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Az alakuló Noképzo-Egyesület programmja.1867; Alapszabály. 1868
(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). pp. 702-705 (1902), 4 page(s)
TITLE: Program of the Forming Association for Women's Education, 1867; and the Charter, 1868, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, 702-705. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1...
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(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). pp. 702-705 (1902), 4 page(s)
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TITLE: Program of the Forming Association for Women's Education, 1867; and the Charter, 1868, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, 702-705. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book c...
TITLE: Program of the Forming Association for Women's Education, 1867; and the Charter, 1868, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, 702-705. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book contains an extensive account of the life and activities of Beniczky and reprints of many original documents. Hermin Beniczky, usually remembered as Mrs. Pál Veres (1815-1895), was a pioneer of Hungarian women’s education, founder in 1868 of the National Association for Women’s Education (Országos Nőképző-Egyesület) and its long-term President, and co-founder in 1869 of the first high school for girls in Hungary. See the biographical summary of her in Krassimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi, and Francisca de Haan, A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), 54-57. The extracts selected include a collection of writings dating from the period 1865–69. These include Beniczky’s calls from 1865 and 1867, her treatise from 1868 and documents of her lobbying with the governing party from 1868–69, when she submitted a petition signed by nine thousand women to the Hungarian parliament, requesting a law on higher women’s schools with public funding. In her writings, Beniczky condemned the exclusive concern for languages and etiquette in the upbringing of upper-class girls and argued that a more meaningful education would also help secure a livelihood for unmarried and widowed women. Taking note of a general shift from physical towards intellectual work, she set out a broad range of possible female careers. However, she kept distancing herself from any more far-reaching concept of women’s emancipation. There is also a portrait of Beniczky. Another selection from Beniczky’s writings from the period 1869 to 1883, includes opening speeches from the Association’s general assembly meetings, letters, papers and addresses. The initiative to finance higher women’s schools from public funds failed in lack of political backing. The central school, however, got under way in 1869 with Hungarian as the sole language of instruction, and although Beniczky complained about high attrition rates, it soon launched a teacher training track as well. Finally, a selection from the documents from the period 1869–94 include the statutes of the National Association, the first curriculum of the central school for the two lower grades, a report on its opening, a call by the Association to celebrate the royal couple’s 25 year coronation jubilee (Francis Joseph was Emperor of Austria since 1848 but had been crowned King of Hungary only in 1867), its congratulatory letter sent on the same occasion, and contributions to the 25 year jubilee of the National Association itself in 1893. The curriculum is remarkable for giving a close glimpse at Beniczky’s ambitious vision of women’s education. Girls of thirteen to fourteen years of age in the general track studied all of the following subjects: art history, aesthetics, pedagogy, hygienic, Hungarian, German and French, arithmetic, drawing, thinking, ethics, Hungarian cultural history and civics, Hungarian literary history and chemistry applied to the household. A few letters received by Mrs. Veres, writings about her, and writings which address her activities and other important events in relation to women’s education, such as for instance the speech by the Minister for education, Gyula Wlassics, on the occasion of the opening of the National Association’s girls’ gymnasium in 1896, are also included. In 1906 a statue was erected in Budapest depicturing Mrs. Veres, wearing a Hungarian national costume. Today, the statue is placed at the beginning of Mrs. Pál Veres Street (Veres Pálné utca) in the inner city of the Hungarian capital. Its pedestal carries the inscription “Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky. She fought for the cause that Woman with her education and her soul may become a factor/agent (tényező) of national welfare.” For more on the sculpture, see Veres Pálné, Beniczky Hermin szobra [The Sculpture of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky] (Budapest, 1906). KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Dynasty; Elisabeth Queen of Hungary and Empress of Austria; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire Silenced; Women and Education; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male-Dominated Organizations; Habsburg Empire; Austria; Hungary
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Date Published / Released
1902
Person Discussed
Hermin Beniczky, 1815-1895, Elisabeth, Empress, consort of Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1837-1898, Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1830-1916, Gyula Wlassics, 1852-1937
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Access to Higher Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Social and Cultural Rights, Equal Rights for Women, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Indigenous La...
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Access to Higher Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Social and Cultural Rights, Equal Rights for Women, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Hungarians, Austrians
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Devojačko udruženje
written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 4, no. 4, January 4, 1889, pp. 97-102 (1889), 3 page(s)
TITLE: The Young Women’s Association. DESCRIPTION: This unsigned article discusses two newly established Young Women’s Associations (Devojačko udruženje) in Novi Sad (Újvidék) and Velika Kikinda (Nagykikinda), Vojvodina. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable...
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written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 4, no. 4, January 4, 1889, pp. 97-102 (1889), 3 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Young Women’s Association. DESCRIPTION: This unsigned article discusses two newly established Young Women’s Associations (Devojačko udruženje) in Novi Sad (Újvidék) and Velika Kikinda (Nagykikinda), Vojvodina. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Se...
TITLE: The Young Women’s Association. DESCRIPTION: This unsigned article discusses two newly established Young Women’s Associations (Devojačko udruženje) in Novi Sad (Újvidék) and Velika Kikinda (Nagykikinda), Vojvodina. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. The article was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World. Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women). The journal was published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojvodina, by the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). It was edited by Arkadije Varađanin, a man who was an active proponent of women’s rights and was a teacher and director of the Serbian High School for Girls established in Novi Sad, in 1874. The article describes the main function of the Young Women’s Associations as the preservation of the national language and identity. The young women from the associations would meet two times a week and read Serbian national literature or texts about the history of Serbs. The reason why these associations are considered important is the Hungarian culture that endangered Serbian culture, as the text laments and implies. The article begins with a glorification of culture and cultural progress, but also with a warning that for smaller and culturally weaker nations, the general cultural progress (meaning, the culture of the culturally “stronger” nations) might be dangerous. The text laments against foreign influences (implying Hungarian influences) in culture and everyday life, when the individual characteristics of certain nations are erased by the “foreign element.” The culture of the Serbian people is endangered, and the changes in Serbian culture include, among other things, the changes in color and shape of the national clothing in certain areas, as well as the change in the Christmas customs. The Young Women’s Associations in Velika Kikinda (Nagykikinda) and Novi Sad are established as an answer to these problems, and aimed at preserving the national identity. The goal of the association is to help the members cherish their friendship and stay nationally minded after they would get married. The text reminds the reader that the two organizations are established exactly 500 years after the defeat of the Serbian people in (the Battle of) Kosovo (1389), giving a “sparkle of hope for a more glorious future.” For responses to the establishments of these associations, see Anđelija Kuzmanovićeva, “Pozdrav devojačkim udruženjima [Salute to Young Women’s Associations],” Ženski svet, January 5, 1889. KEYWORDS: Women and Nation within Empire; Young Women’s Associations; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; National Identity; Women Challenging Empire; Women and Statehood; Political and Human Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Women and Education; Education in National Languages; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Velika Kikinda; Nagykikinda; Serbia; Hungary; Ženski svet
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women
Date Published / Released
04 January 1889, 1889
Person Discussed
Arkadije Varađanin, fl. 1874
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women and Immigration, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Social and Cultural Rights, Nationality Rights, Nationalism and Independence Movements, Indigenous Languages, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Serbians
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Egy percz
written by Marija Jurić Zagorka, 1873-1957, in Obzor, no. 251, October 31, 1896, p. NA (1896), 2 page(s)
TITLE: One Minute. DESCRIPTION: Marija Jurić Zagorka (1873-1956) was Croatian feminist, the first female political journalist, editor of women’s magazines, and the most popular Croatian writer. In this short newspaper article, the author, identified as (female) patriot, describes her train travel from the regio...
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written by Marija Jurić Zagorka, 1873-1957, in Obzor, no. 251, October 31, 1896, p. NA (1896), 2 page(s)
Description
TITLE: One Minute. DESCRIPTION: Marija Jurić Zagorka (1873-1956) was Croatian feminist, the first female political journalist, editor of women’s magazines, and the most popular Croatian writer. In this short newspaper article, the author, identified as (female) patriot, describes her train travel from the region of Syrmia to Zagreb. She criticizes the use of Hungarian and German languages on railways, since passengers in Syrmia and Slavonia, m...
TITLE: One Minute. DESCRIPTION: Marija Jurić Zagorka (1873-1956) was Croatian feminist, the first female political journalist, editor of women’s magazines, and the most popular Croatian writer. In this short newspaper article, the author, identified as (female) patriot, describes her train travel from the region of Syrmia to Zagreb. She criticizes the use of Hungarian and German languages on railways, since passengers in Syrmia and Slavonia, mostly peasants, do not understand the announcements and often miss their destination where the train stops only for a minute (“egypercz” in Hungarian). Also referring to the introduction of Hungarian language in gymnasia in Croatia, the author ends the article with the critique of pro-Croatian politicians who fight among themselves for leadership, while the pro-Hungarian party accommodates “the descendants of Arpad.” This article, one of the firsts that Marija Jurić Zagorka published in the daily Obzor in 1896, marks the beginning of her career as the first female political journalist in Croatia. It attracted the attention of the influential Croatian bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer, who then helped Jurić to get the position of journalist in charge of Hungarian politics in Obzor, where she would work until the end of the First World War. It demonstrates well her life-long interest in national issues, mainstream politics (a rarity among Croatian women active in the public space), and her concern for working classes. The article also presents the every day experience of the railways as an imperial institution. Keywords: Women and Institutions of Empire; Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and National Languages; Women Challenging Empire; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Work and Class Identity; Class Discrimination; Habsburg Empire
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Marija Jurić Zagorka, 1873-1957
Date Published / Released
1896
Topic / Theme
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Immigration, Social Reform and Political Activism, Work and Class Identity, Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Empire and Feminism, Nationality Rights, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Class Discrimination, Opposition to Imperialism, Indigenous Languages, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movemen...
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Immigration, Social Reform and Political Activism, Work and Class Identity, Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Empire and Feminism, Nationality Rights, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Class Discrimination, Opposition to Imperialism, Indigenous Languages, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Croatians
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Gde bi se još mogle osnovati Dobrotvorne Zadruge Srpkinja
written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 23, no. 3, January 3, 1908, pp. 49-51 (1908), 3 page(s)
TITLE: Where Could New Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women be Founded? DESCRIPTION: This unsigned article gives an overview of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women (Dobrotvorne zadruge Srpkinja) in Austria-Hungary, arguing that the establishment of the charitable cooperatives was important for the nat...
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written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 23, no. 3, January 3, 1908, pp. 49-51 (1908), 3 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Where Could New Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women be Founded? DESCRIPTION: This unsigned article gives an overview of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women (Dobrotvorne zadruge Srpkinja) in Austria-Hungary, arguing that the establishment of the charitable cooperatives was important for the national identity and progress of Serbian people within Austria-Hungary. The article was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zad...
TITLE: Where Could New Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women be Founded? DESCRIPTION: This unsigned article gives an overview of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women (Dobrotvorne zadruge Srpkinja) in Austria-Hungary, arguing that the establishment of the charitable cooperatives was important for the national identity and progress of Serbian people within Austria-Hungary. The article was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women). The journal was published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojvodina, by the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. The editor of the journal was Arkadije Varađanin, a man who was an active proponent of women’s rights and who was a teacher and director of the Serbian High School for Girls established in Novi Sad, in 1874. For other texts about Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian women in the Vojvodina, see “Rad dobrotvornih zadruga [The Work of Charitable Cooperatives],” Ženski svet, January 5, 1886; and “Mogu li biti zadrugarice i Nesrpkinje ili inoverkinje? [Can Non-Serbs or Non-Orthodox Women be Members of the Cooperative?],” Ženski svet, January 7, 1886. The article reports that between 1875 and 1907, fifty Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women had been established in Austria-Hungary (excluding Bosnia and Herzegovina). The author asserts that if “we as a people and as a community” want to keep up with the current progress, it is important for everyone “male and female, old and young, educated and uneducated, rich and poor” to work together for the common cause. The progress of the family is described to depend on each member of the family, and primarily on the mother, while the progress of the people depends on various social institutions, including the charitable cooperatives of Serbian women. The author alerts the reader to the threat of the changes in educational practices in “the areas in Hungary,” and argues that when the schools end being the places where Serbian children can learn the crucial lessons (of Serbian language and history), the mothers and women’s cooperatives will have to take over this work. For this reason, it is crucial to build more women’s cooperatives and associations. Many smaller places in Vojvodina, Banat, Lika, Banija and Dalmatia are mentioned as possible locations of the future women’s cooperatives. Priest’s wives and teachers are especially invited to take the lead. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Women’s Cooperatives; Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Schools; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Women and Education; Access to Primary Education/Literacy; Education in National Languages; Women as Teachers; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Habsburg Empire; Novi Sad; Vojvodina; Serbia; Ženski Svet
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women
Date Published / Released
03 January 1908, 1908
Person Discussed
Arkadije Varađanin, fl. 1874
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Women and Immigration, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Women as Teachers, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Indigenous Languages, Social and Cultural Rights, Nationality Rights, Empire and Family Life, Serbians
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Govor g-đe Delfe Ivanićke na kongresu slovenskih žena, koji je održan u Pragu o.g. (2)
written by Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972, in Ženski svet, Vol. 23, no. 11, January 11, 1908, pp. 246-254 (1908), 9 page(s)
TITLE: The Speech of Mrs Delfa Ivanić at the Congress of Slavic Women held in Prague This Year (2). DESCRIPTION: This speech by Mrs. Delfa Ivanić was given at the second congress of Czechoslovak women held in Prague (Praha, Prag) in 1908. The speech was published in two issues of Ženski svet in October and Nove...
Sample
written by Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972, in Ženski svet, Vol. 23, no. 11, January 11, 1908, pp. 246-254 (1908), 9 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Speech of Mrs Delfa Ivanić at the Congress of Slavic Women held in Prague This Year (2). DESCRIPTION: This speech by Mrs. Delfa Ivanić was given at the second congress of Czechoslovak women held in Prague (Praha, Prag) in 1908. The speech was published in two issues of Ženski svet in October and November 1908; this document is the second part of the speech. Delfa Ivanić (Podgorica 1881- Belgrade 1972) was a Serbian painter, humanit...
TITLE: The Speech of Mrs Delfa Ivanić at the Congress of Slavic Women held in Prague This Year (2). DESCRIPTION: This speech by Mrs. Delfa Ivanić was given at the second congress of Czechoslovak women held in Prague (Praha, Prag) in 1908. The speech was published in two issues of Ženski svet in October and November 1908; this document is the second part of the speech. Delfa Ivanić (Podgorica 1881- Belgrade 1972) was a Serbian painter, humanitarian and activist for women's rights. She graduated from the Serbian High School for Girls in Belgrade in 1897 and began studies of chemistry at the University of Geneva (1897-1899) which she had to end due to the sudden death of her step-father. Together with the painter Nadežda Petrović, she initiated the establishment of a humanitarian women’s organization The Circle of Serbian Sisters (Kolo srpskih sestara) in 1903, which remained active for a long period. Her professional and public work includes the editing of The Circle of Serbian Sisters' bulletin Vardar (‘Vardar’) (1906-1913, 1920-1940) and the struggle for women’s suffrage and equal rights. Delfa Ivanić published over thirty titles, and published in journals such as Ženski pokret (‘Women's Movement,’ Belgrade, 1920-1938) and Domaćica (‘Housewife,’ Belgrade, 1879-1914, 1921-1941). The speech was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women). The journal was published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojvodina, by the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. The editor of the journal was Arkadije Varađanin, a man who was an active proponent of women’s rights and who was a teacher and director of the Serbian High School for Girls established in Novi Sad in 1874. ¶ In her speech, Delfa Ivanić explains that she is in Prague on the invitation – most likely – of the Central Association of Czech Women (Ústřední spolek český žen) representing the Belgrade Women’s Society (Beogradsko žensko društvo) and The Circle of Serbian Sisters. Ivanić opens the speech by talking about the Serbian “tribe,” according to her, probably the only nation in Europe which is politically “split” to such an extent as it is the case with the Serbian people which lives under “such different political circumstances and influences” (as she explains further, in Austria-Hungary, in Ottoman Empire, Serbia and Montenegro). She explains that for this reason, when talking about Serbian women, one has to differentiate between the circumstances of Serbian women living in the different areas. At the same time, she mentions the “universal attributes of all Serbian women,” which are: kind heart, tameness, natural intelligence, cleverness and easy understanding. In Serbia, there are three types of women: women public workers, women housewives and peasant women. She points to positive and negative sides of life in Serbia. On the one hand, she positively evaluates schooling in Serbia, mentioning that also “our University is full of women.” She describes the struggles of women in Serbia as “very silent, without much effort,” saying that Serbian women easily get all they ask for. For this, she praises the Serbian state, and says Serbian women should be thankful to their state. On the other hand, she mentions the unjust Serbian law which is worse for women as compared to Austria-Hungary. Her examples are inheritance law, property law, and the absence of legal regulations that would protect children born out of wedlock and cheated girls. She also mentions the problem of unequal pay between women and men doing the same work. As she explains, even in the factories women are paid less. Ivanić additionally mentions the difference of the way of life among women from different classes, but she asserts that this difference is much bigger “in the North and West of Europe” as compared to Serbia. Her explanation for this is that Serbia is rich in “necessary groceries” but not in “luxury,” that people are used to “humble life” and “hard work.” Then, she describes the family life of Serbian women. Concerning the morality, she describes Serbian women as “virtuous and honest in a patriarchal way,” and as there is no aristocracy in Serbia, there are no “idle, lazy and pompous women,” nor women like those about whom Ibsen wrote, “who want to live only for themselves, as individuals.” ¶ Ivanić then talks about different women’s associations, including the Belgrade Women’s Society (Beogradsko žensko društvo) which has 25 branch organizations in Serbia, organizes schools for girls from poor families where they can obtain a certificate for teaching in public or private schools. The Belgrade Women’s Society is also involved with the peasant women’s embroidery and handicraft. The Circle of Serbian Sisters has 18 boards in different places in Serbia, not counting Belgrade, the capital. She mentions that Serbian women from urban areas have made more progress than peasant women, who practically have to work all the time. Ivanić speaks about the communal life of peasants in cooperatives (zadruga), where 15-60 people (even more) live and work together, but mentions also that the life of the newly married women is extremely difficult in the cooperatives. Yet she evaluates cooperatives positively and says that rural women should be educated to keep the house cleaner and in a frugal way. The task of Serbian women is to educate Serbian peasant women. Additionally, Ivanić talks about: Serbian women from Montenegro, “another Serbian free country;” Serbian women from Bosnia, Herzegovina and Dalmatia; Serbian women “from this side of the river Sava” (i.e. in Austria-Hungary); finally, the Serbian women from Macedonia and “old” Serbia (still part of Ottoman Empire at the time), with a short description of the history of the Serbian people and the “500 years of slavery under the Ottomans.” The life of Serbs, and especially Serbian women in the Ottoman Empire is evaluated as extremely difficult. After her description of how Serbian women live in two empires and two “free countries,” she explains that the circumstances she has described can explain why Serbian women don’t have the possibility, time, and real need, to create an “extremely feminist organization,” and why they are not demanding for “privileges in the wider possible sense, such is the right to vote.” ¶ It should be added that the Belgrade Women’s Society (Beogradsko žensko društvo) was the first Serbian women’s association in Serbia, established in Belgrade in 1875 under the patronage of Princess, from 1882 Queen, of Serbia Natalija Obrenović. The association was active until 1941, its official journal was Domaćica (‘Housewife’) and the initiator of the organization was Katarina Milovuk, the principal of the High School for Girls in Belgrade. The Circle of Serbian Sisters (Kolo srpskih sestara) was a charitable women’s association established in Belgrade in 1903 on the initiative of Delfa Ivanić, Nadežda Petrović (painter, 1873-1915), Katarina Milovuk (1844-1913), Draga Ljočić (a medical doctor, 1855-1926), and others. The first president of the organization was Savka Subotić. For an overview and cross-reference to Savka Subotić (1834-1918), see “Savka Subotićka. 1834-1904. [Savka Subotić: 1834-1904],” Ženski svet, January 10, 1904. The organization was active helping the Serbian soldiers during the Balkan wars and the Great War/World War I. On the Second Congress, see “Drugi kongres československih ženskinja [The Second Congress of Czechoslovak Women],” Ženski svet, January 9, 1908. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Second Congress of Czechoslovak women; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Women and Statehood; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire and Feminism; Women and Statehood; Social Reform and Political Activism; Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Suffrage; Equal Rights for Women; Women and Education; Access to Higher Education; Access to Primary Education/Literacy; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Work and Class Identity; Handicraft; Embroidery; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Austria; Novi Sad; Vojvodina; Serbia; Prague; Bohemia
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972
Date Published / Released
11 January 1908, 1908
Person Discussed
Draga Ljočić, 1855-1926, Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, Katarina Milovuk, 1844-1913, Nadežda Petrović, fl. 1903, Arkadije Varađanin, fl. 1874, Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972
Topic / Theme
Women and Immigration, Women and Education, Women and Development, Work and Class Identity, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Nationality Rights, Indigenous Languages, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Access to Higher Education, Household Crafts, Labor Standards, Empire and Feminism, Access to Primar...
Women and Immigration, Women and Education, Women and Development, Work and Class Identity, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Nationality Rights, Indigenous Languages, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Access to Higher Education, Household Crafts, Labor Standards, Empire and Feminism, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Czechs, Serbians
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Inditvány a felsobb leányiskolák érdekében
written by Antonina De Gerando, 1845-1914 (Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [National Széchényi Library]) (1886) , 6 page(s)
TITLE: Proposition in Interests of Higher Girls' Schools. DESCRIPTION: A pamphlet written by Antonina De Gerando (1845 [?] – 1914 or 1915), likely in 1886. Beginning in 1880, De Gerando served for more than three decades as Director of the high school for girls in Kolozsvár/Cluj/Klausenburg in Transylvania, Hun...
Sample
written by Antonina De Gerando, 1845-1914 (Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [National Széchényi Library]) (1886) , 6 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Proposition in Interests of Higher Girls' Schools. DESCRIPTION: A pamphlet written by Antonina De Gerando (1845 [?] – 1914 or 1915), likely in 1886. Beginning in 1880, De Gerando served for more than three decades as Director of the high school for girls in Kolozsvár/Cluj/Klausenburg in Transylvania, Hungary. She became a public figure promoting girls’ medium-level education and its reform, including women’s qualification for univer...
TITLE: Proposition in Interests of Higher Girls' Schools. DESCRIPTION: A pamphlet written by Antonina De Gerando (1845 [?] – 1914 or 1915), likely in 1886. Beginning in 1880, De Gerando served for more than three decades as Director of the high school for girls in Kolozsvár/Cluj/Klausenburg in Transylvania, Hungary. She became a public figure promoting girls’ medium-level education and its reform, including women’s qualification for university entrance. She responds in the pamphlet to an inquiry by the French politician, Camille Sée, about higher girls’ schools in Hungary. De Gerando first points to their deficient national spirit as their only shortcoming compared to their French counterparts. In the course of her exposition, however, this single defect turns out to have several sides, and she compares France favourably to Hungary in most respects. Accordingly, the Hungarian system of girls’ education reveals its foreign (read: German) origins. The teaching process is overly formalised and mechanical; the textbooks are pedantic; physical education is neglected as is the improvement of linguistic and stylistic skills and of literary taste in the mother tongue. De Gerando argues that more emphasis should also be placed on geography, especially the human geography of Hungary, which should be taught in the highest classes. Some of these criticisms De Gerando will repeat in 1913. See, Antonina De Gerando, A felsőbb leányiskolákról [On Higher Girls’ Schools] (Budapest: Framklin-Társulat Nyomdája, 1913). KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women; “Social Movements and Other Actors beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and National Languages; Women and Education; Women as Teachers; Education in National Languages; Habsburg Empire; Hungary
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1886
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Pamphlet
Author / Creator
Antonina De Gerando, 1845-1914
Person Discussed
Camille Sée, 1847-1919
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Indigenous Languages, Women as Teachers, Access to Higher Education, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Feminism, French, Hungarians
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Legelso tanterv. 1869
(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). pp. 705-707 (1902), 3 page(s)
TITLE: The First Curriculum: 1869, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, pp. 705-707. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres He...
Sample
(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). pp. 705-707 (1902), 3 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The First Curriculum: 1869, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, pp. 705-707. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book contains an extensive account of the life and activities...
TITLE: The First Curriculum: 1869, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, pp. 705-707. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book contains an extensive account of the life and activities of Beniczky and reprints of many original documents. Hermin Beniczky, usually remembered as Mrs. Pál Veres (1815-1895), was a pioneer of Hungarian women’s education, founder in 1868 of the National Association for Women’s Education (Országos Nőképző-Egyesület) and its long-term President, and co-founder in 1869 of the first high school for girls in Hungary. See the biographical summary of her in Krassimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi, and Francisca de Haan, A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), 54-57. The extracts selected include a collection of writings dating from the period 1865–69. These include Beniczky’s calls from 1865 and 1867, her treatise from 1868 and documents of her lobbying with the governing party from 1868–69, when she submitted a petition signed by nine thousand women to the Hungarian parliament, requesting a law on higher women’s schools with public funding. In her writings, Beniczky condemned the exclusive concern for languages and etiquette in the upbringing of upper-class girls and argued that a more meaningful education would also help secure a livelihood for unmarried and widowed women. Taking note of a general shift from physical towards intellectual work, she set out a broad range of possible female careers. However, she kept distancing herself from any more far-reaching concept of women’s emancipation. There is also a portrait of Beniczky. Another selection from Beniczky’s writings from the period 1869 to 1883, includes opening speeches from the Association’s general assembly meetings, letters, papers and addresses. The initiative to finance higher women’s schools from public funds failed in lack of political backing. The central school, however, got under way in 1869 with Hungarian as the sole language of instruction, and although Beniczky complained about high attrition rates, it soon launched a teacher training track as well. Finally, a selection from the documents from the period 1869–94 include the statutes of the National Association, the first curriculum of the central school for the two lower grades, a report on its opening, a call by the Association to celebrate the royal couple’s 25 year coronation jubilee (Francis Joseph was Emperor of Austria since 1848 but had been crowned King of Hungary only in 1867), its congratulatory letter sent on the same occasion, and contributions to the 25 year jubilee of the National Association itself in 1893. The curriculum is remarkable for giving a close glimpse at Beniczky’s ambitious vision of women’s education. Girls of thirteen to fourteen years of age in the general track studied all of the following subjects: art history, aesthetics, pedagogy, hygienic, Hungarian, German and French, arithmetic, drawing, thinking, ethics, Hungarian cultural history and civics, Hungarian literary history and chemistry applied to the household. A few letters received by Mrs. Veres, writings about her, and writings which address her activities and other important events in relation to women’s education, such as for instance the speech by the Minister for education, Gyula Wlassics, on the occasion of the opening of the National Association’s girls’ gymnasium in 1896, are also included. In 1906 a statue was erected in Budapest depicturing Mrs. Veres, wearing a Hungarian national costume. Today, the statue is placed at the beginning of Mrs. Pál Veres Street (Veres Pálné utca) in the inner city of the Hungarian capital. Its pedestal carries the inscription “Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky. She fought for the cause that Woman with her education and her soul may become a factor/agent (tényező) of national welfare.” For more on the sculpture, see Veres Pálné, Beniczky Hermin szobra [The Sculpture of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky] (Budapest, 1906). KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Dynasty; Elisabeth Queen of Hungary and Empress of Austria; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire Silenced; Women and Education; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male-Dominated Organizations; Habsburg Empire; Austria; Hungary
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Date Published / Released
1902
Person Discussed
Hermin Beniczky, 1815-1895, Elisabeth, Empress, consort of Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1837-1898, Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1830-1916, Gyula Wlassics, 1852-1937
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women and Education, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Equal Rights for Women, Social and Cultural Rights, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Empire and Feminism, Empire and Education, Hungarians, Austrians
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Mogu li biti zadrugarice i Nesrpkinje ili inoverkinje?
written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 1, no. 4, January 7, 1886, pp. 99-102 (1886), 2 page(s)
TITLE: Can Non-Serbs or Non-Orthodox Women be Members of the Cooperative? DESCRIPTION: This unsigned article discusses whether non-Serbian or non-Orthodox women can be members of the Serbian women’s cooperatives. The text was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journ...
Sample
written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 1, no. 4, January 7, 1886, pp. 99-102 (1886), 2 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Can Non-Serbs or Non-Orthodox Women be Members of the Cooperative? DESCRIPTION: This unsigned article discusses whether non-Serbian or non-Orthodox women can be members of the Serbian women’s cooperatives. The text was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women). The journal was published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojv...
TITLE: Can Non-Serbs or Non-Orthodox Women be Members of the Cooperative? DESCRIPTION: This unsigned article discusses whether non-Serbian or non-Orthodox women can be members of the Serbian women’s cooperatives. The text was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women). The journal was published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojvodina, by the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. The editor of the journal was Arkadije Varađanin, a man who was an active proponent of women’s rights and who was a teacher and director of the Serbian High School for Girls established in Novi Sad, in 1874. The article argues that in cases such as the cooperative of Novi Sad (Újvidék), where the name emphasizes that it is an organization of (only) Serbian women, it is obvious whether non-Serbs or non-Orthodox women can be members of the Serbian women’s cooperatives. The religion is not that important because there are cases when a non-Orthodox woman marries a Serb, but she “appropriates” the “Serbian spirit,” which she publicly shows and transfers to her children. The text mentions, as another example, the case of Dalmatia, where many men and women consider themselves Serbs but belong to Roman-Catholicism, Islam, or other religion. The problem exists only in places like Veliki Bečkerek (Nagybecskerek), where the name of the cooperative is not explicitly related to Serbian women (exact name not given in the text). In these cases, “the patriotism” of women will “tell them” whom to include. The article warns that if “our element” gets in touch with the “foreign element,” the “naturally humble” Serbian women would be weak and the organization would be taken over, implying – most likely – by Hungarian women, as had happened many times to men’s organizations. The article is critical of the rules of the women’s cooperative in Veliki Bečkerek, where it allowed the use of different languages on the official meetings. Also, as in Veliki Bečkerek the official languages in kindergarten are planned to be Serbian, Hungarian and German. The author of the article argues that it is dangerous to teach young children languages other than Serbian. In the end, the text invites Serbs, who are reportedly always kind to other nations, to be, for once, “smart and wise” and take care of themselves. The overall argument and concluding statement imply that measures are to be taken to exclude other nationalities from the organizations of Serbian women. KEYWORDS: Women and Nation within Empire; Women Cooperatives; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; National Identity; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Women and Education; Education in National Languages; Women and Religion; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Veliki Bečkerek; Nagybeckerek; Serbia; Hungary.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women
Date Published / Released
07 January 1886, 1886
Person Discussed
Arkadije Varađanin, fl. 1874
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Immigration, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Languages, Nationalism and Independence Movements, Nationality Rights, Social and Cultural Rights, Serbians
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O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama
written by Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, in O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama [On our national textiles and handicrafts], by Savka Subotić. (Novi Sad, 1904). pp. 1-55 (1904), 55 page(s)
TITLE: Part I: First Attempts of My Work in the Field of our National Domestic Industry, and Part II: On the Exhibitions in Pest and in Novi Sad, in _ On Our National Textiles and Handicrafts_ DESCRIPTION: This document consists of selected parts of Savka Subotić’s booklet, On our National Textiles and Handicra...
Sample
written by Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, in O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama [On our national textiles and handicrafts], by Savka Subotić. (Novi Sad, 1904). pp. 1-55 (1904), 55 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Part I: First Attempts of My Work in the Field of our National Domestic Industry, and Part II: On the Exhibitions in Pest and in Novi Sad, in _ On Our National Textiles and Handicrafts_ DESCRIPTION: This document consists of selected parts of Savka Subotić’s booklet, On our National Textiles and Handicrafts (O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama), published in 1904 in Novi Sad (Újvidék). Savka Subotić in the booklet narrates th...
TITLE: Part I: First Attempts of My Work in the Field of our National Domestic Industry, and Part II: On the Exhibitions in Pest and in Novi Sad, in _ On Our National Textiles and Handicrafts_ DESCRIPTION: This document consists of selected parts of Savka Subotić’s booklet, On our National Textiles and Handicrafts (O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama), published in 1904 in Novi Sad (Újvidék). Savka Subotić in the booklet narrates the history of her work and endeavors in promoting the female handicraft industry. Over the course of more than forty years, she was active in modernizing and promoting Serbian peasant women’s handicraft. Savka Subotić was active in the women's movement in the Vojvodina and also in Serbia and internationally. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. Subotić was educated in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Timișoara (Temesvár, Temeswar) and Vienna. Her main focus was the education of girls, especially Serbian girls; Subotić initiated the establishment of the first Serbian language high schools for girls, established in Novi Sad, Vojvodina and Pančevo (Pancsova), military frontier/Vojvodina in 1874 and in Sombor (Zombor), Vojvodina in 1875. See also, Milica Tomić, “Naše više devojačke škole [Our high schools for girls],” Žena, January 6, 1911; and “Srpska Viša Devojačka Škola u Novom Sadu [The Serbian High School for Girls in Novi Sad],” Ženski svet, August 1913. In addition, Subotić was active in educating Serbian women in the countryside, and created a program of economic development for women who lived in the villages by popularizing and building the handicraft industry of the time. In 1867, Subotić established a women’s organization in Novi Sad (Ujvidék), the Vojvodina, which in documents generated by the Serbian-speaking women’s movement in the Vojvodina is regularly described as the first women’s cooperative in Novi Sad. See “Savka Subotićka. 1834-1904. [Savka Subotić: 1834-1904],” Ženski svet, January 10, 1904. Subotić was a respected member of the Serbian community, but also well known in Austria-Hungary and the international women’s movement. ¶ This document includes the first two parts of Subotić’s booklet: Part I: My First Attempts in the Work in the Field of our National Domestic Industry (pp. 3-14), Part II: About the exhibitions in Novi Sad and Pest (pp. 15-55). In Part I, Subotić talks about the time when in 1853 she first came to the idea to put a traditional national carpet in the guest room of her and her husband’s new home in Novi Sad. At the time, Serbian higher-class families considered the handicraft of rural women suitable only for the use in village houses. Yet, her husband compared the peasant women’s handicraft to the Serbian national poetry, calling it “the poetry of women’s hands.” They were both amazed of how beautiful the handicraft products looked in their room. In 1861, on the occasion of a celebration of the centenary of the birth of Sava Tekelija (Szava Thököly, 1761-1842), for the first time she wore a dress made of the canvas handmade by Serbian rural women. Her idea then was to modernize the traditional handicraft, by using the handmade canvas to make modern-looking dresses. The aim was to make Serbian women’s handicraft compatible to the “world market.” As the years passed, Subotić noticed that the situation was changing and that rural women would be less and less reluctant to the idea of selling their products. Part II is mainly about the many-years of preparations for the display of the handmade carpets and canvas at the exhibitions finally held in Novi Sad (Újvidék) in 1884 and in Budapest in 1885. Subotić also describes how she talked to rural women in different places and educated them to make their embroidery more modern, and how she tried to enlighten them with regard to issues of health, mentioning also the difficulties of approaching the women and gaining their trust. Her main argument was that because of the dissolution of the cooperative (zadruga, commune, the traditional structure of the family in the Balkans) and the rising competition on the market, the people in “our areas,” meaning Serbs and Croats, have suffered from gradual impoverishment. For this reason, she would argue that it was exactly the embroidery that could improve the livelihood of the peasants, as almost all women in the area can easily do this kind of work. She saw the specific value of the Serbian women’s handwork in the fact that each work was unique, as no women would entirely copy the patterns, but would always add something new. She mentions that at the exhibition in Budapest– generally labeled the “national” or “country-wide (országos)” general exhibition in Budapest in the year 1885 – all inscriptions were written in the Hungarian language, even though she had asked over and over again that the information should also be written in Serbian language, as the exhibits with which she was concerned were handmade by Serbian rural women. When she asked the Hungarian minister of agriculture, economy and trade (Pál Széchenyi 1838-1901) to support the development of the Serbian handicraft industry, he had claimed that there is only one industry, the Hungarian one. She openly disagreed to this claim, making the minister angry. “There were other words uttered, that are not for the public,” adds Subotić. Later on, she claims that her name was erased by the minister Széchenyi from the names proposed for the awards by the jury. Additionally, she mentions an expose she had written in German for the jury of the Budapest exhibition (who didn’t come in time to hear her speaking), and explains that the expose was published in Serbian translation in the journal Zastava (‘The Flag’, 1866-1914, 1919-1929) in Novi Sad on 20 September 1985. She repeats that the solution to the problem of the impoverishment of peasants is embroidery. “Hungary is not an industrial country,” she notices, but the poor people “are worse off than factory workers,” adding that if that “evil” (the impoverishment) is not defeated, then “we will get a peasant proletariat, which is much more dangerous than the town proletariat, because it is more contagious” (Subotić’s emphasis). Additionally, when she talks about the women workers who make the embroidery, she mentions mostly Serbian and Croatian women, calling them also “Yugoslav women (Jugoslovenke).” Towards the end of the part II, she describes her frequent travels to Budapest “to finish some work.” The end of this part talks about the exhibition in Novi Sad in 1884. For Part IV, see Savka Subotić, “Part IV [Part IV: On the Exhibition in Paris],” in O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama [On our national textiles and handicrafts] (Novi Sad, 1904), 79–95 (17pp.). KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Women Challenging Empire; Empire and Internationalism; Empire Silenced; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Women as Teachers; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Work and Class Identity; Work and Class Identity; Work and Class Identity; Handicraft; Embroidery; Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health; Primary Health Care; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Serbia; Hungary; Pest; Budapest; Paris
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Author / Creator
Savka Subotić, 1834-1914
Date Published / Released
1904
Person Discussed
Savka Subotić, 1834-1914
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Work and Class Identity, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Economic Development, Household Crafts, Rights to Work, National Identity, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Educa...
Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Work and Class Identity, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Economic Development, Household Crafts, Rights to Work, National Identity, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Women as Teachers, Women as “Proletariat”, Primary Health Care, Opposition to Imperialism, Empire and Internationalism, Indigenous Languages, Serbians
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O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama
written by Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, in O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama [On our national textiles and handicrafts], by Savka Subotić. (Novi Sad, 1904). pp. 79-95 (1904), 17 page(s)
TITLE: Part IV: On the Exhibition in Paris, in _On our National Textiles and Handicrafts_. DESCRIPTION: This document consists of selected parts of Savka Subotić’s booklet, On our National Textiles and Handicrafts (O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama), published in 1904 in Novi Sad (Újvidék). Savka Su...
Sample
written by Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, in O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama [On our national textiles and handicrafts], by Savka Subotić. (Novi Sad, 1904). pp. 79-95 (1904), 17 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Part IV: On the Exhibition in Paris, in _On our National Textiles and Handicrafts_. DESCRIPTION: This document consists of selected parts of Savka Subotić’s booklet, On our National Textiles and Handicrafts (O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama), published in 1904 in Novi Sad (Újvidék). Savka Subotić in the booklet narrates the history of her work and endeavors in promoting the female handicraft industry. Over the course of mo...
TITLE: Part IV: On the Exhibition in Paris, in _On our National Textiles and Handicrafts_. DESCRIPTION: This document consists of selected parts of Savka Subotić’s booklet, On our National Textiles and Handicrafts (O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama), published in 1904 in Novi Sad (Újvidék). Savka Subotić in the booklet narrates the history of her work and endeavors in promoting the female handicraft industry. Over the course of more than forty years, she was active in modernizing and promoting Serbian peasant women’s handicraft. Savka Subotić was active in the women's movement in the Vojvodina and also in Serbia and internationally. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. Subotić was educated in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Timișoara (Temesvár, Temeswar) and Vienna. Her main focus was the education of girls, especially Serbian girls; Subotić initiated the establishment of the first Serbian language high schools for girls, established in Novi Sad, Vojvodina and Pančevo (Pancsova), military frontier/Vojvodina in 1874 and in Sombor (Zombor), Vojvodina in 1875. See also, Milica Tomić, “Naše više devojačke škole [Our high schools for girls],” Žena, January 6, 1911; and “Srpska Viša Devojačka Škola u Novom Sadu [The Serbian High School for Girls in Novi Sad],” Ženski svet, August 1913. In addition, Subotić was active in educating Serbian women in the countryside, and created a program of economic development for women who lived in the villages by popularizing and building the handicraft industry of the time. In 1867, Subotić established a women’s organization in Novi Sad (Ujvidék), the Vojvodina, which in documents generated by the Serbian-speaking women’s movement in the Vojvodina is regularly described as the first women’s cooperative in Novi Sad. See “Savka Subotićka. 1834-1904. [Savka Subotić: 1834-1904],” Ženski svet, January 10, 1904. Subotić was a respected member of the Serbian community, but also well known in Austria-Hungary and the international women’s movement. ¶ This document includes Part IV of Subotić’s booklet: Part IV: About the exhibition in Paris (79-95). In Part IV, Subotić talks about the correspondence concerning the Exposition Universelle held in Paris in 1900. She also discusses the connections with the Serbs from Belgrade, and her travels to Niš and Pirot, Serbia, since Serbia was also planning to present on the Paris exhibition. She describes the differences between the national embroidery of Serbian women in the Vojvodina and the produce made by women from Serbia. Subotić argues that the Serbian “intelligentsia” must not try to imitate the common people and should not continue attempting to come up with the new patterns for new embroidery. On the contrary, the task of the “intelligentsia” is to find ways to help “the people (narodu)” to develop their acknowledged ability. She compares these attempts with writers who in their novels mimic the speech of the peasants. She ends the text with a comment on the Serbian peasant women, arguing that amongst all Serbian women only peasant women earn money for their families. She adds that apart from the regular house and family duties, these women also work with men in the fields, a fact that she presents as “emancipation.” In fact, she claims, Serbian women contribute more to their households than their husbands, and their handicraft is the proof of their intelligence. For Parts I and II, see Savka Subotić, “Part I and Part II [Part I: First Attempts of My Work in the Field of our National Domestic Industry, and Part II: On the Exhibitions in Pest and in Novi Sad],” in O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama [On our national textiles and handicrafts] (Novi Sad, 1904), 1–55 (55pp.). KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Women Challenging Empire; Empire and Internationalism; Empire Silenced; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Women as Teachers; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Work and Class Identity; Work and Class Identity; Work and Class Identity; Handicraft; Embroidery; Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health; Primary Health Care; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Serbia; Hungary; Pest; Budapest; Paris
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Author / Creator
Savka Subotić, 1834-1914
Date Published / Released
1904
Person Discussed
Savka Subotić, 1834-1914
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Work and Class Identity, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Economic Development, Household Crafts, Rights to Work, National Identity, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Educa...
Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Work and Class Identity, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Economic Development, Household Crafts, Rights to Work, National Identity, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Women as Teachers, Primary Health Care, Women as “Proletariat”, Opposition to Imperialism, Empire and Internationalism, Indigenous Languages, Serbians
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