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Anna Ludlow to Muriel Wright; January 5, 1951

written by Anna Ludlow, fl. 1951, in Muriel Wright Collection, of Oklahoma Historical Society. Research Center (1983.018, Box 23B, FF20) (Oklahoma City, OK) (05 January 1951) , 2 page(s)

Three interrelated themes dominate Muriel Wright’s correspondence in her papers at the Oklahoma Historical Society: her family ties, especially her father’s Choctaw lineage; her work in and promotion of Indian history, especially the Five Civilized Tribes; and her participation in Indian affairs, especially th...

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Ben Dwight to Muriel Wright: November 2, 1931

written by Ben Dwight, 1890-1953, in Muriel Wright Collection, of Oklahoma Historical Society. Research Center (1983.018, Box 23A, FF 25) (Oklahoma City, OK) (02 November 1931) , 2 page(s)

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Clara Ward to Muriel Wright; June 9, 1943

written by Clara A. Ward, 1859-, in Muriel Wright Collection, of Oklahoma Historical Society. Research Center (1983.018, Box 23A, FF 49) (Oklahoma City, OK) (09 November 1940) , 4 page(s)

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Dan Bryant to Muriel Wright; February 26, 1926

written by Dan Bryant, fl. 1926, in Muriel Wright Collection, of Oklahoma Historical Society. Research Center (1983.018, Box 23A, FF 10) (Oklahoma City, OK) (26 February 1926) , 2 page(s)

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Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, 5 February 1895

written by Dionisie Vaida, fl. 1895 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 1078/1895, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1-2) (05 February 1895) , 4 page(s)

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TITLE: Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, 5 February 1895. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter from Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Rațiu. Dionisie Vaida was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and sponsor, father of influential interwar politician Alexandru Vaida-Voevod. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party le... TITLE: Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, 5 February 1895. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter from Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Rațiu. Dionisie Vaida was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and sponsor, father of influential interwar politician Alexandru Vaida-Voevod. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially with the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894 and the following “Memorandum trial.” Dorina Rațiu (1874?-1904) was a nationalist activist and the youngest daughter of Emilia Rațiu and Ioan Rațiu. ¶ In this letter, Dionisie Vaida expresses his sympathy for the family’s difficulties following Ion Rațiu’s imprisonment in Szeged. He also expresses surprise that Emilia and Dorina Rațiu were also summoned in front of the courts while in Szeged. Emilia Rațiu and her entire family lived in Szeged during the year-long imprisonment of Ioan Rațiu in the city. Rațiu was pardoned by Emperor Franz Joseph in 1895. The summons in front of the court Vaida references was connected to an incident which had involved several young women in the Sibiu/Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben train station and several gendarmes. Several women, including Emilia and Dorina Rațiu, had gathered in the station to welcome the returning, recently-sentenced Memorandum men. Gendarmes had asked the women to remove the Romanian tri-color flags they were wearing pinned to their dresses. The women’s refusal and opposition to the gendarmes brought them in front of the local courts in February 1895. In the absence of the two Rațiu women, the trial was indefinitely postponed. The young women present in the courthouse in Sibiu were congratulated for their staunch refusal, and the event was widely reported in the Romanian press. Vaida’s letter highlights Transylvanian Romanian women’s involvement in increasingly confrontational activism toward Hungarian authorities in the tense period after the Memorandum episode. The document also draws attention to sources which show Transylvanian women’s use of well-established repertories of nationalism in Austria-Hungary and beyond. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Courts and trials; Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; National Identity; Women Challenging Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; Transylvania. Show more Show less

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E. J. Gardner to Muriel Wright; 15 May 1928, with newspaper clipping.

written by E. J. Gardner, fl. 1923, in Muriel Wright Collection, of Oklahoma Historical Society. Research Center (1983.018, Box 23A, FF 3) (Oklahoma City, OK) (15 May 1928), in Chicago Tribune, July 14, 1899, p. NA , 2 page(s)

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Elaine Tucker to Muriel Wright; November 5, 1941

written by Elaine Tucker, fl. 1941, in Muriel Wright Collection, of Oklahoma Historical Society. Research Center (1983.018, Box 23A, FF 55) (Oklahoma City, OK) (05 November 1941) , 2 page(s)

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Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Oxford, 9 April 1894

written by Elisabeth Lee, 1879- (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 911/1894, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, f.1) (09 April 1894) , 2 page(s)

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TITLE: Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Oxford, 9 April 1894. DESCRIPTION: French-language letter from Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Rațiu. Elisabeth Lee (1879-?) was an Englishwoman living in Oxford in the house of her brother-in-law, popular Russian and Slavic languages professor W.R. Morfill (married to Charlotte Lee). Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She... TITLE: Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Oxford, 9 April 1894. DESCRIPTION: French-language letter from Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Rațiu. Elisabeth Lee (1879-?) was an Englishwoman living in Oxford in the house of her brother-in-law, popular Russian and Slavic languages professor W.R. Morfill (married to Charlotte Lee). Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda/Torda/Thorenburg, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. Ioan Rațiu was arrested following his condemnation for anti-state activity through the distribution of a manifesto on Transylvanian autonomy and linguistic rights in the “Memorandum trial.” ¶ In reply to the letter received from Emilia Rațiu, Elisabeth Lee thanks Rațiu for the photographs she had sent. Lee remarks on the physiognomy of the Romanian peasants depicted and the qualities they express. She mentions that she has been told about inhabitants, landscapes, and language by her brother-in-law, who had travelled in the region. For Rațiu’s initial letter, see Emilia Dr. Rațiu, “Emilia Dr. Rațiu to Elisabeth Lee [1894]” (Draft Letter, Turda, 1894), 912/1894, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff.1-2, Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest. ¶ Elisabeth Lee’s brief letter can be read in the context of emerging interest in England for Transylvania because of ethnography and women’s travel writing. Ethnography developed in the Austrian side of the Austro-Hungarian Empire as a way of emphasizing the monarchy’s protection of diversity, whereas in the Hungarian side ethnography served assimilation goals. This may have led to a particular “ethnographic gaze” among Transylvanian artists and intellectuals, one that emphasized both ethnic diversity and essential ethnic difference. In the case of the British Empire, ethnography underpinned the colonial enterprise and fed citizens’ fantasies of empire. The correspondence between the two women might be read as the intersection of the two, quite distinctive “ethnographic gazes” of differently positioned imperial subjects. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Ethnography; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Habsburg Empire; Transylvania; Photographs; Mobilization; Networks. Show more Show less

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Emilia Dr. Rațiu to Franz Schuzelka, 15 October 1870

written by Emilia Rațiu, 1846-1929 (Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 1033/1870, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu) (15 October 1870) , 4 page(s)

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TITLE: Emilia Dr. Rațiu to Franz Schuzelka, 15 October 1870. DESCRIPTION: Handwritten, Romanian-language draft of letter from Emilia Dr. Rațiu to Imperial Council/Reichsrat speaker and editor of the liberal Reform journal Franz Schuzelka, offering a gift in the name of a “committee of Romanian women from Transylvania.” The final two pages list the names of 122 women who supported the gesture. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Ro... TITLE: Emilia Dr. Rațiu to Franz Schuzelka, 15 October 1870. DESCRIPTION: Handwritten, Romanian-language draft of letter from Emilia Dr. Rațiu to Imperial Council/Reichsrat speaker and editor of the liberal Reform journal Franz Schuzelka, offering a gift in the name of a “committee of Romanian women from Transylvania.” The final two pages list the names of 122 women who supported the gesture. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist, frequent contributor to the popular Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Dr. Ioan Rațiu. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. Franz Schuzelka was the editor of the Viennese liberal newspaper Die Reform. In Emilia Rațiu's correspondence, he is mentioned as a speaker in the “Imperial Senate,” advocating for the rights of nationalities within the Empire. ¶ The letter thanks Schuzelka for his consistent advocacy in the Imperial Council and especially in the pages of Reform for the political rights of the Romanian nation: the “Austrian monarchy’s … most oppressed … although liberty and equality of rights were often proclaimed.” Rațiu promises that while “men fight armed with your Doctrine” in order to regain lost rights, women will fight to spread Schuzelka’s ideas “to the children in the cribs.” The letter was sent during an ostensible “period of malaise” in Transylvanian Romanian nationalist politics, while the activity of a controversial, secularizing, centralist cabinet in Vienna, the so-called Burgher Cabinet/ Bürgerministerium, enjoyed great visibility due to an active interregional liberal press. When in 1867 the union of Transylvania with Hungary was declared, Romanian Transylvanian intellectuals began to boycott participation in the Hungarian diet, inaugurating a two-decade long strategy of “political passivism.” Schuzelka’s position on nationalities in the Empire probably coincided with the liberal federalist position (against further centralization) embraced by most Transylvanian Romanian intellectuals in this context. Interestingly, the embrace of passivism and conflicts surrounding the adequacy of this strategy among Transylvanian Romanian nationalists opened a space for intensified organizing and publishing on the “woman question.” The numerous trenchant articles by local women and translations of feminist speeches from abroad, published in the popular Familia magazine in 1870, testify to this uptick in preoccupation during that year. It should be pointed out that the letter may have never been sent or more likely, received no reply from Schuzelka. Emilia Rațiu’s archives include correspondence with a Viennese artisan concerning a gilded object, showing that concrete steps to create a gift had been taken. At the same time, Sevastia Mureșianu, a Brașov woman whose son wrote for Die Reform, asked her son in an 1871 letter whether Emilia Rațiu’s proposed gift had ever materialized. Mureșianu had advised against sending a gift and proposed instead simply a letter, on account of several major bankruptcies in Transylvania. The letter illuminates autonomous, political organizing by nationalist Transylvanian Romanian women (independently from their husbands), their embrace of liberalism and its inflection of nationalism during the 1870s, their membership in a liberal public sphere and desire to become visible as members of this sphere. It also illustrates women’s participation in the construction of an interregional, Empire-wide understanding of politics, a phenomenon that characterized Austria-Hungary’s late 19th century. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; Transylvania; Press; Networks. Show more Show less

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Emilia Dr. Rațiu to Gheorghe Pop de Basesti, 25 November 1893

written by Emilia Rațiu, 1846-1929 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 780/1893, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1-2) (25 November 1893) , 3 page(s)

TITLE: Emilia Dr. Rațiu to Gheorghe Pop de Basesti, 25 November 1893. DESCRIPTION: Personal letter from Emilia Rațiu to George Pop de Basesti. On the back of the letter’s third page Dorina, Emilia Rațiu’s daughter, also wrote several lines to “uncle [badea] Georg.” Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transy...

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