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Anna Ziegloserová to 'Très honorée Madame,' Praque, 16 October 1912

written by Anna Ziegloserová, 1883-1942 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (16 October 1912) , 1 page(s)

TITLE: Anna Ziegloserová to 'Très honorée Madame,' Praque, 16 October 1912. DESCRIPTION: Letter kept in the Archives of the Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete), National Archives of Hungary. On behalf of the Czech women’s journal Ženský obzor (‘Women’s horizon’) Anna Ziegloserová (1883-194...

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Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, 5 February 1895

written by Dionisie Vaida, fl. 1895 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 1078/1895, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1-2) (05 February 1895) , 4 page(s)

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TITLE: Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, 5 February 1895. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter from Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Rațiu. Dionisie Vaida was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and sponsor, father of influential interwar politician Alexandru Vaida-Voevod. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party le... TITLE: Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, 5 February 1895. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter from Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Rațiu. Dionisie Vaida was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and sponsor, father of influential interwar politician Alexandru Vaida-Voevod. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially with the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894 and the following “Memorandum trial.” Dorina Rațiu (1874?-1904) was a nationalist activist and the youngest daughter of Emilia Rațiu and Ioan Rațiu. ¶ In this letter, Dionisie Vaida expresses his sympathy for the family’s difficulties following Ion Rațiu’s imprisonment in Szeged. He also expresses surprise that Emilia and Dorina Rațiu were also summoned in front of the courts while in Szeged. Emilia Rațiu and her entire family lived in Szeged during the year-long imprisonment of Ioan Rațiu in the city. Rațiu was pardoned by Emperor Franz Joseph in 1895. The summons in front of the court Vaida references was connected to an incident which had involved several young women in the Sibiu/Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben train station and several gendarmes. Several women, including Emilia and Dorina Rațiu, had gathered in the station to welcome the returning, recently-sentenced Memorandum men. Gendarmes had asked the women to remove the Romanian tri-color flags they were wearing pinned to their dresses. The women’s refusal and opposition to the gendarmes brought them in front of the local courts in February 1895. In the absence of the two Rațiu women, the trial was indefinitely postponed. The young women present in the courthouse in Sibiu were congratulated for their staunch refusal, and the event was widely reported in the Romanian press. Vaida’s letter highlights Transylvanian Romanian women’s involvement in increasingly confrontational activism toward Hungarian authorities in the tense period after the Memorandum episode. The document also draws attention to sources which show Transylvanian women’s use of well-established repertories of nationalism in Austria-Hungary and beyond. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Courts and trials; Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; National Identity; Women Challenging Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; Transylvania. Show more Show less

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Dr. József Szalay (leading police officer Szeged) to Mrs. Dr. Imre Turcsányi, Szeged, 29 June 1916

written by József Szalay, 1870-1937 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 3 Folder 5) (29 June 1916) , 1 page(s)

TITLE: Dr. József Szalay (leading police officer Szeged) to Mrs. Dr. Imre Turcsányi, Szeged, 29 June 1916. DESCRIPTION: The Feminist Association of Szeged (Feministák Szegedi Egyesülete) during war time requests permission to hold a “festive general assembly (tagértekezlet)” in order to establish its yout...

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Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894

written by Elena Baiulescu, fl. 1860 and Elena Mureşianu, 1862-1924 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 734/1905, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, f.1) (16 June 1894) , 4 page(s)

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TITLE: Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter on custom-made stationery with “Everything for the Nation” slogan in one corner, addressed to Emilia Rațiu and signed by Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu in the name of the National Committee of Romanian Women. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor... TITLE: Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter on custom-made stationery with “Everything for the Nation” slogan in one corner, addressed to Emilia Rațiu and signed by Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu in the name of the National Committee of Romanian Women. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda/Torda/Thorenburg, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. Ioan Rațiu was arrested following his condemnation for anti-state activity through the distribution of a manifesto on Transylvanian autonomy and linguistic rights in the “Memorandum trial.” Elena Muresianu (1862-1924) was an artist and publicist from Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt, active in the Women’s Reunion in the city and a founding member of the National Committee of Romanian Women. A graduate of the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts (1884-1888), she married into the Muresianu family who published Gazeta Transilvaniei [The Transylvanian Gazette], one of the most significant Romanian-language publications in the region. Between 1909 and 1911, Elena Muresianu was the sole administrator of the newspaper and associated typography, having always been heavily involved in the running of the business. Elena Baiulescu was President of the Reunion of Romanian Women in Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt in the 1890s and President of the National Committee of Romanian Women, from 1894 to 1896. She was married to Orthodox Archpriest (Protopop) Bartolomeu Baiulescu and the mother to Maria Baiulescu, who would become in the 1900s a visible spokeswoman for socially active women and the Transylvanian Romanian nationalist cause. The National Committee of Romanian Women was described as a “secret committee” of Romanian women founded in Brașov/Brassó/Hermannstadt in 1894 by Elena Muresianu, acting as Secretary, and Elena Baiulescu, as President. The Committee gathered signatures from women all around Transylvania to support the Transylvanian politicians condemned in the Memorandum trial. According to a 1934 article written by a member of the Committee, the Committee gathered “thousands upon thousands” of signatures for letters sent to MPs in Italy and journalists in France, thanking them for the support shown to the “Romanian national cause.” See, Maria Baiulescu, “Participrea femeilor romane din Ardeal in procesul Memorandumului in _Universul_(Bucharest) [The Participation of Romanian Women from Transylvania in the Memorandum Trial in _The Universe_(Bucharest)]” (Newspaper clipping, Bucharest, June 19, 1934), MS 1954, f. 30, “George Baritiu” County Library Special Collections, “George Baritiu” County Library Brasov, Special Collections Unit. The Committee minted decorative medals with the inscription “Everything for the Nation.” The “Memorandum trial” involved the 1894 condemnation of several prominent Transylvanian members of the Romanian National Party for publishing and distributing a manifesto critical of Hungarian centralism but not of the Emperor. The event garnered international attention and significant popular support in Transylvania and other territories inhabited by Romanians. ¶ This letter asks for Rațiu’s consent for writing letters to foreign supporters of the tried Memorandum politicians “not only [in the name of women from Brașov], but also in the name of all Romanian women from Transylvania and Hungary.” The senders consider the issue an important one and mention that they have written “to Romanian ladies from the different towns in Transylvania thus asking for their consent.” The senders mention writing a planned first thank-you letter to Italian MP Imbriani. ¶ This document provides evidence about the formation and mobilization strategies of the National Committee of Romanian Women. It captures a moment in which women involved in the nationalist cause sought to transform gender solidarities forged on municipal bases into the collective solidarity of all “Romanian women from Transylvania and Hungary.” The process mirrors similar developments in the rest of Austria-Hungary at the time. The 1880s were marked by middle-class municipal activism. This development was overshadowed (or in this case, merged) in 1890 by the rise of nationalist, mass mobilization, a political phenomenon that was, in fact, difficult to sustain and had somewhat waned by the early 1900s. In relation to the politics of gendered mobilization, the emphasis on and the use of the language of consent also makes this document an interesting one; it shows how liberal doctrines on contract and consent, assumed to be governing associations and individuals, were part of Transylvanian women’s activism. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Municipal Activism; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Socialism; Political and Human Rights; Habsburg Empire; Transylvania; Comitetul Național al Femeilor Române/National Committee of Romanian Women; Memorandum; Municipal Activism; Mobilization; Networks; k. k. Kunstgewerbeschule/ Vienna School of Arts and Crafts. Show more Show less

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Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Oxford, 9 April 1894

written by Elisabeth Lee, 1879- (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 911/1894, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, f.1) (09 April 1894) , 2 page(s)

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TITLE: Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Oxford, 9 April 1894. DESCRIPTION: French-language letter from Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Rațiu. Elisabeth Lee (1879-?) was an Englishwoman living in Oxford in the house of her brother-in-law, popular Russian and Slavic languages professor W.R. Morfill (married to Charlotte Lee). Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She... TITLE: Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Oxford, 9 April 1894. DESCRIPTION: French-language letter from Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Rațiu. Elisabeth Lee (1879-?) was an Englishwoman living in Oxford in the house of her brother-in-law, popular Russian and Slavic languages professor W.R. Morfill (married to Charlotte Lee). Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda/Torda/Thorenburg, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. Ioan Rațiu was arrested following his condemnation for anti-state activity through the distribution of a manifesto on Transylvanian autonomy and linguistic rights in the “Memorandum trial.” ¶ In reply to the letter received from Emilia Rațiu, Elisabeth Lee thanks Rațiu for the photographs she had sent. Lee remarks on the physiognomy of the Romanian peasants depicted and the qualities they express. She mentions that she has been told about inhabitants, landscapes, and language by her brother-in-law, who had travelled in the region. For Rațiu’s initial letter, see Emilia Dr. Rațiu, “Emilia Dr. Rațiu to Elisabeth Lee [1894]” (Draft Letter, Turda, 1894), 912/1894, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff.1-2, Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest. ¶ Elisabeth Lee’s brief letter can be read in the context of emerging interest in England for Transylvania because of ethnography and women’s travel writing. Ethnography developed in the Austrian side of the Austro-Hungarian Empire as a way of emphasizing the monarchy’s protection of diversity, whereas in the Hungarian side ethnography served assimilation goals. This may have led to a particular “ethnographic gaze” among Transylvanian artists and intellectuals, one that emphasized both ethnic diversity and essential ethnic difference. In the case of the British Empire, ethnography underpinned the colonial enterprise and fed citizens’ fantasies of empire. The correspondence between the two women might be read as the intersection of the two, quite distinctive “ethnographic gazes” of differently positioned imperial subjects. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Ethnography; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Habsburg Empire; Transylvania; Photographs; Mobilization; Networks. Show more Show less

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Emilia Dr. Rațiu to Franz Schuzelka, 15 October 1870

written by Emilia Rațiu, 1846-1929 (Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 1033/1870, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu) (15 October 1870) , 4 page(s)

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TITLE: Emilia Dr. Rațiu to Franz Schuzelka, 15 October 1870. DESCRIPTION: Handwritten, Romanian-language draft of letter from Emilia Dr. Rațiu to Imperial Council/Reichsrat speaker and editor of the liberal Reform journal Franz Schuzelka, offering a gift in the name of a “committee of Romanian women from Transylvania.” The final two pages list the names of 122 women who supported the gesture. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Ro... TITLE: Emilia Dr. Rațiu to Franz Schuzelka, 15 October 1870. DESCRIPTION: Handwritten, Romanian-language draft of letter from Emilia Dr. Rațiu to Imperial Council/Reichsrat speaker and editor of the liberal Reform journal Franz Schuzelka, offering a gift in the name of a “committee of Romanian women from Transylvania.” The final two pages list the names of 122 women who supported the gesture. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist, frequent contributor to the popular Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Dr. Ioan Rațiu. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. Franz Schuzelka was the editor of the Viennese liberal newspaper Die Reform. In Emilia Rațiu's correspondence, he is mentioned as a speaker in the “Imperial Senate,” advocating for the rights of nationalities within the Empire. ¶ The letter thanks Schuzelka for his consistent advocacy in the Imperial Council and especially in the pages of Reform for the political rights of the Romanian nation: the “Austrian monarchy’s … most oppressed … although liberty and equality of rights were often proclaimed.” Rațiu promises that while “men fight armed with your Doctrine” in order to regain lost rights, women will fight to spread Schuzelka’s ideas “to the children in the cribs.” The letter was sent during an ostensible “period of malaise” in Transylvanian Romanian nationalist politics, while the activity of a controversial, secularizing, centralist cabinet in Vienna, the so-called Burgher Cabinet/ Bürgerministerium, enjoyed great visibility due to an active interregional liberal press. When in 1867 the union of Transylvania with Hungary was declared, Romanian Transylvanian intellectuals began to boycott participation in the Hungarian diet, inaugurating a two-decade long strategy of “political passivism.” Schuzelka’s position on nationalities in the Empire probably coincided with the liberal federalist position (against further centralization) embraced by most Transylvanian Romanian intellectuals in this context. Interestingly, the embrace of passivism and conflicts surrounding the adequacy of this strategy among Transylvanian Romanian nationalists opened a space for intensified organizing and publishing on the “woman question.” The numerous trenchant articles by local women and translations of feminist speeches from abroad, published in the popular Familia magazine in 1870, testify to this uptick in preoccupation during that year. It should be pointed out that the letter may have never been sent or more likely, received no reply from Schuzelka. Emilia Rațiu’s archives include correspondence with a Viennese artisan concerning a gilded object, showing that concrete steps to create a gift had been taken. At the same time, Sevastia Mureșianu, a Brașov woman whose son wrote for Die Reform, asked her son in an 1871 letter whether Emilia Rațiu’s proposed gift had ever materialized. Mureșianu had advised against sending a gift and proposed instead simply a letter, on account of several major bankruptcies in Transylvania. The letter illuminates autonomous, political organizing by nationalist Transylvanian Romanian women (independently from their husbands), their embrace of liberalism and its inflection of nationalism during the 1870s, their membership in a liberal public sphere and desire to become visible as members of this sphere. It also illustrates women’s participation in the construction of an interregional, Empire-wide understanding of politics, a phenomenon that characterized Austria-Hungary’s late 19th century. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; Transylvania; Press; Networks. Show more Show less

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Emilia I. Persoiu to Reunion of Romanian Women Brașov, Brașov, 4/18 November 1868

written by Emilia I. Persoiu, fl. 1868 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov, 5507/1868, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, f.1) (November 1868) , 3 page(s)

TITLE: Emilia I. Persoiu to Reunion of Romanian Women Brașov, Brașov, 4/18 November 1868. DESCRIPTION: Letter sent by a dues-paying member of the Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ The Reunion of Romanian Women in Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt to the General Assembly of the association. The Reunion of Romanian Women in Bra...

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Frantiska Plamínková to Martina G. Kramers, May 1908

written by Františka Plamínková, 1875-1942 (Památník národního písemnictví v Praze, Literární archiv [Memorial of National Literature, Literary Archives], fond Plamínková Františka, access. no. 22/76, inv. no. 2806, p. 277) (May 1908) , 2 page(s)

TITLE: Frantiska Plamínková to Martina G. Kramers, May 1908. DESCRIPTION: The copy of the letter by Františka Plamínková (1875-1942), the chairwoman of Výbor pro volební právo žen [Committee for Women's Voting Rights], the group of women coordinating since the end of 1905 the activities of the of Czech sp...

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Františka Plamínková to Carrie Chapman-Catt, Prague, 28 April 1908

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TITLE: Františka Plamínková to Carrie Chapman-Catt, Prague, 28 April 1908. DESCRIPTION: Františka Plamínková (1875-1942) was the leader of the Czech speaking women’s suffrage movement in Bohemia. Bohemia was a crown land of Austria (Cisleithania). Plamínková led Výbor pro volební právo žen [Committee for Women's Voting Rights], which she had cofounded in 1905. It was a group of women which since the end of 1905 coordinated the activ... TITLE: Františka Plamínková to Carrie Chapman-Catt, Prague, 28 April 1908. DESCRIPTION: Františka Plamínková (1875-1942) was the leader of the Czech speaking women’s suffrage movement in Bohemia. Bohemia was a crown land of Austria (Cisleithania). Plamínková led Výbor pro volební právo žen [Committee for Women's Voting Rights], which she had cofounded in 1905. It was a group of women which since the end of 1905 coordinated the activities of the Czech speaking women for women’s suffrage in Bohemia. As the Austrian law forbade women to participate in political associations, the Committee balanced on the edge of the law. It could not have the status of an association and functioned as an informal group. In the letter to the President of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Carrie Chapman Catt (1859-1947), Plamínková explains the way of functioning of the Committee for Women's Voting Rights under the existing Austrian law. She regrets that as an informal group, the Committee cannot become a full member of the Alliance. She notes that the delegate of the Committee will come to the upcoming IWSA congress to Amsterdam in 1908 as a guest. See also, Františka Plamínková, “Kongress mezinárodní Alliance pro volební právo žen v Amsterdamě 15. – 26. června 1908 [Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance in Amsterdam in July 15-26, 1908],” Ženská revue [Women’s Review] 3 (September 1908): 171–177 (8pp.); and, “Frantiska Plamínková to Martina G. Kramers, May 1908” (Letter, Praha [Prague], May 1908), fond Plamínková Františka, access. no. 22/76, inv. no. 2806, p. 277, Památník národního písemnictví v Praze, Literární archiv [Memorial of National Literature, Literary Archives]. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Institutions of Empire; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Right of Association; Habsburg Empire Show more Show less

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Gr. Teleki Sándorné, gr. Haller Györgyné, Paula Pogány (A Nok Választójogi Világszövetségének VII. kongresszusa. Elokészíto Biz...

written by Iska Teleki, fl. 1912, Ilona Haller, fl. 1912 and Paula Pogány, fl. 1918 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 48) (07 May 1912) , 1 page(s)

TITLE: Countess Iska Teleki, Countess Ilona Haller, Paula Pogány of the Preparatory Committee 7th International Woman Suffrage Congress to Esteemed Presidency, Budapest, 7 May 1912. DESCRIPTION: Letter soliciting subsidies for the seventh congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance in 1913, pointing out...

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