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![The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. II, No. 1 [No. 27], 3 July 1914](https://d3crmev290s45i.cloudfront.net/private-content/1008568xxx/1008568502/1008568502-size-exact-140x0.jpg?Expires=1714176246&Signature=RxkpJ4g9fwjgDgIebus7ZoRHlZdoI5zGozS4POeI5mnrsAD6I5AdSFjzMl57jlmaZCFQxx3sP8xjzRIV9CdHPGwgDH64YgVutrwHU8W8awh4q1h0J7079m8TRutIuOiidSWviHqwJ0XG1DsgCsikhTAwQsJCaHehFDXeaIoyANdSVKHN5NQEzUmfB-sZwkw0WjHvHViukt4xP4kTA-iaaHMNmoRaBWRJCRlIQ2Xsyu2RQkFh75I3nCCtirrsViU8vAQA9BosJTho6GqtqncDUkLuw7VuzEEhnDGI2SbsMNnv3Ow4QaC9K1teWpUbXlICZy9n~pVMWVbtLPMFD-KKEg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIYBBFISOSAGCCZWA "The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. II, No. 1 [No. 27], 3 July 1914")
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The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. II, No. 1 [No. 27], 3 July 1914
edited by Annie Besant, 1847-1933, in The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. 2, No. 1, July 3, 1914 (Chennai, Tamil Nadu: Ganesh & Co., 1914), 20 page(s)
Sample
edited by Annie Besant, 1847-1933, in The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. 2, No. 1, July 3, 1914 (Chennai, Tamil Nadu: Ganesh & Co., 1914), 20 page(s)
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical issue
Contributor
Annie Besant, 1847-1933
Date Published / Released
03 July 1914, 1914
Publisher
Ganesh & Co.
Series
The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women and Religion, Social and Cultural Rights, Religious Leadership and Religious Activism, Indians (Asian), 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
Sections
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Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, 5 February 1895
written by Dionisie Vaida, fl. 1895 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 1078/1895, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1-2) (05 February 1895) , 4 page(s)
TITLE: Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, 5 February 1895. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter from Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Rațiu. Dionisie Vaida was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and sponsor, father of influential interwar politician Alexandru Vaida-Voevod. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Tr...
Sample
written by Dionisie Vaida, fl. 1895 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 1078/1895, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1-2) (05 February 1895) , 4 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, 5 February 1895. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter from Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Rațiu. Dionisie Vaida was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and sponsor, father of influential interwar politician Alexandru Vaida-Voevod. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party le...
TITLE: Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, 5 February 1895. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter from Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Rațiu. Dionisie Vaida was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and sponsor, father of influential interwar politician Alexandru Vaida-Voevod. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially with the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894 and the following “Memorandum trial.” Dorina Rațiu (1874?-1904) was a nationalist activist and the youngest daughter of Emilia Rațiu and Ioan Rațiu. ¶ In this letter, Dionisie Vaida expresses his sympathy for the family’s difficulties following Ion Rațiu’s imprisonment in Szeged. He also expresses surprise that Emilia and Dorina Rațiu were also summoned in front of the courts while in Szeged. Emilia Rațiu and her entire family lived in Szeged during the year-long imprisonment of Ioan Rațiu in the city. Rațiu was pardoned by Emperor Franz Joseph in 1895. The summons in front of the court Vaida references was connected to an incident which had involved several young women in the Sibiu/Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben train station and several gendarmes. Several women, including Emilia and Dorina Rațiu, had gathered in the station to welcome the returning, recently-sentenced Memorandum men. Gendarmes had asked the women to remove the Romanian tri-color flags they were wearing pinned to their dresses. The women’s refusal and opposition to the gendarmes brought them in front of the local courts in February 1895. In the absence of the two Rațiu women, the trial was indefinitely postponed. The young women present in the courthouse in Sibiu were congratulated for their staunch refusal, and the event was widely reported in the Romanian press. Vaida’s letter highlights Transylvanian Romanian women’s involvement in increasingly confrontational activism toward Hungarian authorities in the tense period after the Memorandum episode. The document also draws attention to sources which show Transylvanian women’s use of well-established repertories of nationalism in Austria-Hungary and beyond. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Courts and trials; Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; National Identity; Women Challenging Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; Transylvania.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
05 February 1895, 1895
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Dionisie Vaida, fl. 1895
Topic / Theme
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Indigenous Women, Political and Human Rights, Opposition to Imperialism, National Identity, Social and Political Leadership, Empire and Feminism, Social and Cultural Rights, Hungarians, Romanians
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Feministák Egyesület, likely Rosika Schwimmer to Carrie Chapman Catt, Budapest, 23 December 1912
written by Feminist Association, Hungary (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 50) (23 December 1912) , 13 page(s)
DESCRIPTION: See also, “B. Sedláková-Seibertová and Marie Tůmová to Rosika Schwimmer, Praha, 24 May 1913” (Letter, Prague, May 24, 1913), P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49, Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár [National Archives of Hungary]; and “Ženská organisace při akční...
Sample
written by Feminist Association, Hungary (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 50) (23 December 1912) , 13 page(s)
Description
DESCRIPTION: See also, “B. Sedláková-Seibertová and Marie Tůmová to Rosika Schwimmer, Praha, 24 May 1913” (Letter, Prague, May 24, 1913), P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49, Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár [National Archives of Hungary]; and “Ženská organisace při akčním výboru národní strany svobodomyslné v praze, Marianská, to Á la presidence du Congrès de Alliance mondiale pour le droit elekt...
DESCRIPTION: See also, “B. Sedláková-Seibertová and Marie Tůmová to Rosika Schwimmer, Praha, 24 May 1913” (Letter, Prague, May 24, 1913), P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49, Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár [National Archives of Hungary]; and “Ženská organisace při akčním výboru národní strany svobodomyslné v praze, Marianská, to Á la presidence du Congrès de Alliance mondiale pour le droit elektoral des fammes, Praze, 10 juin 1913 [Women’s Organization of the Young Czech Party to the Presidency of the 1913 Congress of the IWSA]” (Letter, Prague, June 10, 1913), P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49, Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár [National Archives of Hungary]. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Dress; Impression of Congress on Hungarian Public; Character of Congress and Hungarian Culture; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Charlotte Perkins Gilman; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Czech Language; Czech Press; Božena Viková-Kunětická; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Man Suffragists in Hungary; Suffrage Struggle in Hungary; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Congress Preparations; Freemasons; Socialist Women; Working Women; Press Work; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Austria; Bohemia; Gusztáv Dirner; Márkus Dezső; Anna Howard Shaw; Marie Stritt; Millicent Fawcett; Jane Addams; Alva Belmont; István Bárczy
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
23 December 1912, 1912
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Feminist Association, Hungary
Person Discussed
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1860-1917
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Equal Rights for Women, Social and Political Leadership, Suffrage, Czechs
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Marin Demetrescu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Paris, 19 April 1894
written by Marin Demetrescu, fl. 1894 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 841/1894, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1,2,5) (19 April 1894) , 3 page(s)
TITLE: Marin Demetrescu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Paris, 19 April 1894. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter from Marin Demetrescu to Emilia Rațiu. In 1894, Marin Demetrescu studied natural sciences in Paris. A natural sciences teacher later, he published physiology and botany textbooks, and books popularizing Darwi...
Sample
written by Marin Demetrescu, fl. 1894 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 841/1894, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1,2,5) (19 April 1894) , 3 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Marin Demetrescu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Paris, 19 April 1894. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter from Marin Demetrescu to Emilia Rațiu. In 1894, Marin Demetrescu studied natural sciences in Paris. A natural sciences teacher later, he published physiology and botany textbooks, and books popularizing Darwin, Pasteur and dinosaurs. He served as the director of the Museum of Oltenia between 1923 and 1939. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Tra...
TITLE: Marin Demetrescu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Paris, 19 April 1894. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter from Marin Demetrescu to Emilia Rațiu. In 1894, Marin Demetrescu studied natural sciences in Paris. A natural sciences teacher later, he published physiology and botany textbooks, and books popularizing Darwin, Pasteur and dinosaurs. He served as the director of the Museum of Oltenia between 1923 and 1939. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist, frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda/Torda/Thorenburg, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. Ioan Rațiu was arrested following his condemnation for anti-state activity through the distribution of a manifesto on Transylvanian autonomy and linguistic rights in the “Memorandum trial.” ¶ Demetrescu asks Rațiu to send any photographs of folk costumes she has, as “we are trying to prepare public opinion” in France. He mentions that he has received the measurements for folk costumes from Ms. Del Homme and Mrs. Byles, and he attached his own photograph as a sign of admiration for her work and the clipping of a short newspaper article. The attachments are not included here. See also, Sarah Byles, “Sarah Anne Byles to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894 August 2” (Letter, London, August 2, 1894), 1032/1894, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Rațiu, ff. 1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest; and Jeanne del Homme, “Jeanne del Homme to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894(3)” (Letter, London, 1894), 830/1894, ff. 1-4, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest. ¶ The document shows how folk costumes and photographs were used in a highly strategic manner in order to draw the attention the “public opinion,” an imagined community in the making. The document also illuminates the contribution of students and academics residing abroad in garnering support for the accused in the Memorandum trial. The letter also points out how transnational women’s networks can be more accurately described as “women-dominated networks,” since men were intermediaries and interlocutors as well. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; National Identity; Empire and Internationalism; Social Reform and Political Activism; Habsburg Empire; Transylvania; Memorandum; Photography; Folk Costumes; Mobilization; Public Opinion; Networks.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
19 April 1894, 1894
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Marin Demetrescu, fl. 1894
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Social and Cultural Rights, Social and Political Leadership, Empire and Internationalism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Romanians
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Okólnik XVI
written by Anioła Krzyżanowska, fl. 1915 and Wanda Bilewska, fl. 1915 (Archiwum Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej, Fragment archiwum NZ LK NKN, 8836/IV: k 43) (18 November 1915) , 1 page(s)
TITLE: Circular XVI (Cracow, November 18th, 1915). DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the intern...
Sample
written by Anioła Krzyżanowska, fl. 1915 and Wanda Bilewska, fl. 1915 (Archiwum Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej, Fragment archiwum NZ LK NKN, 8836/IV: k 43) (18 November 1915) , 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Circular XVI (Cracow, November 18th, 1915). DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the international Women’s Peace Congress in The Hague in 1915. Daszyńska-Golińska was a socialist and feminist politician and a national econ...
TITLE: Circular XVI (Cracow, November 18th, 1915). DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the international Women’s Peace Congress in The Hague in 1915. Daszyńska-Golińska was a socialist and feminist politician and a national economist (Nationalökonomin). She gained her PhD at the University of Zurich (Universität Zürich) in 1891 and taught at Berlin University (Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, today Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin). She stood up for women’s right to vote and for the independence of Poland. She also was arepresentative of the eugenic movement in Poland especially between the wars. The “International Congress of Women, The Hague, 1915” called together representatives of women’s organizations from all over the world to prevent war in future. It established the “International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace,” since 1919 “Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.” The “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” joined together active Polish women to mobilize them for the “Polish question.” The collection consists of 48 pp. of different handwritten papers and typescripts in German and Polish from Daszyńska-Goliǹska: records from meetings and policy papers about the positions of Polish women’s politics concerning independence, peace and the role of women during war times. In addition, there are some English, Polish and German announcements and protocols concerning the Congress and the Committee. They are not written by Daszyńska-Golińska. The ‘Okólnik XVI (Kraków, w dnia 18 listopada 1915) [Circular XVI (Cracow, November 18th, 1915]’ signed by Anioła Krzyżanowska, secretaire, and Wanda Bileska for the chairwomen of the Women’s League announced a collection for legionaries. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Peace and War; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political and Human Rights; Habsburg Empire; Poland; Cracow
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
18 November 1915, 1915
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Anioła Krzyżanowska, fl. 1915, Wanda Bilewska, fl. 1915
Topic / Theme
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Nationalism and Independence Movements, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Polish, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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LETTER FROM JOSEPHINE BUTLER
written by Josephine E. Butler, 1828-1906 and Elizabeth Boynton Harbert, 1843-1925; in Report of the International Council of Women, Assembled by the National Woman Suffrage Association, Washington, D.C., U. S. of America, (District of Columbia: National Woman Suffrage Association, 1888), 257-264
Sample
written by Josephine E. Butler, 1828-1906 and Elizabeth Boynton Harbert, 1843-1925; in Report of the International Council of Women, Assembled by the National Woman Suffrage Association, Washington, D.C., U. S. of America, (District of Columbia: National Woman Suffrage Association, 1888), 257-264
Collection
Women and Social Movements, International
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Josephine E. Butler, 1828-1906, Elizabeth Boynton Harbert, 1843-1925
Date Published / Released
1888-04-01, 1888
Publisher
National Woman Suffrage Association
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Women and Religion, Abolition of Slavery, National Identity, Social and Cultural Rights, Religious Leadership and Religious Activism, Suffrage
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Reuniunea Femeilor Romane to the City Magistrate, 1/13 November 1892
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov, 5869/1892, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov) (November 1892) , 2 page(s)
TITLE: Reuniunea Femeilor Romane to the City Magistrate, 1/13 November 1892. DESCRIPTION: The letter is a draft of a reply to the City Magistrate of Brașov concerning changes that had to be made to the Statutes of the Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romanian Women from Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt. For a detai...
Sample
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov, 5869/1892, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov) (November 1892) , 2 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Reuniunea Femeilor Romane to the City Magistrate, 1/13 November 1892. DESCRIPTION: The letter is a draft of a reply to the City Magistrate of Brașov concerning changes that had to be made to the Statutes of the Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romanian Women from Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt. For a detailed report of the Reunion meeting deciding on how to make the changes, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brasov, “Report of the Committee...
TITLE: Reuniunea Femeilor Romane to the City Magistrate, 1/13 November 1892. DESCRIPTION: The letter is a draft of a reply to the City Magistrate of Brașov concerning changes that had to be made to the Statutes of the Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romanian Women from Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt. For a detailed report of the Reunion meeting deciding on how to make the changes, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brasov, “Report of the Committee of the Reunion of Romanian Women to the General Assembly held on 11/23 October 1892” October 11, 1892, 5864/1892, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov. The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romanian Women in Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt was founded in 1850. Its initial goal was to support and educate orphaned girls. From 1880, it focused more on providing a Romanian-language education for middle-class girls. In its first decade of functioning, the Reunion opened a primary school for girls in Brașov and a handiwork school in the neighboring, smaller town of Blaj. Later, it organized a boarding school. A candid account of the political and social context in which the Reunion was founded and functioned in its first two decades, was published by its then President in 1870. The Reunion mobilized an impressive support network in aristocratic and merchant families in the Empire and counted, on average, 100 local members throughout its existence. ¶ The letter reports that the changes signaled by the Ministry of Internal Affairs through its address from August 1892 had been made. Concerning modifications to Art. 8, which referred to the official patronage of the Reunion by Empress Elisabeth, the Reunion requested a postponement of their deadline, “so as to research once again if such an act concerning the acceptance of the patronage by her Majesty can be found and if such a document could not be found [in different state archives], to address a new plea to her Majesty to accept this patronage”. (On the unfruitful searches for such document, “Sterie N. Ciurcu to Lazar Nastasy, 18 November 1892” (Letter, Wien [Vienna], 1892), 5875/1892, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-3, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov.) ¶ This document is part of a series concerning the administrative back-and-forth between the Reunion of Romanian Women in Brașov and municipal authorities as representing the governing Hungarian administration, occurring in the 1890s (See also, Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brasov, “Raportul [Report of the Committee of the Reunion of Romanian Women to the General Assembly held on 11/23 October 1892]” (Report, Brașov, 1892), 5864/1892, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov.) Together, these items illuminate how women involved in women’s associations were learning and using the skills associated with bourgeois citizenship, even when their citizenship rights were formally inexistent or not formally guaranteed and open to infringement. These documents show how imperial symbols and Empress Elisabeth’s patronage were part of the struggles between nationalist activists and the representatives of the centralizing administration in the Hungarian part of the Dual Monarchy. It is significant that Empress Elisabeth enjoyed a popular cult in Hungary, where she was seen as a Habsburg supporter of the Hungarian national aspirations expressed in 1848-1849. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Municipal Administration; Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; National Identity; Social Reform and Political Activism; Habsburg Empire; Transylvania; Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, Elisabeth of Bavaria (“Sissi”); Statutes.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
November 1892, 1892
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov
Person Discussed
Elisabeth, Empress, consort of Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1837-1898
Topic / Theme
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Indigenous Women, Empire and Feminism, Equal Rights for Women, National Identity, Social and Political Leadership, Romanians
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Sterie N. Ciurcu to Lazar Nastasy, 18 November 1892
written by Sterie N. Ciurcu, fl. 1892 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov, 5875/1892, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-3) (18 November 1892) , 7 page(s)
TITLE: Sterie N. Ciurcu to Lazar Nastasy, 18 November 1892. DESCRIPTION: Letter from lawyer Stere Ciurcu to the Secretary of the Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ The Reunion of Romanian Women from Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt, Lazar Nastasi. Lazar Nastasi (1845-1912) was a teacher at one of the gymnasiums in Brașov. He s...
Sample
written by Sterie N. Ciurcu, fl. 1892 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov, 5875/1892, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-3) (18 November 1892) , 7 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Sterie N. Ciurcu to Lazar Nastasy, 18 November 1892. DESCRIPTION: Letter from lawyer Stere Ciurcu to the Secretary of the Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ The Reunion of Romanian Women from Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt, Lazar Nastasi. Lazar Nastasi (1845-1912) was a teacher at one of the gymnasiums in Brașov. He served as long-time Secretary, a paid position, of the local Reunion of Romanian Women, authoring in 1902 an album dedicated to the anni...
TITLE: Sterie N. Ciurcu to Lazar Nastasy, 18 November 1892. DESCRIPTION: Letter from lawyer Stere Ciurcu to the Secretary of the Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ The Reunion of Romanian Women from Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt, Lazar Nastasi. Lazar Nastasi (1845-1912) was a teacher at one of the gymnasiums in Brașov. He served as long-time Secretary, a paid position, of the local Reunion of Romanian Women, authoring in 1902 an album dedicated to the anniversary of the Brașov Reunion. Stere Ciurcu was a Transylvanian, Vienna-based lawyer. The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ The Reunion of Romanian Women was an association of Romanian-speaking Transylvanian women, founded in 1850 in Brașov, dedicated to supporting and educating girls. By the turn of the century, the Reunion had local branches throughout Transylvania, each with slightly different goals and activities. Dr. M. Gerstl, mentioned in the letter, was a health officer, serving in the Dutch colonial forces in Paramaribo, Suriname (at the time, part of the Dutch Guyana). ¶ The letter discusses three administrative issues: the search in the archives and registries of different imperial institutions for a document attesting that Empress Elisabeth of Austria was official Patron of the Reunion; discussions about sending received state subsidies from Bucharest (in the Kingdom of Romania) to one of the gymnasiums in Brașov; and a thank-you letter that needed to be written by the “young girls of the Reunion [odraslele Reuniunei]” to a Dr. M. Gerstl, based in Suriname, for an unspecified reason. The first issue, the Empress’s Patronage, was a pressing one that year. See also, Reuniunea Femeilor Române Brașov, “Simțindu-se încă de mult lipsa unei scóle practice, 6 iunie 1893 [Given the Lack of a Practical School: Statutes, 6 June 1893, with Penciled Comments by the Representative of the Hungarian Ministry of Internal Affairs, November 1894]” (Statutes, Brașov, November 1894), 5904/1893 and 5960/1783, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff. 4-10, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov; and Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brasov, “Raportul [Report of the Committee of the Reunion of Romanian Women to the General Assembly held on 11/23 October 1892]” (Report, Brașov, October 11, 1892), 5864/1892, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov. The second issue, the question of funding for education coming from neighboring Romania, was also becoming heated. It arose because the Romanian Kingdom began subsidizing Brașov schools in Austria-Hungary, in spite of consistent opposition from Hungarian Ministers and other bureaucrats, who argued that absent the approval of the government in Budapest, the subsidies constituted violations of international law. In turn, Romanian-language schools, most of them organized by the Orthodox or Uniate churches, complained about attempts by the government to assimilate children through language policies and considered necessary the subsidies from both the Kingdom of Romania and the Hungarian state in order to maintain its underfunded schools. In 1883 and again in 1894-1899, the issue complicated diplomatic relations between Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Romania. Some of the schools organized by women’s Reunions elsewhere would receive subsidies from the Romanian Kingdom, but it is unclear if the Brașov Reunion ever received such funds. Dr. M. Gerstl may have come into contact with Ciurcu in Vienna. However, details about the Suriname Dutchman’s link to the Reunion’s students are not available. ¶ The document highlights the place of the Reunion of Romanian Women in Brașov and its school for girls at once in a web of intra-imperial, regional and inter-continental relations. It highlights the global and transnational dimensions embedded in apparently local nationalist organizing. These connections were created by linking human and non-human actors (i.e., information or medicine that traveled internationally), legal norms (i.e., questions of international law, state sovereignty and control over educational policy) and geopolitical calculations. The letter helps situate the Reunion among other educational institutions organized by Transylvanian Romanians, while emphasizing the distinct status of its school, which was not under the administration of churches and seems to have funded itself from women’s donations. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; Transylvania; Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, Elisabeth of Bavaria (“Sissi”); Reunion of Romanian Women/ Reuniunea Femeilor Romane; Donations and funding; Women’s Associations.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
18 November 1892, 1892
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Sterie N. Ciurcu, fl. 1892
Person Discussed
Elisabeth, Empress, consort of Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1837-1898
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Indigenous Women, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Equal Rights for Women, Empire and Feminism, Social and Political Leadership, National Identity, Empire and Education, Indigenous Languages
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![Szanowny Zarzadzie [1]](https://d3crmev290s45i.cloudfront.net/content/1009375xxx/1009375675/1009375675-size-exact-140x0.jpg "Szanowny Zarzadzie [1]")
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Szanowny Zarzadzie [1]
written by Anioła Krzyżanowska, fl. 1915 and Jadwiga Strikowa, fl. 1915 (Archiwum Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej, Fragment archiwum NZ LK NKN, 8836/IV: k 41) (November 1915) , 1 page(s)
TITLE: Dear Board [1] (November 1915). DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the international Wome...
Sample
written by Anioła Krzyżanowska, fl. 1915 and Jadwiga Strikowa, fl. 1915 (Archiwum Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej, Fragment archiwum NZ LK NKN, 8836/IV: k 41) (November 1915) , 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Dear Board [1] (November 1915). DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the international Women’s Peace Congress in The Hague in 1915. Daszyńska-Golińska was a socialist and feminist politician and a national economist (Natio...
TITLE: Dear Board [1] (November 1915). DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the international Women’s Peace Congress in The Hague in 1915. Daszyńska-Golińska was a socialist and feminist politician and a national economist (Nationalökonomin). She gained her PhD at the University of Zurich (Universität Zürich) in 1891 and taught at Berlin University (Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, today Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin). She stood up for women’s right to vote and for the independence of Poland. She also was arepresentative of the eugenic movement in Poland especially between the wars. The “International Congress of Women, The Hague, 1915” called together representatives of women’s organizations from all over the world to prevent war in future. It established the “International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace,” since 1919 “Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.” The “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” joined together active Polish women to mobilize them for the “Polish question.” The collection consists of 48 pp. of different handwritten papers and typescripts in German and Polish from Daszyńska-Goliǹska: records from meetings and policy papersabout the positions of Polish women’s politics concerning independence, peace and the role of women during war times. In addition, there are some English, Polish and German announcements and protocols concerning the Congress and the Committee. They are not written by Daszyńska-Golińska. The letter ‘Szanowny Zarządzie (Listopad 1915) [Dear Board (November 1915)]’ is written by Anioła Krzyżanowska, secretaire, and Jadwiga Strikowa, chairwomen to announce the founding of a “Central Committee of Stars for the Legionaries in Cracow (Krakowie Komitet Centralny gwiazdkowy dla Legionistów),” a female supoort committe for the paramilitary organization fighting for the independence of Poland. It was addressed to the ruling board of the Women’s League. The Committee was supported by several central and local boards of the League. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Peace and War; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political and Human Rights; Habsburg Empire; Poland; Cracow;
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
November 1915, 1915
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Anioła Krzyżanowska, fl. 1915, Jadwiga Strikowa, fl. 1915
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, National Identity, Nationalism and Independence Movements, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Human Rights, Social and Cultural Rights, International Peace, Polish, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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![Szanowny Zarzadzie [2]](https://d3crmev290s45i.cloudfront.net/content/1009375xxx/1009375676/1009375676-size-exact-140x0.jpg "Szanowny Zarzadzie [2]")
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Szanowny Zarzadzie [2]
written by Anioła Krzyżanowska, fl. 1915 and Jadwiga Strikowa, fl. 1915 (Archiwum Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej, Fragment archiwum NZ LK NKN, 8836/IV: k 42) (November 1915) , 2 page(s)
TITLE: Dear Board [2] (Cracow, November, 1915). DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszynska-Golinska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the internation...
Sample
written by Anioła Krzyżanowska, fl. 1915 and Jadwiga Strikowa, fl. 1915 (Archiwum Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej, Fragment archiwum NZ LK NKN, 8836/IV: k 42) (November 1915) , 2 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Dear Board [2] (Cracow, November, 1915). DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszynska-Golinska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the international Women’s Peace Congress in The Hague in 1915. Daszynska-Golinska was a socialist and feminist politician and a national economist (...
TITLE: Dear Board [2] (Cracow, November, 1915). DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszynska-Golinska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the international Women’s Peace Congress in The Hague in 1915. Daszynska-Golinska was a socialist and feminist politician and a national economist (Nationalökonomin). She gained her PhD at the University of Zurich (Universität Zürich) in 1891 and taught at Berlin University (Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, today Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin). She stood up for women’s right to vote and for the independence of Poland. She also was a representative of the eugenic movement in Poland especially between the wars. The “International Congress of Women, The Hague, 1915” called together representatives of women’s organizations from all over the world to prevent war in future. It established the “International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace,” since 1919 “Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.” The “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” joined together active Polish women to mobilize them for the “Polish question”. The collection consists of 48 pp. of different handwritten papers and typescripts in German and Polish from Daszynska-Goli?ska: records from meetings and policy papers about the positions of Polish women’s politics concerning independence, peace and the role of women during war times. In addition, there are some English, Polish and German announcements and protocols concerning the Congress and the Committee. They are not written by Daszynska-Golinska. The letter ‘Szanowny Zarzadzie (Kraków w listopadzie 1915) [Dear Board (Cracow, November, 1915)]’ is written by Aniola Krzyzanowska, secretaire, and Jadwiga Strikowa, chairwomen of the “Central Committee of Stars for the Legionaries in Cracow (Krakowie Komitet Centralny gwiazdkowy dla Legionistów)”, a female support committe for the paramilitary organization fighting for the independence of Poland. It was addressed to the ruling board of the Women’s League and announced the need of socks and towels for the fighters. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Peace and War; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political and Human Rights; Habsburg Empire; Poland; Cracow
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
November 1915, 1915
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Anioła Krzyżanowska, fl. 1915, Jadwiga Strikowa, fl. 1915
Topic / Theme
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Nationalism and Independence Movements, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Polish, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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