoslovak women held in Prague (Praha, Prag) in 1908. The speech was published in two issues of Ženski svet in October and Nove...
written by Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972, in Ženski svet, Vol. 23, no. 10, January 10, 1908, pp. 223-227 (1908), 5 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Speech of Mrs Delfa Ivanić at the Congress of Slavic Women held in Prague This Year (1). DESCRIPTION: This speech by Mrs. Delfa Ivanić was given at the second congress of Czechoslovak women held in Prague (Praha, Prag) in 1908. The speech was published in two issues of Ženski svet in October and November 1908; this document is the first part of the speech. Delfa Ivanić (Podgorica 1881- Belgrade 1972) was a Serbian painter, humanita...
TITLE: The Speech of Mrs Delfa Ivanić at the Congress of Slavic Women held in Prague This Year (1). DESCRIPTION: This speech by Mrs. Delfa Ivanić was given at the second congress of Czechoslovak women held in Prague (Praha, Prag) in 1908. The speech was published in two issues of Ženski svet in October and November 1908; this document is the first part of the speech. Delfa Ivanić (Podgorica 1881- Belgrade 1972) was a Serbian painter, humanitarian and activist for women's rights. She graduated from the Serbian High School for Girls in Belgrade in 1897 and began studies of chemistry at the University of Geneva (1897-1899) which she had to end due to the sudden death of her step-father. Together with the painter Nadežda Petrović, she initiated the establishment of a humanitarian women’s organization The Circle of Serbian Sisters (Kolo srpskih sestara) in 1903, which remained active for a long period. Her professional and public work includes the editing of The Circle of Serbian Sisters' bulletin Vardar (‘Vardar’) (1906-1913, 1920-1940) and the struggle for women’s suffrage and equal rights. Delfa Ivanić published over thirty titles, and published in journals such as Ženski pokret (‘Women's Movement,’ Belgrade, 1920-1938) and Domaćica (‘Housewife,’ Belgrade, 1879-1914, 1921-1941). The speech was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women). The journal was published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojvodina, by the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. The editor of the journal was Arkadije Varađanin, a man who was an active proponent of women’s rights and who was a teacher and director of the Serbian High School for Girls established in Novi Sad in 1874. ¶ In her speech, Delfa Ivanić explains that she is in Prague on the invitation – most likely – of the Central Association of Czech Women (Ústřední spolek český žen) representing the Belgrade Women’s Society (Beogradsko žensko društvo) and The Circle of Serbian Sisters. Ivanić opens the speech by talking about the Serbian “tribe,” according to her, probably the only nation in Europe which is politically “split” to such an extent as it is the case with the Serbian people which lives under “such different political circumstances and influences” (as she explains further, in Austria-Hungary, in Ottoman Empire, Serbia and Montenegro). She explains that for this reason, when talking about Serbian women, one has to differentiate between the circumstances of Serbian women living in the different areas. At the same time, she mentions the “universal attributes of all Serbian women,” which are: kind heart, tameness, natural intelligence, cleverness and easy understanding. In Serbia, there are three types of women: women public workers, women housewives and peasant women. She points to positive and negative sides of life in Serbia. On the one hand, she positively evaluates schooling in Serbia, mentioning that also “our University is full of women.” She describes the struggles of women in Serbia as “very silent, without much effort,” saying that Serbian women easily get all they ask for. For this, she praises the Serbian state, and says Serbian women should be thankful to their state. On the other hand, she mentions the unjust Serbian law which is worse for women as compared to Austria-Hungary. Her examples are inheritance law, property law, and the absence of legal regulations that would protect children born out of wedlock and cheated girls. She also mentions the problem of unequal pay between women and men doing the same work. As she explains, even in the factories women are paid less. Ivanić additionally mentions the difference of the way of life among women from different classes, but she asserts that this difference is much bigger “in the North and West of Europe” as compared to Serbia. Her explanation for this is that Serbia is rich in “necessary groceries” but not in “luxury,” that people are used to “humble life” and “hard work.” Then, she describes the family life of Serbian women. Concerning the morality, she describes Serbian women as “virtuous and honest in a patriarchal way,” and as there is no aristocracy in Serbia, there are no “idle, lazy and pompous women,” nor women like those about whom Ibsen wrote, “who want to live only for themselves, as individuals.” ¶ Ivanić then talks about different women’s associations, including the Belgrade Women’s Society (Beogradsko žensko društvo) which has 25 branch organizations in Serbia, organizes schools for girls from poor families where they can obtain a certificate for teaching in public or private schools. The Belgrade Women’s Society is also involved with the peasant women’s embroidery and handicraft. The Circle of Serbian Sisters has 18 boards in different places in Serbia, not counting Belgrade, the capital. She mentions that Serbian women from urban areas have made more progress than peasant women, who practically have to work all the time. Ivanić speaks about the communal life of peasants in cooperatives (zadruga), where 15-60 people (even more) live and work together, but mentions also that the life of the newly married women is extremely difficult in the cooperatives. Yet she evaluates cooperatives positively and says that rural women should be educated to keep the house cleaner and in a frugal way. The task of Serbian women is to educate Serbian peasant women. Additionally, Ivanić talks about: Serbian women from Montenegro, “another Serbian free country;” Serbian women from Bosnia, Herzegovina and Dalmatia; Serbian women “from this side of the river Sava” (i.e. in Austria-Hungary); finally, the Serbian women from Macedonia and “old” Serbia (still part of Ottoman Empire at the time), with a short description of the history of the Serbian people and the “500 years of slavery under the Ottomans.” The life of Serbs, and especially Serbian women in the Ottoman Empire is evaluated as extremely difficult. After her description of how Serbian women live in two empires and two “free countries,” she explains that the circumstances she has described can explain why Serbian women don’t have the possibility, time, and real need, to create an “extremely feminist organization,” and why they are not demanding for “privileges in the wider possible sense, such is the right to vote.” ¶ It should be added that the Belgrade Women’s Society (Beogradsko žensko društvo) was the first Serbian women’s association in Serbia, established in Belgrade in 1875 under the patronage of Princess, from 1882 Queen, of Serbia Natalija Obrenović. The association was active until 1941, its official journal was Domaćica (‘Housewife’) and the initiator of the organization was Katarina Milovuk, the principal of the High School for Girls in Belgrade. The Circle of Serbian Sisters (Kolo srpskih sestara) was a charitable women’s association established in Belgrade in 1903 on the initiative of Delfa Ivanić, Nadežda Petrović (painter, 1873-1915), Katarina Milovuk (1844-1913), Draga Ljočić (a medical doctor, 1855-1926), and others. The first president of the organization was Savka Subotić. For an overview and cross-reference to Savka Subotić (1834-1918), see “Savka Subotićka. 1834-1904. [Savka Subotić: 1834-1904],” Ženski svet, January 10, 1904. The organization was active helping the Serbian soldiers during the Balkan wars and the Great War/World War I. On the Second Congress, see “Drugi kongres československih ženskinja [The Second Congress of Czechoslovak Women],” Ženski svet, January 9, 1908. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Second Congress of Czechoslovak women; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Women and Statehood; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire and Feminism; Women and Statehood; Social Reform and Political Activism; Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Suffrage; Equal Rights for Women; Women and Education; Access to Higher Education; Access to Primary Education/Literacy; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Work and Class Identity; Handicraft; Embroidery; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Austria; Novi Sad; Vojvodina; Serbia; Prague; Bohemia
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972
Date Published / Released
10 January 1908, 1908
Person Discussed
Draga Ljočić, 1855-1926, Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, Katarina Milovuk, 1844-1913, Arkadije Varađanin, fl. 1874, Nadežda Petrović, fl. 1903, Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Suffrage, Household Crafts, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Empire and Feminism, Equal Rights for Women, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Ser...
Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Suffrage, Household Crafts, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Empire and Feminism, Equal Rights for Women, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Serbians, Slavs, Czechs
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Govor g-đe Delfe Ivanićke na kongresu slovenskih žena, koji je održan u Pragu o.g. (2)
written by Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972, in Ženski svet, Vol. 23, no. 11, January 11, 1908, pp. 246-254 (1908), 9 page(s)
TITLE: The Speech of Mrs Delfa Ivanić at the Congress of Slavic Women held in Prague This Year (2). DESCRIPTION: This speech by Mrs. Delfa Ivanić was given at the second congress of Czechoslovak women held in Prague (Praha, Prag) in 1908. The speech was published in two issues of Ženski svet in October and Nove...
written by Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972, in Ženski svet, Vol. 23, no. 11, January 11, 1908, pp. 246-254 (1908), 9 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Speech of Mrs Delfa Ivanić at the Congress of Slavic Women held in Prague This Year (2). DESCRIPTION: This speech by Mrs. Delfa Ivanić was given at the second congress of Czechoslovak women held in Prague (Praha, Prag) in 1908. The speech was published in two issues of Ženski svet in October and November 1908; this document is the second part of the speech. Delfa Ivanić (Podgorica 1881- Belgrade 1972) was a Serbian painter, humanit...
TITLE: The Speech of Mrs Delfa Ivanić at the Congress of Slavic Women held in Prague This Year (2). DESCRIPTION: This speech by Mrs. Delfa Ivanić was given at the second congress of Czechoslovak women held in Prague (Praha, Prag) in 1908. The speech was published in two issues of Ženski svet in October and November 1908; this document is the second part of the speech. Delfa Ivanić (Podgorica 1881- Belgrade 1972) was a Serbian painter, humanitarian and activist for women's rights. She graduated from the Serbian High School for Girls in Belgrade in 1897 and began studies of chemistry at the University of Geneva (1897-1899) which she had to end due to the sudden death of her step-father. Together with the painter Nadežda Petrović, she initiated the establishment of a humanitarian women’s organization The Circle of Serbian Sisters (Kolo srpskih sestara) in 1903, which remained active for a long period. Her professional and public work includes the editing of The Circle of Serbian Sisters' bulletin Vardar (‘Vardar’) (1906-1913, 1920-1940) and the struggle for women’s suffrage and equal rights. Delfa Ivanić published over thirty titles, and published in journals such as Ženski pokret (‘Women's Movement,’ Belgrade, 1920-1938) and Domaćica (‘Housewife,’ Belgrade, 1879-1914, 1921-1941). The speech was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women). The journal was published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojvodina, by the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. The editor of the journal was Arkadije Varađanin, a man who was an active proponent of women’s rights and who was a teacher and director of the Serbian High School for Girls established in Novi Sad in 1874. ¶ In her speech, Delfa Ivanić explains that she is in Prague on the invitation – most likely – of the Central Association of Czech Women (Ústřední spolek český žen) representing the Belgrade Women’s Society (Beogradsko žensko društvo) and The Circle of Serbian Sisters. Ivanić opens the speech by talking about the Serbian “tribe,” according to her, probably the only nation in Europe which is politically “split” to such an extent as it is the case with the Serbian people which lives under “such different political circumstances and influences” (as she explains further, in Austria-Hungary, in Ottoman Empire, Serbia and Montenegro). She explains that for this reason, when talking about Serbian women, one has to differentiate between the circumstances of Serbian women living in the different areas. At the same time, she mentions the “universal attributes of all Serbian women,” which are: kind heart, tameness, natural intelligence, cleverness and easy understanding. In Serbia, there are three types of women: women public workers, women housewives and peasant women. She points to positive and negative sides of life in Serbia. On the one hand, she positively evaluates schooling in Serbia, mentioning that also “our University is full of women.” She describes the struggles of women in Serbia as “very silent, without much effort,” saying that Serbian women easily get all they ask for. For this, she praises the Serbian state, and says Serbian women should be thankful to their state. On the other hand, she mentions the unjust Serbian law which is worse for women as compared to Austria-Hungary. Her examples are inheritance law, property law, and the absence of legal regulations that would protect children born out of wedlock and cheated girls. She also mentions the problem of unequal pay between women and men doing the same work. As she explains, even in the factories women are paid less. Ivanić additionally mentions the difference of the way of life among women from different classes, but she asserts that this difference is much bigger “in the North and West of Europe” as compared to Serbia. Her explanation for this is that Serbia is rich in “necessary groceries” but not in “luxury,” that people are used to “humble life” and “hard work.” Then, she describes the family life of Serbian women. Concerning the morality, she describes Serbian women as “virtuous and honest in a patriarchal way,” and as there is no aristocracy in Serbia, there are no “idle, lazy and pompous women,” nor women like those about whom Ibsen wrote, “who want to live only for themselves, as individuals.” ¶ Ivanić then talks about different women’s associations, including the Belgrade Women’s Society (Beogradsko žensko društvo) which has 25 branch organizations in Serbia, organizes schools for girls from poor families where they can obtain a certificate for teaching in public or private schools. The Belgrade Women’s Society is also involved with the peasant women’s embroidery and handicraft. The Circle of Serbian Sisters has 18 boards in different places in Serbia, not counting Belgrade, the capital. She mentions that Serbian women from urban areas have made more progress than peasant women, who practically have to work all the time. Ivanić speaks about the communal life of peasants in cooperatives (zadruga), where 15-60 people (even more) live and work together, but mentions also that the life of the newly married women is extremely difficult in the cooperatives. Yet she evaluates cooperatives positively and says that rural women should be educated to keep the house cleaner and in a frugal way. The task of Serbian women is to educate Serbian peasant women. Additionally, Ivanić talks about: Serbian women from Montenegro, “another Serbian free country;” Serbian women from Bosnia, Herzegovina and Dalmatia; Serbian women “from this side of the river Sava” (i.e. in Austria-Hungary); finally, the Serbian women from Macedonia and “old” Serbia (still part of Ottoman Empire at the time), with a short description of the history of the Serbian people and the “500 years of slavery under the Ottomans.” The life of Serbs, and especially Serbian women in the Ottoman Empire is evaluated as extremely difficult. After her description of how Serbian women live in two empires and two “free countries,” she explains that the circumstances she has described can explain why Serbian women don’t have the possibility, time, and real need, to create an “extremely feminist organization,” and why they are not demanding for “privileges in the wider possible sense, such is the right to vote.” ¶ It should be added that the Belgrade Women’s Society (Beogradsko žensko društvo) was the first Serbian women’s association in Serbia, established in Belgrade in 1875 under the patronage of Princess, from 1882 Queen, of Serbia Natalija Obrenović. The association was active until 1941, its official journal was Domaćica (‘Housewife’) and the initiator of the organization was Katarina Milovuk, the principal of the High School for Girls in Belgrade. The Circle of Serbian Sisters (Kolo srpskih sestara) was a charitable women’s association established in Belgrade in 1903 on the initiative of Delfa Ivanić, Nadežda Petrović (painter, 1873-1915), Katarina Milovuk (1844-1913), Draga Ljočić (a medical doctor, 1855-1926), and others. The first president of the organization was Savka Subotić. For an overview and cross-reference to Savka Subotić (1834-1918), see “Savka Subotićka. 1834-1904. [Savka Subotić: 1834-1904],” Ženski svet, January 10, 1904. The organization was active helping the Serbian soldiers during the Balkan wars and the Great War/World War I. On the Second Congress, see “Drugi kongres československih ženskinja [The Second Congress of Czechoslovak Women],” Ženski svet, January 9, 1908. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Second Congress of Czechoslovak women; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Women and Statehood; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire and Feminism; Women and Statehood; Social Reform and Political Activism; Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Suffrage; Equal Rights for Women; Women and Education; Access to Higher Education; Access to Primary Education/Literacy; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Work and Class Identity; Handicraft; Embroidery; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Austria; Novi Sad; Vojvodina; Serbia; Prague; Bohemia
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972
Date Published / Released
11 January 1908, 1908
Person Discussed
Draga Ljočić, 1855-1926, Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, Katarina Milovuk, 1844-1913, Nadežda Petrović, fl. 1903, Arkadije Varađanin, fl. 1874, Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972
Topic / Theme
Women and Immigration, Women and Education, Women and Development, Work and Class Identity, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Nationality Rights, Indigenous Languages, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Access to Higher Education, Household Crafts, Labor Standards, Empire and Feminism, Access to Primar...
Women and Immigration, Women and Education, Women and Development, Work and Class Identity, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Nationality Rights, Indigenous Languages, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Access to Higher Education, Household Crafts, Labor Standards, Empire and Feminism, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Czechs, Serbians
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Legelso tanterv. 1869
(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). pp. 705-707 (1902), 3 page(s)
TITLE: The First Curriculum: 1869, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, pp. 705-707. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres He...
(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). pp. 705-707 (1902), 3 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The First Curriculum: 1869, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, pp. 705-707. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book contains an extensive account of the life and activities...
TITLE: The First Curriculum: 1869, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, pp. 705-707. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book contains an extensive account of the life and activities of Beniczky and reprints of many original documents. Hermin Beniczky, usually remembered as Mrs. Pál Veres (1815-1895), was a pioneer of Hungarian women’s education, founder in 1868 of the National Association for Women’s Education (Országos Nőképző-Egyesület) and its long-term President, and co-founder in 1869 of the first high school for girls in Hungary. See the biographical summary of her in Krassimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi, and Francisca de Haan, A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), 54-57. The extracts selected include a collection of writings dating from the period 1865–69. These include Beniczky’s calls from 1865 and 1867, her treatise from 1868 and documents of her lobbying with the governing party from 1868–69, when she submitted a petition signed by nine thousand women to the Hungarian parliament, requesting a law on higher women’s schools with public funding. In her writings, Beniczky condemned the exclusive concern for languages and etiquette in the upbringing of upper-class girls and argued that a more meaningful education would also help secure a livelihood for unmarried and widowed women. Taking note of a general shift from physical towards intellectual work, she set out a broad range of possible female careers. However, she kept distancing herself from any more far-reaching concept of women’s emancipation. There is also a portrait of Beniczky. Another selection from Beniczky’s writings from the period 1869 to 1883, includes opening speeches from the Association’s general assembly meetings, letters, papers and addresses. The initiative to finance higher women’s schools from public funds failed in lack of political backing. The central school, however, got under way in 1869 with Hungarian as the sole language of instruction, and although Beniczky complained about high attrition rates, it soon launched a teacher training track as well. Finally, a selection from the documents from the period 1869–94 include the statutes of the National Association, the first curriculum of the central school for the two lower grades, a report on its opening, a call by the Association to celebrate the royal couple’s 25 year coronation jubilee (Francis Joseph was Emperor of Austria since 1848 but had been crowned King of Hungary only in 1867), its congratulatory letter sent on the same occasion, and contributions to the 25 year jubilee of the National Association itself in 1893. The curriculum is remarkable for giving a close glimpse at Beniczky’s ambitious vision of women’s education. Girls of thirteen to fourteen years of age in the general track studied all of the following subjects: art history, aesthetics, pedagogy, hygienic, Hungarian, German and French, arithmetic, drawing, thinking, ethics, Hungarian cultural history and civics, Hungarian literary history and chemistry applied to the household. A few letters received by Mrs. Veres, writings about her, and writings which address her activities and other important events in relation to women’s education, such as for instance the speech by the Minister for education, Gyula Wlassics, on the occasion of the opening of the National Association’s girls’ gymnasium in 1896, are also included. In 1906 a statue was erected in Budapest depicturing Mrs. Veres, wearing a Hungarian national costume. Today, the statue is placed at the beginning of Mrs. Pál Veres Street (Veres Pálné utca) in the inner city of the Hungarian capital. Its pedestal carries the inscription “Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky. She fought for the cause that Woman with her education and her soul may become a factor/agent (tényező) of national welfare.” For more on the sculpture, see Veres Pálné, Beniczky Hermin szobra [The Sculpture of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky] (Budapest, 1906). KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Dynasty; Elisabeth Queen of Hungary and Empress of Austria; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire Silenced; Women and Education; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male-Dominated Organizations; Habsburg Empire; Austria; Hungary
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Date Published / Released
1902
Person Discussed
Hermin Beniczky, 1815-1895, Elisabeth, Empress, consort of Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1837-1898, Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1830-1916, Gyula Wlassics, 1852-1937
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women and Education, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Equal Rights for Women, Social and Cultural Rights, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Empire and Feminism, Empire and Education, Hungarians, Austrians
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