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The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. I, No. 8, 20 Feb. 1914

edited by Annie Besant, 1847-1933, in The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. 1, No. 8, February 20, 1914 (Chennai, Tamil Nadu: Ganesh & Co., 1914), 26 page(s)

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The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. I, No. 23, 5 Jun. 1914

edited by Annie Besant, 1847-1933, in The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. 1, No. 23, June 5, 1914 (Chennai, Tamil Nadu: Ganesh & Co., 1914), 32 page(s)

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The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. I, No. 24, 12 Jun. 1914

edited by Annie Besant, 1847-1933, in The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. 1, No. 24, June 12, 1914 (Chennai, Tamil Nadu: Ganesh & Co., 1914), 21 page(s)

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The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. II, No. 1 [No. 27], 3 July 1914

edited by Annie Besant, 1847-1933, in The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. 2, No. 1, July 3, 1914 (Chennai, Tamil Nadu: Ganesh & Co., 1914), 20 page(s)

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The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. II, No. 28, 10 Jul. 1914

edited by Annie Besant, 1847-1933, in The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. 2, No. 28, July 10, 1914 (Chennai, Tamil Nadu: Ganesh & Co., 1914), 20 page(s)

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The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. II, No. 34, 21 Aug. 1914

edited by Annie Besant, 1847-1933, in The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. 2, No. 34, August 21, 1914 (Chennai, Tamil Nadu: Ganesh & Co., 1914), 20 page(s)

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Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, 5 February 1895

written by Dionisie Vaida, fl. 1895 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 1078/1895, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1-2) (05 February 1895) , 4 page(s)

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TITLE: Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, 5 February 1895. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter from Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Rațiu. Dionisie Vaida was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and sponsor, father of influential interwar politician Alexandru Vaida-Voevod. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party le... TITLE: Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, 5 February 1895. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter from Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Rațiu. Dionisie Vaida was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and sponsor, father of influential interwar politician Alexandru Vaida-Voevod. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially with the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894 and the following “Memorandum trial.” Dorina Rațiu (1874?-1904) was a nationalist activist and the youngest daughter of Emilia Rațiu and Ioan Rațiu. ¶ In this letter, Dionisie Vaida expresses his sympathy for the family’s difficulties following Ion Rațiu’s imprisonment in Szeged. He also expresses surprise that Emilia and Dorina Rațiu were also summoned in front of the courts while in Szeged. Emilia Rațiu and her entire family lived in Szeged during the year-long imprisonment of Ioan Rațiu in the city. Rațiu was pardoned by Emperor Franz Joseph in 1895. The summons in front of the court Vaida references was connected to an incident which had involved several young women in the Sibiu/Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben train station and several gendarmes. Several women, including Emilia and Dorina Rațiu, had gathered in the station to welcome the returning, recently-sentenced Memorandum men. Gendarmes had asked the women to remove the Romanian tri-color flags they were wearing pinned to their dresses. The women’s refusal and opposition to the gendarmes brought them in front of the local courts in February 1895. In the absence of the two Rațiu women, the trial was indefinitely postponed. The young women present in the courthouse in Sibiu were congratulated for their staunch refusal, and the event was widely reported in the Romanian press. Vaida’s letter highlights Transylvanian Romanian women’s involvement in increasingly confrontational activism toward Hungarian authorities in the tense period after the Memorandum episode. The document also draws attention to sources which show Transylvanian women’s use of well-established repertories of nationalism in Austria-Hungary and beyond. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Courts and trials; Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; National Identity; Women Challenging Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; Transylvania. Show more Show less

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Do szanownego Zarzadu Kola Ligi Kobiet

written by Ada Markowa, fl. 1915 and Wanda Bilewska, fl. 1915 (Archiwum Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej, Fragment archiwum NZ LK NKN, 8836/IV: k 28) (01 August 1915) , 1 page(s)

TITLE: To the Honourable Board of the Circle of Women’s League (Cracow, August 1st, 1915). DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga...

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Dr. József Szalay (leading police officer Szeged) to Mrs. Dr. Imre Turcsányi, Szeged, 29 June 1916

written by József Szalay, 1870-1937 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 3 Folder 5) (29 June 1916) , 1 page(s)

TITLE: Dr. József Szalay (leading police officer Szeged) to Mrs. Dr. Imre Turcsányi, Szeged, 29 June 1916. DESCRIPTION: The Feminist Association of Szeged (Feministák Szegedi Egyesülete) during war time requests permission to hold a “festive general assembly (tagértekezlet)” in order to establish its yout...

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Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894

written by Elena Baiulescu, fl. 1860 and Elena Mureşianu, 1862-1924 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 734/1905, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, f.1) (16 June 1894) , 4 page(s)

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TITLE: Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter on custom-made stationery with “Everything for the Nation” slogan in one corner, addressed to Emilia Rațiu and signed by Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu in the name of the National Committee of Romanian Women. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor... TITLE: Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter on custom-made stationery with “Everything for the Nation” slogan in one corner, addressed to Emilia Rațiu and signed by Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu in the name of the National Committee of Romanian Women. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda/Torda/Thorenburg, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. Ioan Rațiu was arrested following his condemnation for anti-state activity through the distribution of a manifesto on Transylvanian autonomy and linguistic rights in the “Memorandum trial.” Elena Muresianu (1862-1924) was an artist and publicist from Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt, active in the Women’s Reunion in the city and a founding member of the National Committee of Romanian Women. A graduate of the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts (1884-1888), she married into the Muresianu family who published Gazeta Transilvaniei [The Transylvanian Gazette], one of the most significant Romanian-language publications in the region. Between 1909 and 1911, Elena Muresianu was the sole administrator of the newspaper and associated typography, having always been heavily involved in the running of the business. Elena Baiulescu was President of the Reunion of Romanian Women in Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt in the 1890s and President of the National Committee of Romanian Women, from 1894 to 1896. She was married to Orthodox Archpriest (Protopop) Bartolomeu Baiulescu and the mother to Maria Baiulescu, who would become in the 1900s a visible spokeswoman for socially active women and the Transylvanian Romanian nationalist cause. The National Committee of Romanian Women was described as a “secret committee” of Romanian women founded in Brașov/Brassó/Hermannstadt in 1894 by Elena Muresianu, acting as Secretary, and Elena Baiulescu, as President. The Committee gathered signatures from women all around Transylvania to support the Transylvanian politicians condemned in the Memorandum trial. According to a 1934 article written by a member of the Committee, the Committee gathered “thousands upon thousands” of signatures for letters sent to MPs in Italy and journalists in France, thanking them for the support shown to the “Romanian national cause.” See, Maria Baiulescu, “Participrea femeilor romane din Ardeal in procesul Memorandumului in _Universul_(Bucharest) [The Participation of Romanian Women from Transylvania in the Memorandum Trial in _The Universe_(Bucharest)]” (Newspaper clipping, Bucharest, June 19, 1934), MS 1954, f. 30, “George Baritiu” County Library Special Collections, “George Baritiu” County Library Brasov, Special Collections Unit. The Committee minted decorative medals with the inscription “Everything for the Nation.” The “Memorandum trial” involved the 1894 condemnation of several prominent Transylvanian members of the Romanian National Party for publishing and distributing a manifesto critical of Hungarian centralism but not of the Emperor. The event garnered international attention and significant popular support in Transylvania and other territories inhabited by Romanians. ¶ This letter asks for Rațiu’s consent for writing letters to foreign supporters of the tried Memorandum politicians “not only [in the name of women from Brașov], but also in the name of all Romanian women from Transylvania and Hungary.” The senders consider the issue an important one and mention that they have written “to Romanian ladies from the different towns in Transylvania thus asking for their consent.” The senders mention writing a planned first thank-you letter to Italian MP Imbriani. ¶ This document provides evidence about the formation and mobilization strategies of the National Committee of Romanian Women. It captures a moment in which women involved in the nationalist cause sought to transform gender solidarities forged on municipal bases into the collective solidarity of all “Romanian women from Transylvania and Hungary.” The process mirrors similar developments in the rest of Austria-Hungary at the time. The 1880s were marked by middle-class municipal activism. This development was overshadowed (or in this case, merged) in 1890 by the rise of nationalist, mass mobilization, a political phenomenon that was, in fact, difficult to sustain and had somewhat waned by the early 1900s. In relation to the politics of gendered mobilization, the emphasis on and the use of the language of consent also makes this document an interesting one; it shows how liberal doctrines on contract and consent, assumed to be governing associations and individuals, were part of Transylvanian women’s activism. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Municipal Activism; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Socialism; Political and Human Rights; Habsburg Empire; Transylvania; Comitetul Național al Femeilor Române/National Committee of Romanian Women; Memorandum; Municipal Activism; Mobilization; Networks; k. k. Kunstgewerbeschule/ Vienna School of Arts and Crafts. Show more Show less

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