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Ein Schreiben des Deutschen Nationalen Frauen-Ausschusses für dauernden Frieden an den Reichskanzler Dr. von Bethmann Hollweg, 6. Monatsber...
written by Frida Perlen, fl. 1919, Anita Augspurg, 1857-1943 and Lida Gustava Heymann, 1868-1943 (Archiwum Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej, Fragment archiwum NZ LK NKN, 8836/IV: k 45) (November 1915) , 1 page(s)
TITLE: A Letter of the German National Committee of Women for Permanent Peace to Imperial Chancellor Dr. von BethmannHollweg, 6th monthly report, suppl. no 2 (Munich, November 1915). DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) w...
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written by Frida Perlen, fl. 1919, Anita Augspurg, 1857-1943 and Lida Gustava Heymann, 1868-1943 (Archiwum Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej, Fragment archiwum NZ LK NKN, 8836/IV: k 45) (November 1915) , 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: A Letter of the German National Committee of Women for Permanent Peace to Imperial Chancellor Dr. von BethmannHollweg, 6th monthly report, suppl. no 2 (Munich, November 1915). DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the internati...
TITLE: A Letter of the German National Committee of Women for Permanent Peace to Imperial Chancellor Dr. von BethmannHollweg, 6th monthly report, suppl. no 2 (Munich, November 1915). DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the international Women’s Peace Congress in The Hague in 1915. Daszyńska-Golińska was a socialist and feminist politician and a national economist (Nationalökonomin). She gained her PhD at the University of Zurich (Universität Zürich) in 1891 and taught at Berlin University (Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, today Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin). She stood up for women’s right to vote and for the independence of Poland. She also was a representative of the eugenic movement in Poland especially between the wars. The “International Congress of Women, The Hague, 1915” called together representatives of women’s organizations from all over the world to prevent war in future. It established the “International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace,” since 1919 “Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.” The “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” joined together active Polish women to mobilize them for the “Polish question.” The collection consists of 48 pp. of different handwritten papers and typescripts in German and Polish from Daszyńska-Goliǹska: records from meetings and policy papers about the positions of Polish women’s politics concerning independence, peace and the role of women during war times. In addition, there are some English, Polish and German announcements and protocols concerning the Congress and the Committee. They are not written by Daszyńska-Golińska. The official letter of Lida Gustava Heymann, Anita Augspurg and Frida Perlen, activists of the German delegation of the German National Committee of Women for Permanent Peace. Women’s peace activists of the German Women’s movement asked the Imperial Chancellor Dr. von Bethmann Hollweg to agitate for peace negotiations like British members of the Parliament already would do. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Peace and War; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political and Human Rights; Habsburg Empire; Poland; Germany; Great Britain
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
November 1915, 1915
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Government/institutional document
Author / Creator
Frida Perlen, fl. 1919, Anita Augspurg, 1857-1943, Lida Gustava Heymann, 1868-1943
Person Discussed
Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, 1856-1921
Topic / Theme
Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, International Peace, Nationalism and Independence Movements, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Opposition to Imperialism, Human Rights, Polish, 20th Century in World...
Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, International Peace, Nationalism and Independence Movements, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Opposition to Imperialism, Human Rights, Polish, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894
written by Elena Baiulescu, fl. 1860 and Elena Mureşianu, 1862-1924 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 734/1905, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, f.1) (16 June 1894) , 4 page(s)
TITLE: Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter on custom-made stationery with “Everything for the Nation” slogan in one corner, addressed to Emilia Rațiu and signed by Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu in the name of the Nation...
Sample
written by Elena Baiulescu, fl. 1860 and Elena Mureşianu, 1862-1924 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 734/1905, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, f.1) (16 June 1894) , 4 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter on custom-made stationery with “Everything for the Nation” slogan in one corner, addressed to Emilia Rațiu and signed by Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu in the name of the National Committee of Romanian Women. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor...
TITLE: Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter on custom-made stationery with “Everything for the Nation” slogan in one corner, addressed to Emilia Rațiu and signed by Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu in the name of the National Committee of Romanian Women. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda/Torda/Thorenburg, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. Ioan Rațiu was arrested following his condemnation for anti-state activity through the distribution of a manifesto on Transylvanian autonomy and linguistic rights in the “Memorandum trial.” Elena Muresianu (1862-1924) was an artist and publicist from Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt, active in the Women’s Reunion in the city and a founding member of the National Committee of Romanian Women. A graduate of the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts (1884-1888), she married into the Muresianu family who published Gazeta Transilvaniei [The Transylvanian Gazette], one of the most significant Romanian-language publications in the region. Between 1909 and 1911, Elena Muresianu was the sole administrator of the newspaper and associated typography, having always been heavily involved in the running of the business. Elena Baiulescu was President of the Reunion of Romanian Women in Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt in the 1890s and President of the National Committee of Romanian Women, from 1894 to 1896. She was married to Orthodox Archpriest (Protopop) Bartolomeu Baiulescu and the mother to Maria Baiulescu, who would become in the 1900s a visible spokeswoman for socially active women and the Transylvanian Romanian nationalist cause. The National Committee of Romanian Women was described as a “secret committee” of Romanian women founded in Brașov/Brassó/Hermannstadt in 1894 by Elena Muresianu, acting as Secretary, and Elena Baiulescu, as President. The Committee gathered signatures from women all around Transylvania to support the Transylvanian politicians condemned in the Memorandum trial. According to a 1934 article written by a member of the Committee, the Committee gathered “thousands upon thousands” of signatures for letters sent to MPs in Italy and journalists in France, thanking them for the support shown to the “Romanian national cause.” See, Maria Baiulescu, “Participrea femeilor romane din Ardeal in procesul Memorandumului in _Universul_(Bucharest) [The Participation of Romanian Women from Transylvania in the Memorandum Trial in _The Universe_(Bucharest)]” (Newspaper clipping, Bucharest, June 19, 1934), MS 1954, f. 30, “George Baritiu” County Library Special Collections, “George Baritiu” County Library Brasov, Special Collections Unit. The Committee minted decorative medals with the inscription “Everything for the Nation.” The “Memorandum trial” involved the 1894 condemnation of several prominent Transylvanian members of the Romanian National Party for publishing and distributing a manifesto critical of Hungarian centralism but not of the Emperor. The event garnered international attention and significant popular support in Transylvania and other territories inhabited by Romanians. ¶ This letter asks for Rațiu’s consent for writing letters to foreign supporters of the tried Memorandum politicians “not only [in the name of women from Brașov], but also in the name of all Romanian women from Transylvania and Hungary.” The senders consider the issue an important one and mention that they have written “to Romanian ladies from the different towns in Transylvania thus asking for their consent.” The senders mention writing a planned first thank-you letter to Italian MP Imbriani. ¶ This document provides evidence about the formation and mobilization strategies of the National Committee of Romanian Women. It captures a moment in which women involved in the nationalist cause sought to transform gender solidarities forged on municipal bases into the collective solidarity of all “Romanian women from Transylvania and Hungary.” The process mirrors similar developments in the rest of Austria-Hungary at the time. The 1880s were marked by middle-class municipal activism. This development was overshadowed (or in this case, merged) in 1890 by the rise of nationalist, mass mobilization, a political phenomenon that was, in fact, difficult to sustain and had somewhat waned by the early 1900s. In relation to the politics of gendered mobilization, the emphasis on and the use of the language of consent also makes this document an interesting one; it shows how liberal doctrines on contract and consent, assumed to be governing associations and individuals, were part of Transylvanian women’s activism. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Municipal Activism; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Socialism; Political and Human Rights; Habsburg Empire; Transylvania; Comitetul Național al Femeilor Române/National Committee of Romanian Women; Memorandum; Municipal Activism; Mobilization; Networks; k. k. Kunstgewerbeschule/ Vienna School of Arts and Crafts.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
16 June 1894, 1894
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Elena Baiulescu, fl. 1860, Elena Mureşianu, 1862-1924
Topic / Theme
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Nationalism and Independence Movements, Empire and Internationalism, Empire and Feminism, Equal Rights for Women, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Opposition to Imperialism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Austrian...
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Nationalism and Independence Movements, Empire and Internationalism, Empire and Feminism, Equal Rights for Women, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Opposition to Imperialism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Austrians, Hungarians, Romanians
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