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Díl I. Svůj k svému

written by Františka Plamínková, 1875-1942, in Naše snahy [Our Endeavours], by Františka Plamínková. (Prague: Ženský klub český, 1906). pp. 5-19 (1906), 15 page(s)

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TITLE: Part I: To Each Their Own, in Our Endeavours. DESCRIPTION: This selection is the first part of a larger brochure titled, Our Endeavours. The brochure published by Ženský klub český [The Czech Women's Club] aims to persuade Czechs, especially Czech women, to buy Czech products and thereby support the Czech industry. The association Ženský klub český was founded by Czech speaking women’s activists in Prague, Bohemia in 1903. It sup... TITLE: Part I: To Each Their Own, in Our Endeavours. DESCRIPTION: This selection is the first part of a larger brochure titled, Our Endeavours. The brochure published by Ženský klub český [The Czech Women's Club] aims to persuade Czechs, especially Czech women, to buy Czech products and thereby support the Czech industry. The association Ženský klub český was founded by Czech speaking women’s activists in Prague, Bohemia in 1903. It supported women’s emancipation and functioned as women’s social and educational centre till 1938. The brochure was written by one of its main representatives, liberal feminist and teacher Františka Plamínková (1875-1942) in collaboration with another liberal feminist and teacher Marie Tůmová (1867-1926). The text is written from the perspective of Czech economic nationalism. It assesses the current state of the Czech industry in the context of the multinational Monarchy, analyses in detail the reasons why it is necessary to support the Czech economy. It outlines the methods of raising the awareness of the Czech public in this matter and names possible forms of support. The text shows that nationalism was an integral part of Czech liberal feminist activism. The brochure presents the Czech nation as small nation weakened by two hundred years of subjection. According to the text the economy can serve both national oppression and nation-building and the national emancipation. The support of the national industry is presented as a national duty. The brochure also refers to the link between national consciousness and women's emancipation. As it points out, women, the main purchasers, are often criticized for national unconsciousness by those who at the same time reject the concept of women’s emancipation. According to the text, only if women have equal access to education, they will be able to work for the national interest. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Economic Nationalism; Social Reform and Political Activism; Habsburg Empire; Cisleithania Show more Show less

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Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894

written by Elena Baiulescu, fl. 1860 and Elena Mureşianu, 1862-1924 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 734/1905, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, f.1) (16 June 1894) , 4 page(s)

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TITLE: Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter on custom-made stationery with “Everything for the Nation” slogan in one corner, addressed to Emilia Rațiu and signed by Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu in the name of the National Committee of Romanian Women. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor... TITLE: Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter on custom-made stationery with “Everything for the Nation” slogan in one corner, addressed to Emilia Rațiu and signed by Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu in the name of the National Committee of Romanian Women. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda/Torda/Thorenburg, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. Ioan Rațiu was arrested following his condemnation for anti-state activity through the distribution of a manifesto on Transylvanian autonomy and linguistic rights in the “Memorandum trial.” Elena Muresianu (1862-1924) was an artist and publicist from Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt, active in the Women’s Reunion in the city and a founding member of the National Committee of Romanian Women. A graduate of the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts (1884-1888), she married into the Muresianu family who published Gazeta Transilvaniei [The Transylvanian Gazette], one of the most significant Romanian-language publications in the region. Between 1909 and 1911, Elena Muresianu was the sole administrator of the newspaper and associated typography, having always been heavily involved in the running of the business. Elena Baiulescu was President of the Reunion of Romanian Women in Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt in the 1890s and President of the National Committee of Romanian Women, from 1894 to 1896. She was married to Orthodox Archpriest (Protopop) Bartolomeu Baiulescu and the mother to Maria Baiulescu, who would become in the 1900s a visible spokeswoman for socially active women and the Transylvanian Romanian nationalist cause. The National Committee of Romanian Women was described as a “secret committee” of Romanian women founded in Brașov/Brassó/Hermannstadt in 1894 by Elena Muresianu, acting as Secretary, and Elena Baiulescu, as President. The Committee gathered signatures from women all around Transylvania to support the Transylvanian politicians condemned in the Memorandum trial. According to a 1934 article written by a member of the Committee, the Committee gathered “thousands upon thousands” of signatures for letters sent to MPs in Italy and journalists in France, thanking them for the support shown to the “Romanian national cause.” See, Maria Baiulescu, “Participrea femeilor romane din Ardeal in procesul Memorandumului in _Universul_(Bucharest) [The Participation of Romanian Women from Transylvania in the Memorandum Trial in _The Universe_(Bucharest)]” (Newspaper clipping, Bucharest, June 19, 1934), MS 1954, f. 30, “George Baritiu” County Library Special Collections, “George Baritiu” County Library Brasov, Special Collections Unit. The Committee minted decorative medals with the inscription “Everything for the Nation.” The “Memorandum trial” involved the 1894 condemnation of several prominent Transylvanian members of the Romanian National Party for publishing and distributing a manifesto critical of Hungarian centralism but not of the Emperor. The event garnered international attention and significant popular support in Transylvania and other territories inhabited by Romanians. ¶ This letter asks for Rațiu’s consent for writing letters to foreign supporters of the tried Memorandum politicians “not only [in the name of women from Brașov], but also in the name of all Romanian women from Transylvania and Hungary.” The senders consider the issue an important one and mention that they have written “to Romanian ladies from the different towns in Transylvania thus asking for their consent.” The senders mention writing a planned first thank-you letter to Italian MP Imbriani. ¶ This document provides evidence about the formation and mobilization strategies of the National Committee of Romanian Women. It captures a moment in which women involved in the nationalist cause sought to transform gender solidarities forged on municipal bases into the collective solidarity of all “Romanian women from Transylvania and Hungary.” The process mirrors similar developments in the rest of Austria-Hungary at the time. The 1880s were marked by middle-class municipal activism. This development was overshadowed (or in this case, merged) in 1890 by the rise of nationalist, mass mobilization, a political phenomenon that was, in fact, difficult to sustain and had somewhat waned by the early 1900s. In relation to the politics of gendered mobilization, the emphasis on and the use of the language of consent also makes this document an interesting one; it shows how liberal doctrines on contract and consent, assumed to be governing associations and individuals, were part of Transylvanian women’s activism. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Municipal Activism; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Socialism; Political and Human Rights; Habsburg Empire; Transylvania; Comitetul Național al Femeilor Române/National Committee of Romanian Women; Memorandum; Municipal Activism; Mobilization; Networks; k. k. Kunstgewerbeschule/ Vienna School of Arts and Crafts. Show more Show less

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The Emancipation of Women for the Benefit of the Nation: The Czech Women's Movement

written by Jitka Maleckova, fl. 2004, in Women's Emancipation Movements in the Nineteenth Century, edited by Sylvia Paletschek and Bianka Pietrow-Ennker. (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2004), pp. 167-188, 376-380 (2004, originally published 2004), 29 page(s)

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Rózsi Katz to Paula Pogány, Kolozsvár, 19 November 1918

written by Rózsi Katz, fl. 1918 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 3 Folder 5) (19 November 1918) , 3 page(s)

TITLE: Rózsi Katz to Paula Pogány, Kolozsvár, 19 November 1918. DESCRIPTION: Letter by a representative of the Kolozsvár [Cluj, Klausenburg] Division of the Feminist Association (a Feminista Egyesület kolozsvári csoportja). The Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete) was the leading Hungarian progress...

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