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Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912), 33 page(s)
TITLE: The Yearbook of the Women's Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1911-1912 period issued by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/Hermannstadt/ Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880 with the stated goal of creating t...
Sample
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912), 33 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Yearbook of the Women's Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1911-1912 period issued by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/Hermannstadt/ Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880 with the stated goal of creating to promote Romanian women’s education, including both an institute and a boarding school. Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romani...
TITLE: The Yearbook of the Women's Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1911-1912 period issued by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/Hermannstadt/ Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880 with the stated goal of creating to promote Romanian women’s education, including both an institute and a boarding school. Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. (On a similar, older initiative, run by the Brasov/Brasso/Kronstadt Women’s Reunion, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brașov, “Regulament. Pentru internatul de fetite ax reuniunii femeilor române din Brasov [Regulations: For the Girls’ Boarding School of the Reunion of the Romanian Women in Brașov]” (Official Organizational Document, Brașov, României, January 1, 1888), 5747/1888, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov. Also of note, the Sibiu Reunion’s elementary school should not be confused with the Civil School for Girls, the secondary school founded by ASTRA Association, which the former functioned in “organic connection” and shared a building; on ASTRA’s school; see also, Scoala Civila de Fete a Asociatiunii Astra, “Condiții de primire în școala civilă de fete a Asociațiunii și în internatul acesteia [Admission Conditions in the Civil Girls’ School of the Association and its Boarding House]” (Official Organizational Document, Sibiu, 1901), 2/1901, Fond Scoala Civila de Fete (Astra) SB-F-00045-2-1901-2, ff. 1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Directia Judetena a Arhivelor Nationale Sibiu.) In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” In 1915, the Reunion’s wartime charitable activities were commended by the Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria (1866-1939) and the municipal authorities in Sibiu. In 1919, now part of the Kingdom of Romania, the school of the Sibiu Reunion and that of ASTRA merged and changed their status from private (or civil) to public (or state) schools. The same year, Queen Marie of Romania (1875-1938) became patron of the Reunion’s reopened School for Housekeeping and Industry. In general, the Reunion thrived. In 1918, it organized a public meeting, attended by over 500 women, to celebrate the planned union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania. It also named Eleonora Lemeny as its representative to the official unification negotiations; it mobilized to counter the brutality of the Hungarian Bolsheviks, and it favored the Romanian army’s march against the Budapest Soviet Republic. In the years that followed, the Sibiu Reunion was a significant participant in the Union of Romanian Women, initiated by Maria Baiulescu. ¶ The Yearbook contains minutes of the Reunion’s 1911-1912 meeting, the formal annual report of the organization’s activities, information on the association’s budget and funding, lists of members and the transcript of the speech made by longtime Reunion President, Maria Cosma, during that year’s general assembly. Together, the documents included in the Yearbook show that during 1911-1912 the Reunion reorganized its housekeeping school (founded in 1905), by hiring highly qualified personnel and acquiring a building for this institution. The newly-reorganized school had a section for instruction in “industry” and one for training in housekeeping (“școala de menaj”). The industrial section offered courses aimed to train women both in cottage industry weaving and in factory-type, mechanized weaving. The Reunion recognized the influence of the Fribourg Home Economics School (in Switzerland) on its housekeeping section. The Yearbook mentions hiring one of the Swiss School’s (Romanian) graduates and seeking to select and adapt Fribourg methods to local conditions. Differently from the middle-class clientele of the Reunion’s elementary school, this professional training school was meant to grant scholarships and “open up a career” for poorer girls, all the while contributing to the Romanian national cause through the Romanian-language education of these poorer women, with rural origins. The documents also discuss the Reunion’s desire to begin caring for boys’ education, by providing them with meals and a dedicated boarding school. It should be noted that at the time the multiethnic town of Sibiu/Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben already had a strong tradition in both women’s educational institutions and professional training. Nevertheless, the Reunion’s ambitions for the new school are notable as they responded to several major socio-economic trends in or affecting the Austro-Hungarian Empire. At the time, Austria-Hungary was undergoing a boom in the textile industry. Secondly, the household-training movement was a fairly conservative European response to rural-urban migration and changes in women’s work, brought about by proletarization. Thirdly, Transylvanian Romanian nationalists had intensified by the 1910s their middle-class reformist outlook, by more strongly promoting economic organization and productivity as keys to national progress. The Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu placed itself and the young women it wished to educate in the middle of these developments, in interesting ways. Reunion members’ participation in the People’s Kitchen (“Bucataria Poporala”) organized by the municipality also receives a mention in the Yearbook. ¶ The Yearbook shows how the Sibiu version of the Transylvanian Romanian network of Reunions chose to deal with industrialization and women’s work. Compared to the Hunedoara Reunion’s social pedagogy concerning women’s work, the Sibiu Reunion was embracing technological change more openly. For comparison, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Hunedoara, Reuniunea femeilor române din Comitatul Hunedoarei 1886-1911 [The Reunion of Romanian Women from the District of Hunedoara, 1886-1911] (Orastie: Tipografia Noua, 1912). Furthermore, this Yearbook shows how the Reunion wanted to promote women’s and national progress simultaneously, by linking young Romanian women’s improved career opportunities to the furthering of the national cause. The Reunion recognized and developed practices around certain class issues as well (visible in their seeking to grant scholarships to all students of the Housekeeping school). This Yearbook contributes to a better understanding of the evolution of Transylvanian Romanian women’s associations in the years right before, during and immediately after the Great War. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Education in National Languages; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; The Home Economics Movement; Work and Class Identity; Habsburg Empire; Home industry; Funds and donations; Municipal activism; People’s Kitchens; Archduke Franz Salvator, Archduke of Austria, Prince of Tuscany; Princess Marie of Edinburgh, Queen Marie of Romania
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu
Date Published / Released
1912
Publisher
Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane
Person Discussed
Franz Salvator, Archduke of Austria, 1866-1939, Marie, of Romania, 1875-1938
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women, Empire and Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Social and Political Leadership, Roma...
Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women, Empire and Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Social and Political Leadership, Romanians
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Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1913-1914
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1914), 30 page(s)
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the Years 1913-1914. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1913-1914 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, el...
Sample
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1914), 30 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the Years 1913-1914. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1913-1914 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It reorganized th...
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the Years 1913-1914. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1913-1914 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It reorganized this school in 1911, by dividing it into sections for training in industrial and housekeeping work but closed it in 1914. For more on the school, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Sibiu, Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912 [The Yearbook of the Women’s Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912] (Sibiu: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912). After the beginning of the Great War, the Sibiu Reunion volunteered to care for the Austro-Hungarian Army’s wounded by creating a “reserve hospital” in the training school’s building. In 1919, Queen Marie of Romania (1875-1938) became patron of the Reunion’s reopened School for Housekeeping and Industry. In the years that followed, the Sibiu Reunion was a significant participant in the federative Union of Romanian Women, initiated by Maria Baiulescu. ¶ The Yearbook offers information on the activities of the Sibiu Reunion of Romanian Women between 1913 and 1914. The administrative documents reproduced in the yearbook include the presidential address by Maria Cosma, meeting minutes, budgets, annual organizational report, the household section report, the industrial section report, an accounting report, a membership report, and proposals before the committee. A balance sheet and a budget sheet are included in table form, and the membership list is printed last. This yearbook shows how the Reunion wanted to promote women’s and national progress simultaneously, by linking young Romanian women’s improved career opportunities to the furthering of the national cause. The Reunion recognized and developed practices around certain class issues as well. This yearbook contributes to a better understanding of the evolution of Transylvanian Romanian women’s associations in the years right before, during and immediately after the Great War. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Education in National Languages; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; The Home Economics Movement; Work and Class Identity; Habsburg Empire; Home industry; Funds and donations; Municipal activism; People’s Kitchens; Princess Marie of Edinburgh, Queen Marie of Romania
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu
Date Published / Released
1914
Publisher
Editura Reuniunii
Person Discussed
Marie, of Romania, 1875-1938
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Work and Class Identity, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Women as “Proletariat”, Ro...
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Work and Class Identity, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Women as “Proletariat”, Romanians
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Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1914-1915 si 1915-1916
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1916), 38 page(s)
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the years 1914-1915 and 1915-1916. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1914-1915 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-languag...
Sample
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1916), 38 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the years 1914-1915 and 1915-1916. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1914-1915 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It...
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the years 1914-1915 and 1915-1916. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1914-1915 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It reorganized this school in 1911, by dividing it into sections for training in industrial and housekeeping work but closed it in 1914. For more on the school, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Sibiu, Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912 [The Yearbook of the Women’s Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912] (Sibiu: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912). After the beginning of the Great War, the Sibiu Reunion volunteered to care for the Austro-Hungarian Army’s wounded by creating a “reserve hospital” in the training school’s building. In 1919, Queen Marie of Romania (1875-1938) became patron of the Reunion’s reopened School for Housekeeping and Industry. In the years that followed, the Sibiu Reunion was a significant participant in the federative Union of Romanian Women, initiated by Maria Baiulescu. ¶ The Yearbook offers information on the activities of the Sibiu Reunion of Romanian Women between 1914 and 1916. According to the administrative documents reproduced in the yearbook (meeting minutes, budgets, annual report), the “reserve hospital” cared for “264 wounded soldiers, by origin from the different countries of our Monarchy.” In 1915, the Reunion hospital and its initiators were commended by the visiting Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria (1866-1939), a promoter of the Red Cross in Austria-Hungary. In 1916, the Reunion closed its hospital, arguing that it was no longer sent any wounded to care for. Valeria Soroștineanu has shown that the situation of Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt and its inhabitants during the second half of the war was complicated: when the Kingdom of Romania joined the war in 1916, on the side of the Entente, the city was quickly surrounded by the neighboring country’s troops, with most civilians fleeing the area. The members of the Reunion remaining in the (still Austro-Hungarian) city of Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt drastically reduced their social involvement, due to the “heavy atmosphere” and the weight of familial concerns. The Reunion re-emerged in late 1918 to welcome Romanian troops to the city and host a reception in honor of the Romanian-allied French General Henri Berthelot (1861-1931). For more on this, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Sibiu, Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912 [The Yearbook of the Women’s Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912] (Sibiu: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912). ¶ By covering the first years of the Great War, the yearbook helps us understand the transition undergone by the Sibiu Reunion, and to a certain extent, all women’s Reunions in Transylvania. Until 1916, the Reunion behaved largely like an Austro-Hungarian association of pragmatic, nationalistic Romanian women and was considered a significant part of Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt’s municipal associational fabric. After 1918, the organization presented itself and was recognized as primarily, ardently nationalistic. This yearbook helps reconstruct the evolution of Transylvanian Romanian women’s associations in the years right before, during and immediately after the Great War. In a broader sense, it contributes to comprehending the transformation of “empire” into “post-empire,” for the case of the Dual Monarchy. KEYWORDS: Peace and War, International Governance, and International Law; War; War-time welfare; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire Silenced; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health; Women as Medical Professionals; Habsburg Empire; Funds and donations; Municipal activism; Archduke Franz Salvator, Archduke of Austria, Prince of Tuscany; Princess Marie of Edinburgh, Queen Marie of Romania.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu
Date Published / Released
1916
Publisher
Editura Reuniunii
Person Discussed
Marie, of Romania, 1875-1938, Franz Salvator, Archduke of Austria, 1866-1939
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source...
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Women as Medical Professionals, Birth Control, Sexuality, International Peace, Romanians, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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The Black Sash: Women for Justice and Peace
written by Mary Ingouville Burton, 1940- (Johannesburg, Gauteng: Jacana Media, 2015), 281 page(s)
Sample
written by Mary Ingouville Burton, 1940- (Johannesburg, Gauteng: Jacana Media, 2015), 281 page(s)
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Mary Ingouville Burton, 1940-
Date Published / Released
2015
Publisher
Jacana Media
Topic / Theme
Apartheid, South Africa, 1948-1994, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Apartheid in South Africa, South Africans, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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How Did Carrie Chapman Catt and Aletta Jacobs Interpret and Cope with Deep Differences among Women during Their 1911-12 Journey through Afri...
written by Harriet Feinberg, 1931- (Alexandria, VA: Alexander Street, 2015), 65 page(s),
Source: documents.alexanderstreet.com
Source: documents.alexanderstreet.com
Sample
written by Harriet Feinberg, 1931- (Alexandria, VA: Alexander Street, 2015), 65 page(s),
Source: documents.alexanderstreet.com
Source: documents.alexanderstreet.com
Collection
Women and Social Movements in the United States,1600-2000
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Document project
Author / Creator
Harriet Feinberg, 1931-
Date Published / Released
2015
Publisher
Alexander Street
Person Discussed
Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947, Aletta Henriette Jacobs, 1854-1929
Topic / Theme
Race relations, Suffragists, Travel, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Suffrage
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Hungary XI, No 12 Complimentary Number: The World's Women's Congress, Budapest, 1913
(Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 51), in Hungary: The World's Women's Congress, Budapest, 1913, Vol. 11 no. 12, Complimentary Number, 1913, pp. 189-232 (Budapest, Budapest County, 1913), 44 page(s)
KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary Francis Joseph; Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; István Bárczy Major of Budapest; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the In...
Sample
(Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 51), in Hungary: The World's Women's Congress, Budapest, 1913, Vol. 11 no. 12, Complimentary Number, 1913, pp. 189-232 (Budapest, Budapest County, 1913), 44 page(s)
Description
KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary Francis Joseph; Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; István Bárczy Major of Budapest; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Advertizing Hungary; Hungarian Attractio...
KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary Francis Joseph; Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; István Bárczy Major of Budapest; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Advertizing Hungary; Hungarian Attractions; Hungarian Institutions; Child Protection; Visit to Child Protection Institutions; Hungarian Development
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Date Published / Released
1913
Person Discussed
István Bárczy, 1866-1943, Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1830-1916
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Human Rights, Suffrage, Empire and Feminism, Hungarians
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Sheena Duncan
written by Annemarie Hendrikz, fl. 2015 (Cape Town, Western Cape Province: Tiber Tree Press, 2015), 257 page(s)
Sample
written by Annemarie Hendrikz, fl. 2015 (Cape Town, Western Cape Province: Tiber Tree Press, 2015), 257 page(s)
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Biography
Author / Creator
Annemarie Hendrikz, fl. 2015
Date Published / Released
2015
Publisher
Tiber Tree Press
Person Discussed
Sheena Duncan, 1932-2010
Topic / Theme
Apartheid, South Africa, 1948-1994, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Apartheid in South Africa, South Africans, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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The World That Was Ours
written by Hilda Bernstein, 1915-2006 (London, England: Heinemann, 1967, originally published 67), 271 page(s)
Sample
written by Hilda Bernstein, 1915-2006 (London, England: Heinemann, 1967, originally published 67), 271 page(s)
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Diary/Memoir/Autobiography
Author / Creator
Hilda Bernstein, 1915-2006
Date Published / Released
0067, 1967
Publisher
Heinemann
Person Discussed
Lionel Bernstein, 1920-2002
Topic / Theme
Apartheid, South Africa, 1948-1994, Rivonia Trial, South Africa, November 26, 1963-June 12, 1964, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Apartheid in South Africa, South Africans, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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XXV ani din viaţa Reuniunei Femeilor Române Sălăgene: 1881-1906
written by Augustin Vicas, fl. 1897 (Libraria Centrala Universitara "Lucian Blaga" Cluj Napoca) (Simleul Silvaniei, Salaj County: Institutul Tipografic Victoria, 1906), 129 page(s)
TITLE: Twenty-Five Years of the Reunion of Romanian Women, 1881-1906. DESCRIPTION: The monograph consists of a year-by-year account of the activity of the The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ Reunion of Romanian Women in Sălaj/Szilàgy county, between 1881 and 1906. The Reunion was part of Women’s Reunions (i.e. Wom...
Sample
written by Augustin Vicas, fl. 1897 (Libraria Centrala Universitara "Lucian Blaga" Cluj Napoca) (Simleul Silvaniei, Salaj County: Institutul Tipografic Victoria, 1906), 129 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Twenty-Five Years of the Reunion of Romanian Women, 1881-1906. DESCRIPTION: The monograph consists of a year-by-year account of the activity of the The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ Reunion of Romanian Women in Sălaj/Szilàgy county, between 1881 and 1906. The Reunion was part of Women’s Reunions (i.e. Women’s Associations) in Transylvania. The narrative is supported by and references on page margins ten annexed documents. The Addenda c...
TITLE: Twenty-Five Years of the Reunion of Romanian Women, 1881-1906. DESCRIPTION: The monograph consists of a year-by-year account of the activity of the The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ Reunion of Romanian Women in Sălaj/Szilàgy county, between 1881 and 1906. The Reunion was part of Women’s Reunions (i.e. Women’s Associations) in Transylvania. The narrative is supported by and references on page margins ten annexed documents. The Addenda consist of official correspondence in Romanian and Hungarian, Reunion statutes, significant members’ speeches and several illustrations. The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ Reunion of Romanian Women in Sălaj/Szilàgy county was created in 1881. Among its founders were Emilia Pop Hossu-Longin and Clara Maniu (1842-1929) (serving as President), both of them members of politically influential families, with ties to the Romanian National Party in Transylvania. Augustin Vicaș, the monograph’s author, was a Greek-Catolic (Eastern Catholic) priest, who served as secretary of the Reunion of Romanian Women in Sălaj/Szilàgy megye, between 1897 and 1905. ¶ According to the monograph, the Reunion opened an elementary school for girls in 1889. The school functioned in the town of Șimleu Silvaniei/Szilágysomlyó/Schomlemarkt until at least 1905, with an average of 30 students, drawn from educated middle class families in Sălaj/Szilàgy county. It financed itself through members’ donations, a regular subsidy from a Romanian bank in town, and royalties from the sale of a prayer book for which it was donated the copy rights. The school’s founders presented it both as an institution for women’s emancipation through education and as a way of competing with members of other nationalities in the Empire (especially Hungarian women). It subscribed to publicist George Baritiu’s ideas about the place of a good (but not highly theoretical) education for women within the Transylvanian Romanian nationalist movement. In the first years after its founding, the Reunion’s main struggle was to formally maintain the school’s status as a private school whose main language of teaching was Romanian, rather than turning it into a Romanian-language confessional school run by either the Eastern Catholic or the Orthodox Church. Concerning attempts at placing the association’s school under the remit of one of the two churches , the monograph’s author opined that it shed a negative light on the Romanian community and that “nationalism and confessionalism among the Romanian people must go arm in arm, without offending each other” (p.32). For decades, the school insisted on using the Romanian language in official business with regional educational authorities, invoking the Austro-Hungarian Law of Nationalities of 1868. It defined its scrupulously legalistic approach, evidenced by the monograph’s Addenda (for example Doc. 8), as “forcefully standing up in the legal domain/on legal grounds for the defense of our cherished national language” (p.46). From 1900, the Reunion focused increasingly on preserving and developing home industry production in the region, noticing that the originality of the “Romanian woman’s costume has been admired and praised by foreigners” – a nod to the use of peasant embroidery in transnational mobilization for the Transylvanian Romanian national cause in previous years. Beginning with 1900, Reunion members collected textiles, embroidery and entire women’s costumes from villages in the county. In 1901, it hosted an exhibition of homemade textiles, collected and sold by “the sister Reunion” from “the romantic county of Hunedoara” (p. 66), meant to benefit “fire-stricken” peasants from the village of Vaideeni. Significantly, the Hunedoara Reunion was presided over by a Sălaj/Szilàgy-county native. Interestingly, the Hunedoara Reunion had itself participated in exhibitions meant to support flood-stricken peasants from Upper Hungary (present day Slovakia), at the behest of Baroness Dithfurth. The monograph notes that on the occasion of the 1901 exhibition, “it was noticed with joy that women and girls from [Salaj] villages made copies of the most beautiful [Hunedoara] weaves in order to imitate them” (p. 65). The Reunion introduced the celebration of the Christmas tree, an occasion for donating objects to children in need. The Christmas tree celebration was described as a “humanitarian institution” and the Reunion hoped to spread the ceremony in the county’s villages. ¶ The monograph describes in a careful and detailed form the activities of one of the Transylvanian women’s Reunions (i.e., Associations), offering a good view of the concrete functioning of these women-centric associations over 25 years. The document describes Romanian nationalistic mobilization in an overwhelmingly rural county, an area which Reunion members perceived as marginal and a “frontier of Romanianess” (p.66). (The better documented Reunions usually functioned in larger cities, with a fairly strong Romanian middle class, such as Sibiu or Brasov). The book also offers a sense of how these organizations self-limited their activity on both gender and national questions. For instance, while the Reunion fought its protracted, mostly low-level, administrative battle for the use of Romanian in all official correspondence, it refrained from organizing its 1894 general assembly in an area where “spirits were agitated” due to the Memorandum trial. See also, “Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Ratiu” (Letter, Brașov, României, June 16, 1894), 734/1905, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, f.1, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Education in National Languages; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; Funds and donations; Handicrafts; Home industry
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Augustin Vicas, fl. 1897
Date Published / Released
1906
Publisher
Institutul Tipografic Victoria
Topic / Theme
Indigenous Women, Women and Development, Women and Education, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women and Dress, Household Crafts, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Empire and Education, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Romanians
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