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Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912), 33 page(s)
TITLE: The Yearbook of the Women's Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1911-1912 period issued by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/Hermannstadt/ Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880 with the stated goal of creating t...
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912), 33 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Yearbook of the Women's Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1911-1912 period issued by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/Hermannstadt/ Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880 with the stated goal of creating to promote Romanian women’s education, including both an institute and a boarding school. Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romani...
TITLE: The Yearbook of the Women's Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1911-1912 period issued by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/Hermannstadt/ Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880 with the stated goal of creating to promote Romanian women’s education, including both an institute and a boarding school. Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. (On a similar, older initiative, run by the Brasov/Brasso/Kronstadt Women’s Reunion, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brașov, “Regulament. Pentru internatul de fetite ax reuniunii femeilor române din Brasov [Regulations: For the Girls’ Boarding School of the Reunion of the Romanian Women in Brașov]” (Official Organizational Document, Brașov, României, January 1, 1888), 5747/1888, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov. Also of note, the Sibiu Reunion’s elementary school should not be confused with the Civil School for Girls, the secondary school founded by ASTRA Association, which the former functioned in “organic connection” and shared a building; on ASTRA’s school; see also, Scoala Civila de Fete a Asociatiunii Astra, “Condiții de primire în școala civilă de fete a Asociațiunii și în internatul acesteia [Admission Conditions in the Civil Girls’ School of the Association and its Boarding House]” (Official Organizational Document, Sibiu, 1901), 2/1901, Fond Scoala Civila de Fete (Astra) SB-F-00045-2-1901-2, ff. 1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Directia Judetena a Arhivelor Nationale Sibiu.) In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” In 1915, the Reunion’s wartime charitable activities were commended by the Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria (1866-1939) and the municipal authorities in Sibiu. In 1919, now part of the Kingdom of Romania, the school of the Sibiu Reunion and that of ASTRA merged and changed their status from private (or civil) to public (or state) schools. The same year, Queen Marie of Romania (1875-1938) became patron of the Reunion’s reopened School for Housekeeping and Industry. In general, the Reunion thrived. In 1918, it organized a public meeting, attended by over 500 women, to celebrate the planned union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania. It also named Eleonora Lemeny as its representative to the official unification negotiations; it mobilized to counter the brutality of the Hungarian Bolsheviks, and it favored the Romanian army’s march against the Budapest Soviet Republic. In the years that followed, the Sibiu Reunion was a significant participant in the Union of Romanian Women, initiated by Maria Baiulescu. ¶ The Yearbook contains minutes of the Reunion’s 1911-1912 meeting, the formal annual report of the organization’s activities, information on the association’s budget and funding, lists of members and the transcript of the speech made by longtime Reunion President, Maria Cosma, during that year’s general assembly. Together, the documents included in the Yearbook show that during 1911-1912 the Reunion reorganized its housekeeping school (founded in 1905), by hiring highly qualified personnel and acquiring a building for this institution. The newly-reorganized school had a section for instruction in “industry” and one for training in housekeeping (“școala de menaj”). The industrial section offered courses aimed to train women both in cottage industry weaving and in factory-type, mechanized weaving. The Reunion recognized the influence of the Fribourg Home Economics School (in Switzerland) on its housekeeping section. The Yearbook mentions hiring one of the Swiss School’s (Romanian) graduates and seeking to select and adapt Fribourg methods to local conditions. Differently from the middle-class clientele of the Reunion’s elementary school, this professional training school was meant to grant scholarships and “open up a career” for poorer girls, all the while contributing to the Romanian national cause through the Romanian-language education of these poorer women, with rural origins. The documents also discuss the Reunion’s desire to begin caring for boys’ education, by providing them with meals and a dedicated boarding school. It should be noted that at the time the multiethnic town of Sibiu/Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben already had a strong tradition in both women’s educational institutions and professional training. Nevertheless, the Reunion’s ambitions for the new school are notable as they responded to several major socio-economic trends in or affecting the Austro-Hungarian Empire. At the time, Austria-Hungary was undergoing a boom in the textile industry. Secondly, the household-training movement was a fairly conservative European response to rural-urban migration and changes in women’s work, brought about by proletarization. Thirdly, Transylvanian Romanian nationalists had intensified by the 1910s their middle-class reformist outlook, by more strongly promoting economic organization and productivity as keys to national progress. The Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu placed itself and the young women it wished to educate in the middle of these developments, in interesting ways. Reunion members’ participation in the People’s Kitchen (“Bucataria Poporala”) organized by the municipality also receives a mention in the Yearbook. ¶ The Yearbook shows how the Sibiu version of the Transylvanian Romanian network of Reunions chose to deal with industrialization and women’s work. Compared to the Hunedoara Reunion’s social pedagogy concerning women’s work, the Sibiu Reunion was embracing technological change more openly. For comparison, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Hunedoara, Reuniunea femeilor române din Comitatul Hunedoarei 1886-1911 [The Reunion of Romanian Women from the District of Hunedoara, 1886-1911] (Orastie: Tipografia Noua, 1912). Furthermore, this Yearbook shows how the Reunion wanted to promote women’s and national progress simultaneously, by linking young Romanian women’s improved career opportunities to the furthering of the national cause. The Reunion recognized and developed practices around certain class issues as well (visible in their seeking to grant scholarships to all students of the Housekeeping school). This Yearbook contributes to a better understanding of the evolution of Transylvanian Romanian women’s associations in the years right before, during and immediately after the Great War. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Education in National Languages; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; The Home Economics Movement; Work and Class Identity; Habsburg Empire; Home industry; Funds and donations; Municipal activism; People’s Kitchens; Archduke Franz Salvator, Archduke of Austria, Prince of Tuscany; Princess Marie of Edinburgh, Queen Marie of Romania
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu
Date Published / Released
1912
Publisher
Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane
Person Discussed
Franz Salvator, Archduke of Austria, 1866-1939, Marie, of Romania, 1875-1938
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women, Empire and Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Social and Political Leadership, Roma...
Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women, Empire and Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Social and Political Leadership, Romanians
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Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1913-1914
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1914), 30 page(s)
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the Years 1913-1914. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1913-1914 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, el...
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1914), 30 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the Years 1913-1914. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1913-1914 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It reorganized th...
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the Years 1913-1914. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1913-1914 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It reorganized this school in 1911, by dividing it into sections for training in industrial and housekeeping work but closed it in 1914. For more on the school, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Sibiu, Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912 [The Yearbook of the Women’s Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912] (Sibiu: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912). After the beginning of the Great War, the Sibiu Reunion volunteered to care for the Austro-Hungarian Army’s wounded by creating a “reserve hospital” in the training school’s building. In 1919, Queen Marie of Romania (1875-1938) became patron of the Reunion’s reopened School for Housekeeping and Industry. In the years that followed, the Sibiu Reunion was a significant participant in the federative Union of Romanian Women, initiated by Maria Baiulescu. ¶ The Yearbook offers information on the activities of the Sibiu Reunion of Romanian Women between 1913 and 1914. The administrative documents reproduced in the yearbook include the presidential address by Maria Cosma, meeting minutes, budgets, annual organizational report, the household section report, the industrial section report, an accounting report, a membership report, and proposals before the committee. A balance sheet and a budget sheet are included in table form, and the membership list is printed last. This yearbook shows how the Reunion wanted to promote women’s and national progress simultaneously, by linking young Romanian women’s improved career opportunities to the furthering of the national cause. The Reunion recognized and developed practices around certain class issues as well. This yearbook contributes to a better understanding of the evolution of Transylvanian Romanian women’s associations in the years right before, during and immediately after the Great War. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Education in National Languages; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; The Home Economics Movement; Work and Class Identity; Habsburg Empire; Home industry; Funds and donations; Municipal activism; People’s Kitchens; Princess Marie of Edinburgh, Queen Marie of Romania
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu
Date Published / Released
1914
Publisher
Editura Reuniunii
Person Discussed
Marie, of Romania, 1875-1938
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Work and Class Identity, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Women as “Proletariat”, Ro...
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Work and Class Identity, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Women as “Proletariat”, Romanians
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Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1914-1915 si 1915-1916
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1916), 38 page(s)
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the years 1914-1915 and 1915-1916. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1914-1915 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-languag...
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1916), 38 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the years 1914-1915 and 1915-1916. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1914-1915 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It...
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the years 1914-1915 and 1915-1916. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1914-1915 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It reorganized this school in 1911, by dividing it into sections for training in industrial and housekeeping work but closed it in 1914. For more on the school, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Sibiu, Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912 [The Yearbook of the Women’s Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912] (Sibiu: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912). After the beginning of the Great War, the Sibiu Reunion volunteered to care for the Austro-Hungarian Army’s wounded by creating a “reserve hospital” in the training school’s building. In 1919, Queen Marie of Romania (1875-1938) became patron of the Reunion’s reopened School for Housekeeping and Industry. In the years that followed, the Sibiu Reunion was a significant participant in the federative Union of Romanian Women, initiated by Maria Baiulescu. ¶ The Yearbook offers information on the activities of the Sibiu Reunion of Romanian Women between 1914 and 1916. According to the administrative documents reproduced in the yearbook (meeting minutes, budgets, annual report), the “reserve hospital” cared for “264 wounded soldiers, by origin from the different countries of our Monarchy.” In 1915, the Reunion hospital and its initiators were commended by the visiting Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria (1866-1939), a promoter of the Red Cross in Austria-Hungary. In 1916, the Reunion closed its hospital, arguing that it was no longer sent any wounded to care for. Valeria Soroștineanu has shown that the situation of Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt and its inhabitants during the second half of the war was complicated: when the Kingdom of Romania joined the war in 1916, on the side of the Entente, the city was quickly surrounded by the neighboring country’s troops, with most civilians fleeing the area. The members of the Reunion remaining in the (still Austro-Hungarian) city of Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt drastically reduced their social involvement, due to the “heavy atmosphere” and the weight of familial concerns. The Reunion re-emerged in late 1918 to welcome Romanian troops to the city and host a reception in honor of the Romanian-allied French General Henri Berthelot (1861-1931). For more on this, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Sibiu, Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912 [The Yearbook of the Women’s Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912] (Sibiu: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912). ¶ By covering the first years of the Great War, the yearbook helps us understand the transition undergone by the Sibiu Reunion, and to a certain extent, all women’s Reunions in Transylvania. Until 1916, the Reunion behaved largely like an Austro-Hungarian association of pragmatic, nationalistic Romanian women and was considered a significant part of Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt’s municipal associational fabric. After 1918, the organization presented itself and was recognized as primarily, ardently nationalistic. This yearbook helps reconstruct the evolution of Transylvanian Romanian women’s associations in the years right before, during and immediately after the Great War. In a broader sense, it contributes to comprehending the transformation of “empire” into “post-empire,” for the case of the Dual Monarchy. KEYWORDS: Peace and War, International Governance, and International Law; War; War-time welfare; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire Silenced; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health; Women as Medical Professionals; Habsburg Empire; Funds and donations; Municipal activism; Archduke Franz Salvator, Archduke of Austria, Prince of Tuscany; Princess Marie of Edinburgh, Queen Marie of Romania.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu
Date Published / Released
1916
Publisher
Editura Reuniunii
Person Discussed
Marie, of Romania, 1875-1938, Franz Salvator, Archduke of Austria, 1866-1939
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source...
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Women as Medical Professionals, Birth Control, Sexuality, International Peace, Romanians, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Catalog für die Ausstellung österr. Frauen-Arbeiten. Welt-Ausstellung 1873 in Wien
(Austrian National Library); edited by Aglaia von Enderes, 1836-1883 (Vienna, Vienna State: Central-Commission Publisher, 1873), 71 page(s)
Title: Catalogue for the Exhibition of Austrian Women's Work: World Exhibition 1873 in Vienna. Description: The document is a catalogue published on the occasion of the Vienna World Exhibition of 1873. The catalogue gives an introduction on women's work and is followed by a list of producers and goods, which were...
(Austrian National Library); edited by Aglaia von Enderes, 1836-1883 (Vienna, Vienna State: Central-Commission Publisher, 1873), 71 page(s)
Description
Title: Catalogue for the Exhibition of Austrian Women's Work: World Exhibition 1873 in Vienna. Description: The document is a catalogue published on the occasion of the Vienna World Exhibition of 1873. The catalogue gives an introduction on women's work and is followed by a list of producers and goods, which were crafted by women. One pavilion of the Vienna World Exhibition was devoted exclusively to women's work in the Habsburg Monarchy. The exp...
Title: Catalogue for the Exhibition of Austrian Women's Work: World Exhibition 1873 in Vienna. Description: The document is a catalogue published on the occasion of the Vienna World Exhibition of 1873. The catalogue gives an introduction on women's work and is followed by a list of producers and goods, which were crafted by women. One pavilion of the Vienna World Exhibition was devoted exclusively to women's work in the Habsburg Monarchy. The exponents were presented in four categories: schools, dilettantes, house industry, factory industry. In advance of the exhibition, commissions in Vienna, Ragusa, Graz, Görtz, Innsbruck, Bolzano, Brno, Olomouc, Opava (Troppau), Krakow, Chernivtsi, Trieste, Ljubljana collected 3,216 “female,” hand-craft products and industrial manufacturing products. A selection of this collection was presented in the pavilion devoted to women's work. As mentioned by Aglaia von Enderes in the introduction, the exhibition of women's art and craft served the purpose to visualise and raise attention on the work of women. The author of catalogue, Aglaia von Enderes (1834–1883) was a writer and active in the Wiener Frauen-Erwerb-Verein [Viennese Women's Acquisition Association]. She wrote several articles in the journal Politische Frauen-Zeitung [Political Women Journal] about the Viennese Women's Acquisition Association. Keywords: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; National Identity; Social Reform; Political Activism; Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements; Work and Class Identity; Labor Standards; Habsburg Empire; World Exhibition; Austria
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Contributor
Aglaia von Enderes, 1836-1883
Date Published / Released
1873
Publisher
Central-Commission Publisher
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Work and Class Identity, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, National Identity, Rights to Work, Empire and Internationalism, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Austrians
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China, her life and her people
written by Francesca French, 1871-1960 and Mildred Cable, 1878-1952 (London, England: University of London Press, 1946), 213 page(s)
written by Francesca French, 1871-1960 and Mildred Cable, 1878-1952 (London, England: University of London Press, 1946), 213 page(s)
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Francesca French, 1871-1960, Mildred Cable, 1878-1952
Date Published / Released
1946
Publisher
University of London Press
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Social and Cultural Rights, National Identity, Chinese, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Computu public alu fondului Reuniunei Femeilor Române spre ajutoriulu crescerei fetitieloru orfane scl si actele acesteia: Partea II. pentr...
written by Maria Nicolau, fl. 1854 (Brașov, Brașov County: Römer and Kamner (Publisher), 1854), 48 page(s)
TITLE: Public Account for the Fund of the Reunion of Romanian Women to Aid in Raising Orphan Girls, etc., and its Acts: Part II, Year III. DESCRIPTION: This document is the second part of a two-part account included in this digital archive. For Part I, see Maria Nicolau, Computu public alu fondului Reuniunei Femei...
written by Maria Nicolau, fl. 1854 (Brașov, Brașov County: Römer and Kamner (Publisher), 1854), 48 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Public Account for the Fund of the Reunion of Romanian Women to Aid in Raising Orphan Girls, etc., and its Acts: Part II, Year III. DESCRIPTION: This document is the second part of a two-part account included in this digital archive. For Part I, see Maria Nicolau, Computu public alu fondului Reuniunei Femeilor Române spre ajutoriulu crescerei fetitieloru orfane scl si actele acesteia: Partea I. pentru anulu I si II [Public Account for the...
TITLE: Public Account for the Fund of the Reunion of Romanian Women to Aid in Raising Orphan Girls, etc., and its Acts: Part II, Year III. DESCRIPTION: This document is the second part of a two-part account included in this digital archive. For Part I, see Maria Nicolau, Computu public alu fondului Reuniunei Femeilor Române spre ajutoriulu crescerei fetitieloru orfane scl si actele acesteia: Partea I. pentru anulu I si II [Public Account for the Fund of the Reunion of Romanian Women to Aid in Raising Orphan Girls, etc., and its Acts: Part I, Year I and II] (Brasov: Römer & Kamner, 1853). Reports, accounts and transcribed documents by and for the Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov covering the first four years of its existence (1850-1854). The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov/Brasso/Kronstadt was founded in 1850. Its initial goal was to support and educate orphaned girls. From 1880, it focused more on providing a Romanian-language education for middle-class girls. In its first decade of functioning, the Reunion opened a primary school for girls in Brasov and a handiwork school in the neighboring, smaller town of Blaj. Later, it organized a boarding school. A later account of the political and social context in which the Reunion was founded and functioned in its first two decades, was published by its then President in 1870. The Reunion mobilized an impressive support network in aristocratic and merchant families in the Empire and counted, on average, 100 local members throughout its existence This document provides details on the circumstances in which the Brasov Reunion was founded, its initial goals and the reasons provided for women’s growing social involvement. It shows that in a period considered repressive towards civil society organizing in the whole of the Habsburg Empire, because of the aftermath of the 1848-1849 Revolution, Romanian speaking upper-middle class women in the city considered themselves “secure [enough] under the Austrian scepter” to create an association. The transcribed speeches, meeting protocols, and accounting books for the years 1850-1854 show that the Reunion admitted members regardless of confession, organized collections throughout the region and deposited its capital in different investments, using the interest obtained to support up to a dozen girls. This Yearbook for the period 1850-1854 reveals that founders aimed to work “to the benefit of offering a more solid upbringing to our sex, and especially to the orphans of martyrs of the faith from the past revolution.” They obtained the support of the Austrian governor of Transylvania Ludwig von Wohlgemuth and a donation from his spouse, Sofia Wohlgemuth; they also named several noble women from Austria and neighboring territories inhabited by Romanians as patrons. Interestingly, the Yearbook highlights a number of discourses motivating Transylvanian Romanian women’s involvement in the relatively novel domain of civic associations. In letters, speeches and reports republished in the book, they argued that: they were “following the example of other European ladies,” that women should prove that they understand and support their husbands’ struggle for nationality rights, that girls’ upbringing needed to be better suited to the “new life of the present century,” and that the context calls on women to add social concerns to their domestic duties. The document offers an insight into the beginnings of Romanian women’s associations in Transylvania, the mobilization techniques they used, their relatively comfortable relationship with Habsburg authorities during the neo-absolutism of the 1850s and the intellectual genealogy of ideas about women’s social contributions through education. ¶ The ulterior evolution of the Reunion (up until its disbandment in 1939) is mirrored in several other items included in this digital archive: see, Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brasov, “Propecta [Proposal for Modified Statutes of the Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brașov]” (Statutes, Brașov, 1861), 5150/1861, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff. 1-3, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov; Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brașov, “Regulament. Pentru internatul de fetite ax reuniunii femeilor române din Brasov [Regulations: For the Girls’ Boarding School of the Reunion of the Romanian Women in Brașov]” (Policy, Brașov, României, January 1, 1888), 5747/1888, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov; Reuniunea Femeilor Române Brașov, “Simțindu-se încă de mult lipsa unei scóle practice, 6 iunie 1893 [Given the Lack of a Practical School: Statutes, 6 June 1893, with Penciled Comments by the Representative of the Hungarian Ministry of Internal Affairs, November 1894]” (Statutes, Brașov, November 1894), 5904/1893 and 5960/1783, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff. 4-10, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov; and Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brasov, “Raportul [Report of the Committee of the Reunion of Romanian Women to the General Assembly held on 11/23 October 1892]” (Report, Brașov, October 11, 1892), 5864/1892, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov. Keywords: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Education; Access to Primary Education/Literacy; Gendered Education; Habsburg Empire; Reunion of Romanian Women/Reuniunea Femeilor Române; Funds and Donations; Political mobilization; Neo-absolutism; Habsburg Empire; Transylvania
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Maria Nicolau, fl. 1854
Date Published / Released
1854
Publisher
Römer and Kamner (Publisher)
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Indigenous Women, Equal Rights for Women, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Gendered Education, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Opposition to Imperialism, Social and Political Leadership, Social and Cul...
Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Indigenous Women, Equal Rights for Women, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Gendered Education, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Opposition to Imperialism, Social and Political Leadership, Social and Cultural Rights, Romanians
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Nisseijo [The Songs of the Sun and Stars]
written by Frances Hawks Cameron Burnett, 1884-1957 (Tokyo Metropolis: Haruchiyo Uji, 1921), 109 page(s)
Nisseijo, or The Sun and the Stars, published in 1921, consists of thirty-five poems in the traditional waka form written in Japanese, followed by several poems written in English. With each waka poem, Burnett provides information in English, including the purpose of the poem or the specific context in which she c...
written by Frances Hawks Cameron Burnett, 1884-1957 (Tokyo Metropolis: Haruchiyo Uji, 1921), 109 page(s)
Description
Nisseijo, or The Sun and the Stars, published in 1921, consists of thirty-five poems in the traditional waka form written in Japanese, followed by several poems written in English. With each waka poem, Burnett provides information in English, including the purpose of the poem or the specific context in which she composed it, a literal translation and an interpretation, in order to help English-speaking readers understand the spirit and nature of...
Nisseijo, or The Sun and the Stars, published in 1921, consists of thirty-five poems in the traditional waka form written in Japanese, followed by several poems written in English. With each waka poem, Burnett provides information in English, including the purpose of the poem or the specific context in which she composed it, a literal translation and an interpretation, in order to help English-speaking readers understand the spirit and nature of Japanese classical poetry. The title of the book, 'The Sun and the Stars' refers to Japan and the United States through the symbolism of their respective flags. During this period, Japan, as an ambitious non-western nation, occupied an ambiguous position alongside the super powers. Burnett hoped this book would advance the understanding of Japan among English-speaking readers, and in particular aimed to use literature to promote friendly and peaceful relations between America and Japan.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Contributor
Frances Hawks Cameron Burnett, 1884-1957
Author / Creator
Frances Hawks Cameron Burnett, 1884-1957
Date Published / Released
1921
Publisher
Haruchiyo Uji
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Social and Cultural Rights, National Identity, Japanese, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Reuniunea femeilor române din Comitatul Hunedoarei 1886-1911
(Orăștie, Hunedoara County: Tipografia Noua, 1912), 98 page(s)
TITLE: The Reunion of Romanian Women from the District of Hunedoara, 1886-1911. DESCRIPTION: This document is a monograph of the Hunedoara/Hunyad district incarnation of the Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ Reunion of Romanian Women. The text was most likely authored by Elena Pop Hossu Longin, as it was also published...
(Orăștie, Hunedoara County: Tipografia Noua, 1912), 98 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Reunion of Romanian Women from the District of Hunedoara, 1886-1911. DESCRIPTION: This document is a monograph of the Hunedoara/Hunyad district incarnation of the Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ Reunion of Romanian Women. The text was most likely authored by Elena Pop Hossu Longin, as it was also published as a part of her 1932 memoirs. Within the loose network of Women’s Reunions (i.e., Women’s Associations in Transylvania), the Huned...
TITLE: The Reunion of Romanian Women from the District of Hunedoara, 1886-1911. DESCRIPTION: This document is a monograph of the Hunedoara/Hunyad district incarnation of the Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ Reunion of Romanian Women. The text was most likely authored by Elena Pop Hossu Longin, as it was also published as a part of her 1932 memoirs. Within the loose network of Women’s Reunions (i.e., Women’s Associations in Transylvania), the Hunedoara Reunion was focused on ethnic Romanian, peasant women and the association’s professed valorisation of peasant women’s labour. Elena Pop Hossu Longin (1862-1940) served as President of the Reunion of Romanian Women in Hunedoara/Vajdahunyad/Eisenmarkt between 1895 and 1919, and she was a founder, in 1880, of the Reunion of Romanian Women in Sălaj/Szilàgy county. See also, Augustin Vicas, XXV ani din viaţa Reuniunei Femeilor Române Sălăgene: 1881-1906 [Twenty-Five Years of the Reunion of Romanian Women, 1881-1906] (Simleul Silvaniei: Institutul Tipografic “Victoria,” 1906). Educated at Johanna Schreiber’s “Santa Maria” secondary school in Budapest, she was part of a politically-minded family. Her father, Gheorghe Pop de Băsești (1835-1919), was a landowner and a leader of the Romanian National Party in Transylvania. See also, “Emilia Dr. Ratiu to Gheorghe Pop de Basesti” (Letter, Turda, November 25, 1893), 780/1893, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest. Elena Pop Hossu Longin’s husband, lawyer Francisc Hossu-Longin (1847-1935), was a prominent supporter of the “activist” stance among Transylvanian Romanian nationalists. He advocated participation in the Hungarian Parliament rather than the “passivist” strategy of boycotting Hungarian parliamentary institutions. Elena Pop Hossu Longin gained prominence in the Romanian-language public sphere in 1918, when she published an impassioned article titled “The Greeting of Romanian Women,” arguing that the union of Transylvania with Romania was a reward for Romanian women’s suffering for the children fighting the Great War and mentioning women as supportive participants in men’s deliberations on the union. Part of her documents are stored in the Special Collections section of the Central University Library in Cluj Napoca (Romania), while another part is stored by the Sibiu County Direction of the Romanian National Archives and will be available to the public in the near future. ¶ This monograph traces the activity of the Reunion from its beginning as a collector and supporter among peasant women of home-made clothing, untainted by “foreign” patterns and techniques to the 1907 opening of an Atelier for Home Industry and its successful functioning in the following five years. Inspired by similar initiatives by Princess Elisabeth in the Romanian Kingdom, the monograph shows that the company Atelier, which employed up to twenty peasant women, supplied middle-class families with the folk costumes that had become customary at gatherings and celebrations by the 1910s. Earlier, in 1897, with the mediation of the Reunion, a Viennese firm exhibited Hunedoara home industry items in its shop in Vienna. In the same year, at the request of Baroness Elena Dithfurth (Baroness Helena von Dithfurth), the Reunion sent items to an exhibition in “Tatatovaros, Pojon county” (Tata-Tóváros, near Tata, in fact) as a form of support and fund collection for flood victims in Upper Hungary (present day Slovakia). The monograph also contains the text of the original Statutes, a list of members and the donations received following regular appeals to the network of Romanian banks in the province. ¶ The monograph illuminates the activity of one of the most visible associations in the loose network of women’s Reunions in Transylvania. It also highlights the preoccupation with home industry, seen as a middle ground between traditional peasant occupations and waged labour, present in the articulation of the “woman question” among nationalist leaders, since the 1880s. At the same time, preoccupation for peasant craft and architecture characterized middle class culture in the whole of Austria-Hungary during the 19th century, partly as a reaction to urbanization. The monograph documents participation in events that stressed the multiethnic character of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, among which craft exhibitions. The celebration of peasant crafts and rural diversity was integral to the Austrian side of the Dual Monarchy’s justification of empire as protection of multiculturalism. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; National Identity; Social Reform and Political Activism; Welfare Movements; Work and Class Identity; Sexual Division of Labor; Habsburg Empire; Handicrafts; Statutes; Funds and donations.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Date Published / Released
1912
Publisher
Tipografia Noua
Person Discussed
Elena Pop-Hossu-Longin, 1856-1946
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Work and Class Identity, Indigenous Women, Social and Cultural Rights, Household Crafts, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Sexual Division of Labor, Social Movements and Indigenous Women, Social and Politic...
Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Work and Class Identity, Indigenous Women, Social and Cultural Rights, Household Crafts, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Sexual Division of Labor, Social Movements and Indigenous Women, Social and Political Leadership, Austrians, Hungarians, Romanians, Slovak
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Slovenska žena
edited by Minka Govekar, 1874-1950 (Ljubljana, Ljubljana (State): General Slovene Women’s Society, 1926), 281 page(s)
TITLE: Slovenian Woman. DESCRIPTION: The book is published on the occasion of the celebration of 25 years of existence of Splošnoslovenskoženskodruštvo (General Slovene Women’s Society), the most important association of Slovene-speaking women in the Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Twenty-eigh...
edited by Minka Govekar, 1874-1950 (Ljubljana, Ljubljana (State): General Slovene Women’s Society, 1926), 281 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Slovenian Woman. DESCRIPTION: The book is published on the occasion of the celebration of 25 years of existence of Splošnoslovenskoženskodruštvo (General Slovene Women’s Society), the most important association of Slovene-speaking women in the Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Twenty-eight chapters, written by 24 authors (18 of them women, affiliated with Splošnoženskodruštvo), present an extensive overview of public...
TITLE: Slovenian Woman. DESCRIPTION: The book is published on the occasion of the celebration of 25 years of existence of Splošnoslovenskoženskodruštvo (General Slovene Women’s Society), the most important association of Slovene-speaking women in the Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Twenty-eight chapters, written by 24 authors (18 of them women, affiliated with Splošnoženskodruštvo), present an extensive overview of public activities of Slovene women during history and in modern times. The historical chapters contain information on Slovene women in medieval history, Turkish wars, the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation, peasants’ revolts, the Baroque period, among aristocracy and in oral epic poetry. Biographies of women painters, writers, actresses, singers, musicians, and dancers, active from the 19th century until the publication of the book, contain valuable information on their careers. Special chapters are devoted to women’s organizations, education, schools for domestic economy, teachers, popular arts and crafts, working women, women in trade and crafts, and in various professions. The most prominent leaders, activists and journalists active in Splošnoženskodruštvo and in women’s movements are presented in individual chapters: Franja Tavčarjeva, Elvira Dolinarjeva, Ivanka Anžič-Klemenčičeva, Alojzija Štebi, and Minka Govekarjeva, the editor of the volume. The final chapter is devoted to Slovene women in foreign countries, including Egypt. Although the book is published a decade after the demise of the Habsburg Empire, it still provides one of the most extensive coverage of the activities of Slovene women during the Empire and the beginnings of the women’s movement in Slovene lands, collected and written by the activists themselves. Particularly valuable are chapters on women writers, on women’s organizations (Alojzija Štebi: “Aktivnostslovenskežene”, pp. 161-185), and on the history of Splošnoslovenskoženskodruštvo (by Minka Govekarjeva). A wealth of bibliographical information makes this document a primary source for further research, together with all Slovene journals containing texts by women authors. Keywords: Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; National Identity; Political and Human Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Suffrage; Equal Rights for Women; Women and Education; Access to Higher Education; Gendered Education; Education in National Languages; Women as Teachers; Education as Source of Women’s Emancipation; Women and Migration
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Contributor
Minka Govekar, 1874-1950
Date Published / Released
1926
Publisher
General Slovene Women’s Society
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Immigration, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Access to Higher Education, Empire and Education, Equal Rights for Women, Suffrage, Social and Cultural Rights, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Nationality Rights...
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Immigration, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Access to Higher Education, Empire and Education, Equal Rights for Women, Suffrage, Social and Cultural Rights, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Nationality Rights, Women as Teachers, Austrians, Slovene, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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XXV ani din viaţa Reuniunei Femeilor Române Sălăgene: 1881-1906
written by Augustin Vicas, fl. 1897 (Libraria Centrala Universitara "Lucian Blaga" Cluj Napoca) (Simleul Silvaniei, Salaj County: Institutul Tipografic Victoria, 1906), 129 page(s)
TITLE: Twenty-Five Years of the Reunion of Romanian Women, 1881-1906. DESCRIPTION: The monograph consists of a year-by-year account of the activity of the The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ Reunion of Romanian Women in Sălaj/Szilàgy county, between 1881 and 1906. The Reunion was part of Women’s Reunions (i.e. Wom...
written by Augustin Vicas, fl. 1897 (Libraria Centrala Universitara "Lucian Blaga" Cluj Napoca) (Simleul Silvaniei, Salaj County: Institutul Tipografic Victoria, 1906), 129 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Twenty-Five Years of the Reunion of Romanian Women, 1881-1906. DESCRIPTION: The monograph consists of a year-by-year account of the activity of the The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ Reunion of Romanian Women in Sălaj/Szilàgy county, between 1881 and 1906. The Reunion was part of Women’s Reunions (i.e. Women’s Associations) in Transylvania. The narrative is supported by and references on page margins ten annexed documents. The Addenda c...
TITLE: Twenty-Five Years of the Reunion of Romanian Women, 1881-1906. DESCRIPTION: The monograph consists of a year-by-year account of the activity of the The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ Reunion of Romanian Women in Sălaj/Szilàgy county, between 1881 and 1906. The Reunion was part of Women’s Reunions (i.e. Women’s Associations) in Transylvania. The narrative is supported by and references on page margins ten annexed documents. The Addenda consist of official correspondence in Romanian and Hungarian, Reunion statutes, significant members’ speeches and several illustrations. The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ Reunion of Romanian Women in Sălaj/Szilàgy county was created in 1881. Among its founders were Emilia Pop Hossu-Longin and Clara Maniu (1842-1929) (serving as President), both of them members of politically influential families, with ties to the Romanian National Party in Transylvania. Augustin Vicaș, the monograph’s author, was a Greek-Catolic (Eastern Catholic) priest, who served as secretary of the Reunion of Romanian Women in Sălaj/Szilàgy megye, between 1897 and 1905. ¶ According to the monograph, the Reunion opened an elementary school for girls in 1889. The school functioned in the town of Șimleu Silvaniei/Szilágysomlyó/Schomlemarkt until at least 1905, with an average of 30 students, drawn from educated middle class families in Sălaj/Szilàgy county. It financed itself through members’ donations, a regular subsidy from a Romanian bank in town, and royalties from the sale of a prayer book for which it was donated the copy rights. The school’s founders presented it both as an institution for women’s emancipation through education and as a way of competing with members of other nationalities in the Empire (especially Hungarian women). It subscribed to publicist George Baritiu’s ideas about the place of a good (but not highly theoretical) education for women within the Transylvanian Romanian nationalist movement. In the first years after its founding, the Reunion’s main struggle was to formally maintain the school’s status as a private school whose main language of teaching was Romanian, rather than turning it into a Romanian-language confessional school run by either the Eastern Catholic or the Orthodox Church. Concerning attempts at placing the association’s school under the remit of one of the two churches , the monograph’s author opined that it shed a negative light on the Romanian community and that “nationalism and confessionalism among the Romanian people must go arm in arm, without offending each other” (p.32). For decades, the school insisted on using the Romanian language in official business with regional educational authorities, invoking the Austro-Hungarian Law of Nationalities of 1868. It defined its scrupulously legalistic approach, evidenced by the monograph’s Addenda (for example Doc. 8), as “forcefully standing up in the legal domain/on legal grounds for the defense of our cherished national language” (p.46). From 1900, the Reunion focused increasingly on preserving and developing home industry production in the region, noticing that the originality of the “Romanian woman’s costume has been admired and praised by foreigners” – a nod to the use of peasant embroidery in transnational mobilization for the Transylvanian Romanian national cause in previous years. Beginning with 1900, Reunion members collected textiles, embroidery and entire women’s costumes from villages in the county. In 1901, it hosted an exhibition of homemade textiles, collected and sold by “the sister Reunion” from “the romantic county of Hunedoara” (p. 66), meant to benefit “fire-stricken” peasants from the village of Vaideeni. Significantly, the Hunedoara Reunion was presided over by a Sălaj/Szilàgy-county native. Interestingly, the Hunedoara Reunion had itself participated in exhibitions meant to support flood-stricken peasants from Upper Hungary (present day Slovakia), at the behest of Baroness Dithfurth. The monograph notes that on the occasion of the 1901 exhibition, “it was noticed with joy that women and girls from [Salaj] villages made copies of the most beautiful [Hunedoara] weaves in order to imitate them” (p. 65). The Reunion introduced the celebration of the Christmas tree, an occasion for donating objects to children in need. The Christmas tree celebration was described as a “humanitarian institution” and the Reunion hoped to spread the ceremony in the county’s villages. ¶ The monograph describes in a careful and detailed form the activities of one of the Transylvanian women’s Reunions (i.e., Associations), offering a good view of the concrete functioning of these women-centric associations over 25 years. The document describes Romanian nationalistic mobilization in an overwhelmingly rural county, an area which Reunion members perceived as marginal and a “frontier of Romanianess” (p.66). (The better documented Reunions usually functioned in larger cities, with a fairly strong Romanian middle class, such as Sibiu or Brasov). The book also offers a sense of how these organizations self-limited their activity on both gender and national questions. For instance, while the Reunion fought its protracted, mostly low-level, administrative battle for the use of Romanian in all official correspondence, it refrained from organizing its 1894 general assembly in an area where “spirits were agitated” due to the Memorandum trial. See also, “Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Ratiu” (Letter, Brașov, României, June 16, 1894), 734/1905, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, f.1, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Education in National Languages; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; Funds and donations; Handicrafts; Home industry
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Augustin Vicas, fl. 1897
Date Published / Released
1906
Publisher
Institutul Tipografic Victoria
Topic / Theme
Indigenous Women, Women and Development, Women and Education, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women and Dress, Household Crafts, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Empire and Education, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Romanians
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