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Aletta Jacobs to Františka Plamínková, Amsterdam, January 1914
written by Aletta Henriette Jacobs, 1854-1929 (Památník národního písemnictví v Praze, Literární archiv, [Memorial of National Literature, Literary Archives], fond Flamínková Františka, access. no. 22/76, inv. no. 2406) (January 1914) , 2 page(s)
TITLE: Aletta Jacobs to Františka Plamínková, Amsterdam, January 1914. DESCRIPTION: The postcard is written by Dutch physician and women's suffrage activist Aletta Jacobs (1854-1929) and addressed to Františka Plamínková (1875-1942), the chairwoman of Výbor pro volební právo žen [Committee for Women's...
Sample
written by Aletta Henriette Jacobs, 1854-1929 (Památník národního písemnictví v Praze, Literární archiv, [Memorial of National Literature, Literary Archives], fond Flamínková Františka, access. no. 22/76, inv. no. 2406) (January 1914) , 2 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Aletta Jacobs to Františka Plamínková, Amsterdam, January 1914. DESCRIPTION: The postcard is written by Dutch physician and women's suffrage activist Aletta Jacobs (1854-1929) and addressed to Františka Plamínková (1875-1942), the chairwoman of Výbor pro volební právo žen [Committee for Women's Voting Rights], the group of women which since the end of 1905 coordinated the activities of the of Czech speaking women for women’s...
TITLE: Aletta Jacobs to Františka Plamínková, Amsterdam, January 1914. DESCRIPTION: The postcard is written by Dutch physician and women's suffrage activist Aletta Jacobs (1854-1929) and addressed to Františka Plamínková (1875-1942), the chairwoman of Výbor pro volební právo žen [Committee for Women's Voting Rights], the group of women which since the end of 1905 coordinated the activities of the of Czech speaking women for women’s suffrage in Bohemia. Bohemia was a crown land of Austria (Cisleithania). Aletta Jacobs sends her best wishes for the year 1914 and expresses the hope that their common cause would bring many victories. The postcard features a portrait of Jacobs. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Habsburg Empire
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
January 1914, 1914
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Aletta Henriette Jacobs, 1854-1929
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Suffrage, Human Rights, Czechs
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Aletta Jacobs to Rosika Schwimmer, Semarang, Java, 22 June 1912
written by Aletta Henriette Jacobs, 1854-1929 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (22 June 1912) , 4 page(s)
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from Semarang, Aletta Jacobs writes to Rosika Schwimmer. Jacobs, who was traveling with Carrie Chapman Catt, tells Schwimmer that she had been too busy to write sooner and seems to be responding to a letter from Schwimmer. Jacbos reports attending several suffrage meetings i...
Sample
written by Aletta Henriette Jacobs, 1854-1929 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (22 June 1912) , 4 page(s)
Description
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from Semarang, Aletta Jacobs writes to Rosika Schwimmer. Jacobs, who was traveling with Carrie Chapman Catt, tells Schwimmer that she had been too busy to write sooner and seems to be responding to a letter from Schwimmer. Jacbos reports attending several suffrage meetings in Java and Sumatra and create ten new branches of “our society,” or the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA). Jacobs mentio...
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from Semarang, Aletta Jacobs writes to Rosika Schwimmer. Jacobs, who was traveling with Carrie Chapman Catt, tells Schwimmer that she had been too busy to write sooner and seems to be responding to a letter from Schwimmer. Jacbos reports attending several suffrage meetings in Java and Sumatra and create ten new branches of “our society,” or the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA). Jacobs mentions the language barrier in that Catt only spoke in a few places because “the people…did not understand the English language.” Jacobs assures Schwimmer that Jacobs and Catt are not fighting, that a disagreement is not the cause for the change in travel plans. Instead, Jacobs needs to return to Holland for the national alliance presidential election. Her Dutch colleagues are worried she will not win reelection is she is not there in person. Jacobs lists the remaining travel plans, including two stops in Hong Kong, where she wishes to create a new branch of the alliance and to find delegates to attend the congress in Budapest. She plans to travel via railway through Russia before arriving home in November. Jacobs reports that she and Catt are both in perfect health, and Jacobs, again, reassures Schwimmer that she is not quarrelling with Catt. Jacobs congratulates Schwimmer on her work for the congress, and Jacobs hopes to attend in June. She sends best wishes for the congress preparations along with “many kisses of friendship.” KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Carrie Chapman Catt; Aletta Jacobs; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Dutch East India (Indonesia); Java; Semarang; Róza Schwimmer (Rosika Schwimmer); Janka Grossmann; Szidónia Willhelm
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
22 June 1912, 1912
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Aletta Henriette Jacobs, 1854-1929
Person Discussed
Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Suffrage, Equal Rights for Women, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Javanese, Dutch
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Allgemeiner Österreichischer Frauenverein Wien to Božena Viková-Kunětická, June 14, 1912
written by Allgemeiner Österreichischer Frauenverein (Památník národního písemnictví v Praze, Literární archiv, [Memorial of National Literature, Literary Archives], fond Viková-Kunětická Božena, access. no. 59/55, folder ‘blahopřání k zvolení B. Vikové-Kunětické do sněmu král. Českého z roku 1912‘ [congratulations on the election of B. Viková-Kunětická to Bohemian Provincial Diet in 1912]) (14 June 1912) , 2 page(s)
TITLE: Allgemeiner Österreichischer Frauenverein Wien to Božena Viková-Kunětická, June 14, 1912. DESCRIPTION: The Allgemeiner Österreichischer Frauenverein [General Austrian Women’s Association] founded in 1893, was an influential association of German speaking Austrian women’s activists. Božena Viková...
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written by Allgemeiner Österreichischer Frauenverein (Památník národního písemnictví v Praze, Literární archiv, [Memorial of National Literature, Literary Archives], fond Viková-Kunětická Božena, access. no. 59/55, folder ‘blahopřání k zvolení B. Vikové-Kunětické do sněmu král. Českého z roku 1912‘ [congratulations on the election of B. Viková-Kunětická to Bohemian Provincial Diet in 1912]) (14 June 1912) , 2 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Allgemeiner Österreichischer Frauenverein Wien to Božena Viková-Kunětická, June 14, 1912. DESCRIPTION: The Allgemeiner Österreichischer Frauenverein [General Austrian Women’s Association] founded in 1893, was an influential association of German speaking Austrian women’s activists. Božena Viková-Kunětická (1862-1934) was a Czech speaking writer and nationalist politician. In 1912, she was elected a deputy to the Bohemian Prov...
TITLE: Allgemeiner Österreichischer Frauenverein Wien to Božena Viková-Kunětická, June 14, 1912. DESCRIPTION: The Allgemeiner Österreichischer Frauenverein [General Austrian Women’s Association] founded in 1893, was an influential association of German speaking Austrian women’s activists. Božena Viková-Kunětická (1862-1934) was a Czech speaking writer and nationalist politician. In 1912, she was elected a deputy to the Bohemian Provincial Diet, the first elected woman deputy in the Habsburg Monarchy. The curial electoral system to the Diet, in use since 1861, was based on tax and property qualifications and thus excluded a major part of the citizens on the basis of class. At the same time the regulations pertaining to the Bohemian Diet used gender neutral terms – some women thus were not deprived from the right to vote to the Diet, some were not explicitly excluded from the passive electoral right. The representatives of the General Austrian Women’s Association Adele Gerber (1863-1937) and Leopoldine Kulka (1872-1920) congratulate Viková-Kunětická to her victory and describe her election as an important step for the women’s movement as a whole. KEYWORDS: Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Habsburg Empire; Cisleithania; Vienna
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
14 June 1912, 1912
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Allgemeiner Österreichischer Frauenverein
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Suffrage, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Equal Rights for Women
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Anna Howard Shaw to Paula Pogány, Moylan, Penn., 7 May 1912
written by Anna Howard Shaw, 1847-1919 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (07 May 1912) , 2 page(s)
KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Anna Howard Shaw; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Women’s Right to Political Association in Hungary; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Habsburg Empire
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written by Anna Howard Shaw, 1847-1919 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (07 May 1912) , 2 page(s)
Description
KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Anna Howard Shaw; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Women’s Right to Political Association in Hungary; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Habsburg Empire
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
07 May 1912, 1912
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Anna Howard Shaw, 1847-1919
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Equal Rights for Women, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Suffrage, Human Rights, Americans, Hungarians
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Anna Ziegloserová to 'Très honorée Madame,' Praque, 16 October 1912
written by Anna Ziegloserová, 1883-1942 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (16 October 1912) , 1 page(s)
TITLE: Anna Ziegloserová to 'Très honorée Madame,' Praque, 16 October 1912. DESCRIPTION: Letter kept in the Archives of the Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete), National Archives of Hungary. On behalf of the Czech women’s journal Ženský obzor (‘Women’s horizon’) Anna Ziegloserová (1883-194...
Sample
written by Anna Ziegloserová, 1883-1942 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (16 October 1912) , 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Anna Ziegloserová to 'Très honorée Madame,' Praque, 16 October 1912. DESCRIPTION: Letter kept in the Archives of the Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete), National Archives of Hungary. On behalf of the Czech women’s journal Ženský obzor (‘Women’s horizon’) Anna Ziegloserová (1883-1942) informs one representative of the Association that the journal will gladly publish an article giving information about the seventh c...
TITLE: Anna Ziegloserová to 'Très honorée Madame,' Praque, 16 October 1912. DESCRIPTION: Letter kept in the Archives of the Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete), National Archives of Hungary. On behalf of the Czech women’s journal Ženský obzor (‘Women’s horizon’) Anna Ziegloserová (1883-1942) informs one representative of the Association that the journal will gladly publish an article giving information about the seventh congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) planned for 1913 in Budapest. The journal has published already a short notice about the congress. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Austria; Bohemia; Moravia
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Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
16 October 1912, 1912
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Anna Ziegloserová, 1883-1942
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Suffrage, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Empire and Feminism
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Annual report of Splošno žensko društvo, 1910
written by General Slovene Women’s Society (Zgodovinski arhiv Ljubljana. ZAL, LJU 285) (1910) , 10 page(s)
TITLE: Annual Report of Splošno žensko društvo, 1913. DESCRIPTION: The document is the annual report of Splošnoslovenskoženskodruštvo (General Slovene Women’s Society), the most important association of Slovene-speaking women in the Austrian half of the Habsburg Empire, for the year 1913. The report inform...
Sample
written by General Slovene Women’s Society (Zgodovinski arhiv Ljubljana. ZAL, LJU 285) (1910) , 10 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Annual Report of Splošno žensko društvo, 1913. DESCRIPTION: The document is the annual report of Splošnoslovenskoženskodruštvo (General Slovene Women’s Society), the most important association of Slovene-speaking women in the Austrian half of the Habsburg Empire, for the year 1913. The report informs about the preparations of the exhibition “Jugoslavenskažena” (The Yugoslav woman), in cooperation with women’s organizations f...
TITLE: Annual Report of Splošno žensko društvo, 1913. DESCRIPTION: The document is the annual report of Splošnoslovenskoženskodruštvo (General Slovene Women’s Society), the most important association of Slovene-speaking women in the Austrian half of the Habsburg Empire, for the year 1913. The report informs about the preparations of the exhibition “Jugoslavenskažena” (The Yugoslav woman), in cooperation with women’s organizations from Zagreb-Ženskaudrugazapromicanjenarodnepučkeumjetnosti i obrta (Women’s Association for Promoting National Popular Art and Crafts) and Udrugaučiteljica (Female Teachers’ Association). Due to the economic crisis related to the Balkan wars, the exhibition was postponed to 1914. French, English, German and Slavic delegates travelling to the Seventh Congress of the International Women’s Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) in Budapest, held the meeting in Prague from 8th to the 12th of June 1913. The Czech women convoked the meeting of Slavic women in Prague, protesting the decisions of Vienna and Budapest committees not to accept language equality at the congress. Croatian and Slovene women expressed solidarity with the Czechs, and sent the telegram to the Výbor pro volebníprávožen (Committee for women’s suffrage). The report includes the text of the telegram, in which the authors expressed a wish for establishing an Austrian Slavic women’s federation (a federation of Slavic-speaking women’s organizations within the Austrian half of the Habsburg Empire). The Slovene women expressed their regrets for being geographically distant from active Czech women, and for being obliged to be members of Vienna’s Bund Österreichischer Frauenvereine (Federation of Austrian Women’s Associations). The report documents the shifting alliances among women of different nationalities within the Empire, in this case under the influence of the Yugoslav and the Austro-Slavic political models, respectively. It also documents tensions between women activists from different nationalities in relation to the 1913 IWSA Congress in Budapest. Keywords: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; Empire and Feminism; Empire and Internationalism; Political and Human Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Suffrage; Habsburg Empire; Budapest IWSA Congress 1913
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1910
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Government/institutional document
Author / Creator
General Slovene Women’s Society
Person Discussed
Franja Tavčarjeva, fl. 1907, Františka Plamínková, 1875-1942, Marianne Hainisch, 1839-1936
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Empire and Internationalism, Empire and Feminism, Czechs, Austrians, Slovene
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Annual report of Splošno žensko društvo, 1918
written by General Slovene Women’s Society (Zgodovinski arhiv Ljubljana. ZAL, LJU 285) (1918) , 13 page(s)
TITLE: A Lecture on Women's Emancipation in Russia in the Beginning of 1902. DESCRIPTION: The text by an anonymous author, a Slovene woman living in Russia, provides information about the progress of women’s emancipation in Russia in the beginning of 1902. After starting with the reference about the debate over...
Sample
written by General Slovene Women’s Society (Zgodovinski arhiv Ljubljana. ZAL, LJU 285) (1918) , 13 page(s)
Description
TITLE: A Lecture on Women's Emancipation in Russia in the Beginning of 1902. DESCRIPTION: The text by an anonymous author, a Slovene woman living in Russia, provides information about the progress of women’s emancipation in Russia in the beginning of 1902. After starting with the reference about the debate over the use of the titles Miss and Mrs. in Parisian circles, the author reports that in Russia women are more interested in practical probl...
TITLE: A Lecture on Women's Emancipation in Russia in the Beginning of 1902. DESCRIPTION: The text by an anonymous author, a Slovene woman living in Russia, provides information about the progress of women’s emancipation in Russia in the beginning of 1902. After starting with the reference about the debate over the use of the titles Miss and Mrs. in Parisian circles, the author reports that in Russia women are more interested in practical problems, such as the fight against prostitution. They establish programs for young female workers consisting in lectures, courses, and organized entertainment under the supervision of patronesses. In Petrograd, courses and schools have been established for training of young women in watchmaking, handicrafts, pharmacy, and agriculture. The document shows the circulation of information about organized women’s movements and the efforts for women’s emancipation beyond the Empire. The personal letters and reports from women from the same ethnic group living in foreign countries often served as the first sources of information for women activists eager to gain knowledge about the women’s movements across the world. Women’s organizations also relied on the exchange of journals and direct correspondence with fellow activists. The document is kept incomes from the archives of Splošnoslovenskoženskodruštvo(General Slovene Women’s Society), the most important association of Slovene-speaking women in the Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. As a major independent Slavic country, the Russian Empire was a culturally and politically important reference point for national elites of Slavic peoples within the Habsburg Empire. Keywords: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Habsburg Empire; Russian Empire
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1918
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Government/institutional document
Author / Creator
General Slovene Women’s Society
Person Discussed
Franja Tavčarjeva, fl. 1907
Topic / Theme
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Empire and Internationalism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Feminism, Czechs, Serbians, Croatians, Slovene, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912), 33 page(s)
TITLE: The Yearbook of the Women's Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1911-1912 period issued by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/Hermannstadt/ Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880 with the stated goal of creating t...
Sample
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912), 33 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Yearbook of the Women's Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1911-1912 period issued by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/Hermannstadt/ Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880 with the stated goal of creating to promote Romanian women’s education, including both an institute and a boarding school. Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romani...
TITLE: The Yearbook of the Women's Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1911-1912 period issued by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/Hermannstadt/ Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880 with the stated goal of creating to promote Romanian women’s education, including both an institute and a boarding school. Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. (On a similar, older initiative, run by the Brasov/Brasso/Kronstadt Women’s Reunion, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brașov, “Regulament. Pentru internatul de fetite ax reuniunii femeilor române din Brasov [Regulations: For the Girls’ Boarding School of the Reunion of the Romanian Women in Brașov]” (Official Organizational Document, Brașov, României, January 1, 1888), 5747/1888, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov. Also of note, the Sibiu Reunion’s elementary school should not be confused with the Civil School for Girls, the secondary school founded by ASTRA Association, which the former functioned in “organic connection” and shared a building; on ASTRA’s school; see also, Scoala Civila de Fete a Asociatiunii Astra, “Condiții de primire în școala civilă de fete a Asociațiunii și în internatul acesteia [Admission Conditions in the Civil Girls’ School of the Association and its Boarding House]” (Official Organizational Document, Sibiu, 1901), 2/1901, Fond Scoala Civila de Fete (Astra) SB-F-00045-2-1901-2, ff. 1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Directia Judetena a Arhivelor Nationale Sibiu.) In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” In 1915, the Reunion’s wartime charitable activities were commended by the Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria (1866-1939) and the municipal authorities in Sibiu. In 1919, now part of the Kingdom of Romania, the school of the Sibiu Reunion and that of ASTRA merged and changed their status from private (or civil) to public (or state) schools. The same year, Queen Marie of Romania (1875-1938) became patron of the Reunion’s reopened School for Housekeeping and Industry. In general, the Reunion thrived. In 1918, it organized a public meeting, attended by over 500 women, to celebrate the planned union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania. It also named Eleonora Lemeny as its representative to the official unification negotiations; it mobilized to counter the brutality of the Hungarian Bolsheviks, and it favored the Romanian army’s march against the Budapest Soviet Republic. In the years that followed, the Sibiu Reunion was a significant participant in the Union of Romanian Women, initiated by Maria Baiulescu. ¶ The Yearbook contains minutes of the Reunion’s 1911-1912 meeting, the formal annual report of the organization’s activities, information on the association’s budget and funding, lists of members and the transcript of the speech made by longtime Reunion President, Maria Cosma, during that year’s general assembly. Together, the documents included in the Yearbook show that during 1911-1912 the Reunion reorganized its housekeeping school (founded in 1905), by hiring highly qualified personnel and acquiring a building for this institution. The newly-reorganized school had a section for instruction in “industry” and one for training in housekeeping (“școala de menaj”). The industrial section offered courses aimed to train women both in cottage industry weaving and in factory-type, mechanized weaving. The Reunion recognized the influence of the Fribourg Home Economics School (in Switzerland) on its housekeeping section. The Yearbook mentions hiring one of the Swiss School’s (Romanian) graduates and seeking to select and adapt Fribourg methods to local conditions. Differently from the middle-class clientele of the Reunion’s elementary school, this professional training school was meant to grant scholarships and “open up a career” for poorer girls, all the while contributing to the Romanian national cause through the Romanian-language education of these poorer women, with rural origins. The documents also discuss the Reunion’s desire to begin caring for boys’ education, by providing them with meals and a dedicated boarding school. It should be noted that at the time the multiethnic town of Sibiu/Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben already had a strong tradition in both women’s educational institutions and professional training. Nevertheless, the Reunion’s ambitions for the new school are notable as they responded to several major socio-economic trends in or affecting the Austro-Hungarian Empire. At the time, Austria-Hungary was undergoing a boom in the textile industry. Secondly, the household-training movement was a fairly conservative European response to rural-urban migration and changes in women’s work, brought about by proletarization. Thirdly, Transylvanian Romanian nationalists had intensified by the 1910s their middle-class reformist outlook, by more strongly promoting economic organization and productivity as keys to national progress. The Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu placed itself and the young women it wished to educate in the middle of these developments, in interesting ways. Reunion members’ participation in the People’s Kitchen (“Bucataria Poporala”) organized by the municipality also receives a mention in the Yearbook. ¶ The Yearbook shows how the Sibiu version of the Transylvanian Romanian network of Reunions chose to deal with industrialization and women’s work. Compared to the Hunedoara Reunion’s social pedagogy concerning women’s work, the Sibiu Reunion was embracing technological change more openly. For comparison, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Hunedoara, Reuniunea femeilor române din Comitatul Hunedoarei 1886-1911 [The Reunion of Romanian Women from the District of Hunedoara, 1886-1911] (Orastie: Tipografia Noua, 1912). Furthermore, this Yearbook shows how the Reunion wanted to promote women’s and national progress simultaneously, by linking young Romanian women’s improved career opportunities to the furthering of the national cause. The Reunion recognized and developed practices around certain class issues as well (visible in their seeking to grant scholarships to all students of the Housekeeping school). This Yearbook contributes to a better understanding of the evolution of Transylvanian Romanian women’s associations in the years right before, during and immediately after the Great War. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Education in National Languages; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; The Home Economics Movement; Work and Class Identity; Habsburg Empire; Home industry; Funds and donations; Municipal activism; People’s Kitchens; Archduke Franz Salvator, Archduke of Austria, Prince of Tuscany; Princess Marie of Edinburgh, Queen Marie of Romania
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu
Date Published / Released
1912
Publisher
Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane
Person Discussed
Franz Salvator, Archduke of Austria, 1866-1939, Marie, of Romania, 1875-1938
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women, Empire and Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Social and Political Leadership, Roma...
Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women, Empire and Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Social and Political Leadership, Romanians
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Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1913-1914
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1914), 30 page(s)
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the Years 1913-1914. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1913-1914 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, el...
Sample
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1914), 30 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the Years 1913-1914. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1913-1914 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It reorganized th...
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the Years 1913-1914. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1913-1914 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It reorganized this school in 1911, by dividing it into sections for training in industrial and housekeeping work but closed it in 1914. For more on the school, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Sibiu, Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912 [The Yearbook of the Women’s Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912] (Sibiu: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912). After the beginning of the Great War, the Sibiu Reunion volunteered to care for the Austro-Hungarian Army’s wounded by creating a “reserve hospital” in the training school’s building. In 1919, Queen Marie of Romania (1875-1938) became patron of the Reunion’s reopened School for Housekeeping and Industry. In the years that followed, the Sibiu Reunion was a significant participant in the federative Union of Romanian Women, initiated by Maria Baiulescu. ¶ The Yearbook offers information on the activities of the Sibiu Reunion of Romanian Women between 1913 and 1914. The administrative documents reproduced in the yearbook include the presidential address by Maria Cosma, meeting minutes, budgets, annual organizational report, the household section report, the industrial section report, an accounting report, a membership report, and proposals before the committee. A balance sheet and a budget sheet are included in table form, and the membership list is printed last. This yearbook shows how the Reunion wanted to promote women’s and national progress simultaneously, by linking young Romanian women’s improved career opportunities to the furthering of the national cause. The Reunion recognized and developed practices around certain class issues as well. This yearbook contributes to a better understanding of the evolution of Transylvanian Romanian women’s associations in the years right before, during and immediately after the Great War. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Education in National Languages; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; The Home Economics Movement; Work and Class Identity; Habsburg Empire; Home industry; Funds and donations; Municipal activism; People’s Kitchens; Princess Marie of Edinburgh, Queen Marie of Romania
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu
Date Published / Released
1914
Publisher
Editura Reuniunii
Person Discussed
Marie, of Romania, 1875-1938
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Work and Class Identity, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Women as “Proletariat”, Ro...
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Work and Class Identity, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Women as “Proletariat”, Romanians
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Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1914-1915 si 1915-1916
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1916), 38 page(s)
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the years 1914-1915 and 1915-1916. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1914-1915 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-languag...
Sample
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1916), 38 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the years 1914-1915 and 1915-1916. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1914-1915 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It...
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the years 1914-1915 and 1915-1916. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1914-1915 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It reorganized this school in 1911, by dividing it into sections for training in industrial and housekeeping work but closed it in 1914. For more on the school, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Sibiu, Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912 [The Yearbook of the Women’s Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912] (Sibiu: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912). After the beginning of the Great War, the Sibiu Reunion volunteered to care for the Austro-Hungarian Army’s wounded by creating a “reserve hospital” in the training school’s building. In 1919, Queen Marie of Romania (1875-1938) became patron of the Reunion’s reopened School for Housekeeping and Industry. In the years that followed, the Sibiu Reunion was a significant participant in the federative Union of Romanian Women, initiated by Maria Baiulescu. ¶ The Yearbook offers information on the activities of the Sibiu Reunion of Romanian Women between 1914 and 1916. According to the administrative documents reproduced in the yearbook (meeting minutes, budgets, annual report), the “reserve hospital” cared for “264 wounded soldiers, by origin from the different countries of our Monarchy.” In 1915, the Reunion hospital and its initiators were commended by the visiting Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria (1866-1939), a promoter of the Red Cross in Austria-Hungary. In 1916, the Reunion closed its hospital, arguing that it was no longer sent any wounded to care for. Valeria Soroștineanu has shown that the situation of Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt and its inhabitants during the second half of the war was complicated: when the Kingdom of Romania joined the war in 1916, on the side of the Entente, the city was quickly surrounded by the neighboring country’s troops, with most civilians fleeing the area. The members of the Reunion remaining in the (still Austro-Hungarian) city of Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt drastically reduced their social involvement, due to the “heavy atmosphere” and the weight of familial concerns. The Reunion re-emerged in late 1918 to welcome Romanian troops to the city and host a reception in honor of the Romanian-allied French General Henri Berthelot (1861-1931). For more on this, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Sibiu, Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912 [The Yearbook of the Women’s Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912] (Sibiu: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912). ¶ By covering the first years of the Great War, the yearbook helps us understand the transition undergone by the Sibiu Reunion, and to a certain extent, all women’s Reunions in Transylvania. Until 1916, the Reunion behaved largely like an Austro-Hungarian association of pragmatic, nationalistic Romanian women and was considered a significant part of Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt’s municipal associational fabric. After 1918, the organization presented itself and was recognized as primarily, ardently nationalistic. This yearbook helps reconstruct the evolution of Transylvanian Romanian women’s associations in the years right before, during and immediately after the Great War. In a broader sense, it contributes to comprehending the transformation of “empire” into “post-empire,” for the case of the Dual Monarchy. KEYWORDS: Peace and War, International Governance, and International Law; War; War-time welfare; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire Silenced; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health; Women as Medical Professionals; Habsburg Empire; Funds and donations; Municipal activism; Archduke Franz Salvator, Archduke of Austria, Prince of Tuscany; Princess Marie of Edinburgh, Queen Marie of Romania.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu
Date Published / Released
1916
Publisher
Editura Reuniunii
Person Discussed
Marie, of Romania, 1875-1938, Franz Salvator, Archduke of Austria, 1866-1939
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source...
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Women as Medical Professionals, Birth Control, Sexuality, International Peace, Romanians, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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