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Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912), 33 page(s)
TITLE: The Yearbook of the Women's Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1911-1912 period issued by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/Hermannstadt/ Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880 with the stated goal of creating t...
Sample
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912), 33 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Yearbook of the Women's Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1911-1912 period issued by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/Hermannstadt/ Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880 with the stated goal of creating to promote Romanian women’s education, including both an institute and a boarding school. Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romani...
TITLE: The Yearbook of the Women's Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1911-1912 period issued by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/Hermannstadt/ Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880 with the stated goal of creating to promote Romanian women’s education, including both an institute and a boarding school. Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. (On a similar, older initiative, run by the Brasov/Brasso/Kronstadt Women’s Reunion, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brașov, “Regulament. Pentru internatul de fetite ax reuniunii femeilor române din Brasov [Regulations: For the Girls’ Boarding School of the Reunion of the Romanian Women in Brașov]” (Official Organizational Document, Brașov, României, January 1, 1888), 5747/1888, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov. Also of note, the Sibiu Reunion’s elementary school should not be confused with the Civil School for Girls, the secondary school founded by ASTRA Association, which the former functioned in “organic connection” and shared a building; on ASTRA’s school; see also, Scoala Civila de Fete a Asociatiunii Astra, “Condiții de primire în școala civilă de fete a Asociațiunii și în internatul acesteia [Admission Conditions in the Civil Girls’ School of the Association and its Boarding House]” (Official Organizational Document, Sibiu, 1901), 2/1901, Fond Scoala Civila de Fete (Astra) SB-F-00045-2-1901-2, ff. 1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Directia Judetena a Arhivelor Nationale Sibiu.) In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” In 1915, the Reunion’s wartime charitable activities were commended by the Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria (1866-1939) and the municipal authorities in Sibiu. In 1919, now part of the Kingdom of Romania, the school of the Sibiu Reunion and that of ASTRA merged and changed their status from private (or civil) to public (or state) schools. The same year, Queen Marie of Romania (1875-1938) became patron of the Reunion’s reopened School for Housekeeping and Industry. In general, the Reunion thrived. In 1918, it organized a public meeting, attended by over 500 women, to celebrate the planned union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania. It also named Eleonora Lemeny as its representative to the official unification negotiations; it mobilized to counter the brutality of the Hungarian Bolsheviks, and it favored the Romanian army’s march against the Budapest Soviet Republic. In the years that followed, the Sibiu Reunion was a significant participant in the Union of Romanian Women, initiated by Maria Baiulescu. ¶ The Yearbook contains minutes of the Reunion’s 1911-1912 meeting, the formal annual report of the organization’s activities, information on the association’s budget and funding, lists of members and the transcript of the speech made by longtime Reunion President, Maria Cosma, during that year’s general assembly. Together, the documents included in the Yearbook show that during 1911-1912 the Reunion reorganized its housekeeping school (founded in 1905), by hiring highly qualified personnel and acquiring a building for this institution. The newly-reorganized school had a section for instruction in “industry” and one for training in housekeeping (“școala de menaj”). The industrial section offered courses aimed to train women both in cottage industry weaving and in factory-type, mechanized weaving. The Reunion recognized the influence of the Fribourg Home Economics School (in Switzerland) on its housekeeping section. The Yearbook mentions hiring one of the Swiss School’s (Romanian) graduates and seeking to select and adapt Fribourg methods to local conditions. Differently from the middle-class clientele of the Reunion’s elementary school, this professional training school was meant to grant scholarships and “open up a career” for poorer girls, all the while contributing to the Romanian national cause through the Romanian-language education of these poorer women, with rural origins. The documents also discuss the Reunion’s desire to begin caring for boys’ education, by providing them with meals and a dedicated boarding school. It should be noted that at the time the multiethnic town of Sibiu/Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben already had a strong tradition in both women’s educational institutions and professional training. Nevertheless, the Reunion’s ambitions for the new school are notable as they responded to several major socio-economic trends in or affecting the Austro-Hungarian Empire. At the time, Austria-Hungary was undergoing a boom in the textile industry. Secondly, the household-training movement was a fairly conservative European response to rural-urban migration and changes in women’s work, brought about by proletarization. Thirdly, Transylvanian Romanian nationalists had intensified by the 1910s their middle-class reformist outlook, by more strongly promoting economic organization and productivity as keys to national progress. The Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu placed itself and the young women it wished to educate in the middle of these developments, in interesting ways. Reunion members’ participation in the People’s Kitchen (“Bucataria Poporala”) organized by the municipality also receives a mention in the Yearbook. ¶ The Yearbook shows how the Sibiu version of the Transylvanian Romanian network of Reunions chose to deal with industrialization and women’s work. Compared to the Hunedoara Reunion’s social pedagogy concerning women’s work, the Sibiu Reunion was embracing technological change more openly. For comparison, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Hunedoara, Reuniunea femeilor române din Comitatul Hunedoarei 1886-1911 [The Reunion of Romanian Women from the District of Hunedoara, 1886-1911] (Orastie: Tipografia Noua, 1912). Furthermore, this Yearbook shows how the Reunion wanted to promote women’s and national progress simultaneously, by linking young Romanian women’s improved career opportunities to the furthering of the national cause. The Reunion recognized and developed practices around certain class issues as well (visible in their seeking to grant scholarships to all students of the Housekeeping school). This Yearbook contributes to a better understanding of the evolution of Transylvanian Romanian women’s associations in the years right before, during and immediately after the Great War. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Education in National Languages; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; The Home Economics Movement; Work and Class Identity; Habsburg Empire; Home industry; Funds and donations; Municipal activism; People’s Kitchens; Archduke Franz Salvator, Archduke of Austria, Prince of Tuscany; Princess Marie of Edinburgh, Queen Marie of Romania
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu
Date Published / Released
1912
Publisher
Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane
Person Discussed
Franz Salvator, Archduke of Austria, 1866-1939, Marie, of Romania, 1875-1938
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women, Empire and Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Social and Political Leadership, Roma...
Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women, Empire and Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Social and Political Leadership, Romanians
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Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1913-1914
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1914), 30 page(s)
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the Years 1913-1914. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1913-1914 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, el...
Sample
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1914), 30 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the Years 1913-1914. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1913-1914 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It reorganized th...
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the Years 1913-1914. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1913-1914 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It reorganized this school in 1911, by dividing it into sections for training in industrial and housekeeping work but closed it in 1914. For more on the school, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Sibiu, Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912 [The Yearbook of the Women’s Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912] (Sibiu: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912). After the beginning of the Great War, the Sibiu Reunion volunteered to care for the Austro-Hungarian Army’s wounded by creating a “reserve hospital” in the training school’s building. In 1919, Queen Marie of Romania (1875-1938) became patron of the Reunion’s reopened School for Housekeeping and Industry. In the years that followed, the Sibiu Reunion was a significant participant in the federative Union of Romanian Women, initiated by Maria Baiulescu. ¶ The Yearbook offers information on the activities of the Sibiu Reunion of Romanian Women between 1913 and 1914. The administrative documents reproduced in the yearbook include the presidential address by Maria Cosma, meeting minutes, budgets, annual organizational report, the household section report, the industrial section report, an accounting report, a membership report, and proposals before the committee. A balance sheet and a budget sheet are included in table form, and the membership list is printed last. This yearbook shows how the Reunion wanted to promote women’s and national progress simultaneously, by linking young Romanian women’s improved career opportunities to the furthering of the national cause. The Reunion recognized and developed practices around certain class issues as well. This yearbook contributes to a better understanding of the evolution of Transylvanian Romanian women’s associations in the years right before, during and immediately after the Great War. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Education in National Languages; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; The Home Economics Movement; Work and Class Identity; Habsburg Empire; Home industry; Funds and donations; Municipal activism; People’s Kitchens; Princess Marie of Edinburgh, Queen Marie of Romania
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu
Date Published / Released
1914
Publisher
Editura Reuniunii
Person Discussed
Marie, of Romania, 1875-1938
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Work and Class Identity, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Women as “Proletariat”, Ro...
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Work and Class Identity, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Women as “Proletariat”, Romanians
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Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1914-1915 si 1915-1916
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1916), 38 page(s)
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the years 1914-1915 and 1915-1916. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1914-1915 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-languag...
Sample
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1916), 38 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the years 1914-1915 and 1915-1916. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1914-1915 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It...
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the years 1914-1915 and 1915-1916. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1914-1915 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It reorganized this school in 1911, by dividing it into sections for training in industrial and housekeeping work but closed it in 1914. For more on the school, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Sibiu, Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912 [The Yearbook of the Women’s Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912] (Sibiu: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912). After the beginning of the Great War, the Sibiu Reunion volunteered to care for the Austro-Hungarian Army’s wounded by creating a “reserve hospital” in the training school’s building. In 1919, Queen Marie of Romania (1875-1938) became patron of the Reunion’s reopened School for Housekeeping and Industry. In the years that followed, the Sibiu Reunion was a significant participant in the federative Union of Romanian Women, initiated by Maria Baiulescu. ¶ The Yearbook offers information on the activities of the Sibiu Reunion of Romanian Women between 1914 and 1916. According to the administrative documents reproduced in the yearbook (meeting minutes, budgets, annual report), the “reserve hospital” cared for “264 wounded soldiers, by origin from the different countries of our Monarchy.” In 1915, the Reunion hospital and its initiators were commended by the visiting Archduke Franz Salvator of Austria (1866-1939), a promoter of the Red Cross in Austria-Hungary. In 1916, the Reunion closed its hospital, arguing that it was no longer sent any wounded to care for. Valeria Soroștineanu has shown that the situation of Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt and its inhabitants during the second half of the war was complicated: when the Kingdom of Romania joined the war in 1916, on the side of the Entente, the city was quickly surrounded by the neighboring country’s troops, with most civilians fleeing the area. The members of the Reunion remaining in the (still Austro-Hungarian) city of Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt drastically reduced their social involvement, due to the “heavy atmosphere” and the weight of familial concerns. The Reunion re-emerged in late 1918 to welcome Romanian troops to the city and host a reception in honor of the Romanian-allied French General Henri Berthelot (1861-1931). For more on this, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Sibiu, Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912 [The Yearbook of the Women’s Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912] (Sibiu: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912). ¶ By covering the first years of the Great War, the yearbook helps us understand the transition undergone by the Sibiu Reunion, and to a certain extent, all women’s Reunions in Transylvania. Until 1916, the Reunion behaved largely like an Austro-Hungarian association of pragmatic, nationalistic Romanian women and was considered a significant part of Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt’s municipal associational fabric. After 1918, the organization presented itself and was recognized as primarily, ardently nationalistic. This yearbook helps reconstruct the evolution of Transylvanian Romanian women’s associations in the years right before, during and immediately after the Great War. In a broader sense, it contributes to comprehending the transformation of “empire” into “post-empire,” for the case of the Dual Monarchy. KEYWORDS: Peace and War, International Governance, and International Law; War; War-time welfare; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire Silenced; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health; Women as Medical Professionals; Habsburg Empire; Funds and donations; Municipal activism; Archduke Franz Salvator, Archduke of Austria, Prince of Tuscany; Princess Marie of Edinburgh, Queen Marie of Romania.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu
Date Published / Released
1916
Publisher
Editura Reuniunii
Person Discussed
Marie, of Romania, 1875-1938, Franz Salvator, Archduke of Austria, 1866-1939
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source...
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Women as Medical Professionals, Birth Control, Sexuality, International Peace, Romanians, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Az alakuló Noképzo-Egyesület programmja.1867; Alapszabály. 1868
(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). pp. 702-705 (1902), 4 page(s)
TITLE: Program of the Forming Association for Women's Education, 1867; and the Charter, 1868, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, 702-705. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1...
Sample
(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). pp. 702-705 (1902), 4 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Program of the Forming Association for Women's Education, 1867; and the Charter, 1868, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, 702-705. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book c...
TITLE: Program of the Forming Association for Women's Education, 1867; and the Charter, 1868, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, 702-705. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book contains an extensive account of the life and activities of Beniczky and reprints of many original documents. Hermin Beniczky, usually remembered as Mrs. Pál Veres (1815-1895), was a pioneer of Hungarian women’s education, founder in 1868 of the National Association for Women’s Education (Országos Nőképző-Egyesület) and its long-term President, and co-founder in 1869 of the first high school for girls in Hungary. See the biographical summary of her in Krassimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi, and Francisca de Haan, A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), 54-57. The extracts selected include a collection of writings dating from the period 1865–69. These include Beniczky’s calls from 1865 and 1867, her treatise from 1868 and documents of her lobbying with the governing party from 1868–69, when she submitted a petition signed by nine thousand women to the Hungarian parliament, requesting a law on higher women’s schools with public funding. In her writings, Beniczky condemned the exclusive concern for languages and etiquette in the upbringing of upper-class girls and argued that a more meaningful education would also help secure a livelihood for unmarried and widowed women. Taking note of a general shift from physical towards intellectual work, she set out a broad range of possible female careers. However, she kept distancing herself from any more far-reaching concept of women’s emancipation. There is also a portrait of Beniczky. Another selection from Beniczky’s writings from the period 1869 to 1883, includes opening speeches from the Association’s general assembly meetings, letters, papers and addresses. The initiative to finance higher women’s schools from public funds failed in lack of political backing. The central school, however, got under way in 1869 with Hungarian as the sole language of instruction, and although Beniczky complained about high attrition rates, it soon launched a teacher training track as well. Finally, a selection from the documents from the period 1869–94 include the statutes of the National Association, the first curriculum of the central school for the two lower grades, a report on its opening, a call by the Association to celebrate the royal couple’s 25 year coronation jubilee (Francis Joseph was Emperor of Austria since 1848 but had been crowned King of Hungary only in 1867), its congratulatory letter sent on the same occasion, and contributions to the 25 year jubilee of the National Association itself in 1893. The curriculum is remarkable for giving a close glimpse at Beniczky’s ambitious vision of women’s education. Girls of thirteen to fourteen years of age in the general track studied all of the following subjects: art history, aesthetics, pedagogy, hygienic, Hungarian, German and French, arithmetic, drawing, thinking, ethics, Hungarian cultural history and civics, Hungarian literary history and chemistry applied to the household. A few letters received by Mrs. Veres, writings about her, and writings which address her activities and other important events in relation to women’s education, such as for instance the speech by the Minister for education, Gyula Wlassics, on the occasion of the opening of the National Association’s girls’ gymnasium in 1896, are also included. In 1906 a statue was erected in Budapest depicturing Mrs. Veres, wearing a Hungarian national costume. Today, the statue is placed at the beginning of Mrs. Pál Veres Street (Veres Pálné utca) in the inner city of the Hungarian capital. Its pedestal carries the inscription “Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky. She fought for the cause that Woman with her education and her soul may become a factor/agent (tényező) of national welfare.” For more on the sculpture, see Veres Pálné, Beniczky Hermin szobra [The Sculpture of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky] (Budapest, 1906). KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Dynasty; Elisabeth Queen of Hungary and Empress of Austria; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire Silenced; Women and Education; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male-Dominated Organizations; Habsburg Empire; Austria; Hungary
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Date Published / Released
1902
Person Discussed
Hermin Beniczky, 1815-1895, Elisabeth, Empress, consort of Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1837-1898, Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1830-1916, Gyula Wlassics, 1852-1937
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Access to Higher Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Social and Cultural Rights, Equal Rights for Women, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Indigenous La...
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Access to Higher Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Social and Cultural Rights, Equal Rights for Women, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Hungarians, Austrians
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Legelso tanterv. 1869
(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). pp. 705-707 (1902), 3 page(s)
TITLE: The First Curriculum: 1869, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, pp. 705-707. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres He...
Sample
(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). pp. 705-707 (1902), 3 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The First Curriculum: 1869, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, pp. 705-707. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book contains an extensive account of the life and activities...
TITLE: The First Curriculum: 1869, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, pp. 705-707. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book contains an extensive account of the life and activities of Beniczky and reprints of many original documents. Hermin Beniczky, usually remembered as Mrs. Pál Veres (1815-1895), was a pioneer of Hungarian women’s education, founder in 1868 of the National Association for Women’s Education (Országos Nőképző-Egyesület) and its long-term President, and co-founder in 1869 of the first high school for girls in Hungary. See the biographical summary of her in Krassimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi, and Francisca de Haan, A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), 54-57. The extracts selected include a collection of writings dating from the period 1865–69. These include Beniczky’s calls from 1865 and 1867, her treatise from 1868 and documents of her lobbying with the governing party from 1868–69, when she submitted a petition signed by nine thousand women to the Hungarian parliament, requesting a law on higher women’s schools with public funding. In her writings, Beniczky condemned the exclusive concern for languages and etiquette in the upbringing of upper-class girls and argued that a more meaningful education would also help secure a livelihood for unmarried and widowed women. Taking note of a general shift from physical towards intellectual work, she set out a broad range of possible female careers. However, she kept distancing herself from any more far-reaching concept of women’s emancipation. There is also a portrait of Beniczky. Another selection from Beniczky’s writings from the period 1869 to 1883, includes opening speeches from the Association’s general assembly meetings, letters, papers and addresses. The initiative to finance higher women’s schools from public funds failed in lack of political backing. The central school, however, got under way in 1869 with Hungarian as the sole language of instruction, and although Beniczky complained about high attrition rates, it soon launched a teacher training track as well. Finally, a selection from the documents from the period 1869–94 include the statutes of the National Association, the first curriculum of the central school for the two lower grades, a report on its opening, a call by the Association to celebrate the royal couple’s 25 year coronation jubilee (Francis Joseph was Emperor of Austria since 1848 but had been crowned King of Hungary only in 1867), its congratulatory letter sent on the same occasion, and contributions to the 25 year jubilee of the National Association itself in 1893. The curriculum is remarkable for giving a close glimpse at Beniczky’s ambitious vision of women’s education. Girls of thirteen to fourteen years of age in the general track studied all of the following subjects: art history, aesthetics, pedagogy, hygienic, Hungarian, German and French, arithmetic, drawing, thinking, ethics, Hungarian cultural history and civics, Hungarian literary history and chemistry applied to the household. A few letters received by Mrs. Veres, writings about her, and writings which address her activities and other important events in relation to women’s education, such as for instance the speech by the Minister for education, Gyula Wlassics, on the occasion of the opening of the National Association’s girls’ gymnasium in 1896, are also included. In 1906 a statue was erected in Budapest depicturing Mrs. Veres, wearing a Hungarian national costume. Today, the statue is placed at the beginning of Mrs. Pál Veres Street (Veres Pálné utca) in the inner city of the Hungarian capital. Its pedestal carries the inscription “Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky. She fought for the cause that Woman with her education and her soul may become a factor/agent (tényező) of national welfare.” For more on the sculpture, see Veres Pálné, Beniczky Hermin szobra [The Sculpture of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky] (Budapest, 1906). KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Dynasty; Elisabeth Queen of Hungary and Empress of Austria; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire Silenced; Women and Education; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male-Dominated Organizations; Habsburg Empire; Austria; Hungary
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Date Published / Released
1902
Person Discussed
Hermin Beniczky, 1815-1895, Elisabeth, Empress, consort of Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1837-1898, Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1830-1916, Gyula Wlassics, 1852-1937
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women and Education, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Equal Rights for Women, Social and Cultural Rights, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Empire and Feminism, Empire and Education, Hungarians, Austrians
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O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama
written by Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, in O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama [On our national textiles and handicrafts], by Savka Subotić. (Novi Sad, 1904). pp. 79-95 (1904), 17 page(s)
TITLE: Part IV: On the Exhibition in Paris, in _On our National Textiles and Handicrafts_. DESCRIPTION: This document consists of selected parts of Savka Subotić’s booklet, On our National Textiles and Handicrafts (O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama), published in 1904 in Novi Sad (Újvidék). Savka Su...
Sample
written by Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, in O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama [On our national textiles and handicrafts], by Savka Subotić. (Novi Sad, 1904). pp. 79-95 (1904), 17 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Part IV: On the Exhibition in Paris, in _On our National Textiles and Handicrafts_. DESCRIPTION: This document consists of selected parts of Savka Subotić’s booklet, On our National Textiles and Handicrafts (O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama), published in 1904 in Novi Sad (Újvidék). Savka Subotić in the booklet narrates the history of her work and endeavors in promoting the female handicraft industry. Over the course of mo...
TITLE: Part IV: On the Exhibition in Paris, in _On our National Textiles and Handicrafts_. DESCRIPTION: This document consists of selected parts of Savka Subotić’s booklet, On our National Textiles and Handicrafts (O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama), published in 1904 in Novi Sad (Újvidék). Savka Subotić in the booklet narrates the history of her work and endeavors in promoting the female handicraft industry. Over the course of more than forty years, she was active in modernizing and promoting Serbian peasant women’s handicraft. Savka Subotić was active in the women's movement in the Vojvodina and also in Serbia and internationally. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. Subotić was educated in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Timișoara (Temesvár, Temeswar) and Vienna. Her main focus was the education of girls, especially Serbian girls; Subotić initiated the establishment of the first Serbian language high schools for girls, established in Novi Sad, Vojvodina and Pančevo (Pancsova), military frontier/Vojvodina in 1874 and in Sombor (Zombor), Vojvodina in 1875. See also, Milica Tomić, “Naše više devojačke škole [Our high schools for girls],” Žena, January 6, 1911; and “Srpska Viša Devojačka Škola u Novom Sadu [The Serbian High School for Girls in Novi Sad],” Ženski svet, August 1913. In addition, Subotić was active in educating Serbian women in the countryside, and created a program of economic development for women who lived in the villages by popularizing and building the handicraft industry of the time. In 1867, Subotić established a women’s organization in Novi Sad (Ujvidék), the Vojvodina, which in documents generated by the Serbian-speaking women’s movement in the Vojvodina is regularly described as the first women’s cooperative in Novi Sad. See “Savka Subotićka. 1834-1904. [Savka Subotić: 1834-1904],” Ženski svet, January 10, 1904. Subotić was a respected member of the Serbian community, but also well known in Austria-Hungary and the international women’s movement. ¶ This document includes Part IV of Subotić’s booklet: Part IV: About the exhibition in Paris (79-95). In Part IV, Subotić talks about the correspondence concerning the Exposition Universelle held in Paris in 1900. She also discusses the connections with the Serbs from Belgrade, and her travels to Niš and Pirot, Serbia, since Serbia was also planning to present on the Paris exhibition. She describes the differences between the national embroidery of Serbian women in the Vojvodina and the produce made by women from Serbia. Subotić argues that the Serbian “intelligentsia” must not try to imitate the common people and should not continue attempting to come up with the new patterns for new embroidery. On the contrary, the task of the “intelligentsia” is to find ways to help “the people (narodu)” to develop their acknowledged ability. She compares these attempts with writers who in their novels mimic the speech of the peasants. She ends the text with a comment on the Serbian peasant women, arguing that amongst all Serbian women only peasant women earn money for their families. She adds that apart from the regular house and family duties, these women also work with men in the fields, a fact that she presents as “emancipation.” In fact, she claims, Serbian women contribute more to their households than their husbands, and their handicraft is the proof of their intelligence. For Parts I and II, see Savka Subotić, “Part I and Part II [Part I: First Attempts of My Work in the Field of our National Domestic Industry, and Part II: On the Exhibitions in Pest and in Novi Sad],” in O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama [On our national textiles and handicrafts] (Novi Sad, 1904), 1–55 (55pp.). KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Women Challenging Empire; Empire and Internationalism; Empire Silenced; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Women as Teachers; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Work and Class Identity; Work and Class Identity; Work and Class Identity; Handicraft; Embroidery; Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health; Primary Health Care; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Serbia; Hungary; Pest; Budapest; Paris
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Author / Creator
Savka Subotić, 1834-1914
Date Published / Released
1904
Person Discussed
Savka Subotić, 1834-1914
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Work and Class Identity, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Economic Development, Household Crafts, Rights to Work, National Identity, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Educa...
Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Work and Class Identity, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Economic Development, Household Crafts, Rights to Work, National Identity, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Women as Teachers, Primary Health Care, Women as “Proletariat”, Opposition to Imperialism, Empire and Internationalism, Indigenous Languages, Serbians
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O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama
written by Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, in O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama [On our national textiles and handicrafts], by Savka Subotić. (Novi Sad, 1904). pp. 1-55 (1904), 55 page(s)
TITLE: Part I: First Attempts of My Work in the Field of our National Domestic Industry, and Part II: On the Exhibitions in Pest and in Novi Sad, in _ On Our National Textiles and Handicrafts_ DESCRIPTION: This document consists of selected parts of Savka Subotić’s booklet, On our National Textiles and Handicra...
Sample
written by Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, in O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama [On our national textiles and handicrafts], by Savka Subotić. (Novi Sad, 1904). pp. 1-55 (1904), 55 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Part I: First Attempts of My Work in the Field of our National Domestic Industry, and Part II: On the Exhibitions in Pest and in Novi Sad, in _ On Our National Textiles and Handicrafts_ DESCRIPTION: This document consists of selected parts of Savka Subotić’s booklet, On our National Textiles and Handicrafts (O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama), published in 1904 in Novi Sad (Újvidék). Savka Subotić in the booklet narrates th...
TITLE: Part I: First Attempts of My Work in the Field of our National Domestic Industry, and Part II: On the Exhibitions in Pest and in Novi Sad, in _ On Our National Textiles and Handicrafts_ DESCRIPTION: This document consists of selected parts of Savka Subotić’s booklet, On our National Textiles and Handicrafts (O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama), published in 1904 in Novi Sad (Újvidék). Savka Subotić in the booklet narrates the history of her work and endeavors in promoting the female handicraft industry. Over the course of more than forty years, she was active in modernizing and promoting Serbian peasant women’s handicraft. Savka Subotić was active in the women's movement in the Vojvodina and also in Serbia and internationally. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. Subotić was educated in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Timișoara (Temesvár, Temeswar) and Vienna. Her main focus was the education of girls, especially Serbian girls; Subotić initiated the establishment of the first Serbian language high schools for girls, established in Novi Sad, Vojvodina and Pančevo (Pancsova), military frontier/Vojvodina in 1874 and in Sombor (Zombor), Vojvodina in 1875. See also, Milica Tomić, “Naše više devojačke škole [Our high schools for girls],” Žena, January 6, 1911; and “Srpska Viša Devojačka Škola u Novom Sadu [The Serbian High School for Girls in Novi Sad],” Ženski svet, August 1913. In addition, Subotić was active in educating Serbian women in the countryside, and created a program of economic development for women who lived in the villages by popularizing and building the handicraft industry of the time. In 1867, Subotić established a women’s organization in Novi Sad (Ujvidék), the Vojvodina, which in documents generated by the Serbian-speaking women’s movement in the Vojvodina is regularly described as the first women’s cooperative in Novi Sad. See “Savka Subotićka. 1834-1904. [Savka Subotić: 1834-1904],” Ženski svet, January 10, 1904. Subotić was a respected member of the Serbian community, but also well known in Austria-Hungary and the international women’s movement. ¶ This document includes the first two parts of Subotić’s booklet: Part I: My First Attempts in the Work in the Field of our National Domestic Industry (pp. 3-14), Part II: About the exhibitions in Novi Sad and Pest (pp. 15-55). In Part I, Subotić talks about the time when in 1853 she first came to the idea to put a traditional national carpet in the guest room of her and her husband’s new home in Novi Sad. At the time, Serbian higher-class families considered the handicraft of rural women suitable only for the use in village houses. Yet, her husband compared the peasant women’s handicraft to the Serbian national poetry, calling it “the poetry of women’s hands.” They were both amazed of how beautiful the handicraft products looked in their room. In 1861, on the occasion of a celebration of the centenary of the birth of Sava Tekelija (Szava Thököly, 1761-1842), for the first time she wore a dress made of the canvas handmade by Serbian rural women. Her idea then was to modernize the traditional handicraft, by using the handmade canvas to make modern-looking dresses. The aim was to make Serbian women’s handicraft compatible to the “world market.” As the years passed, Subotić noticed that the situation was changing and that rural women would be less and less reluctant to the idea of selling their products. Part II is mainly about the many-years of preparations for the display of the handmade carpets and canvas at the exhibitions finally held in Novi Sad (Újvidék) in 1884 and in Budapest in 1885. Subotić also describes how she talked to rural women in different places and educated them to make their embroidery more modern, and how she tried to enlighten them with regard to issues of health, mentioning also the difficulties of approaching the women and gaining their trust. Her main argument was that because of the dissolution of the cooperative (zadruga, commune, the traditional structure of the family in the Balkans) and the rising competition on the market, the people in “our areas,” meaning Serbs and Croats, have suffered from gradual impoverishment. For this reason, she would argue that it was exactly the embroidery that could improve the livelihood of the peasants, as almost all women in the area can easily do this kind of work. She saw the specific value of the Serbian women’s handwork in the fact that each work was unique, as no women would entirely copy the patterns, but would always add something new. She mentions that at the exhibition in Budapest– generally labeled the “national” or “country-wide (országos)” general exhibition in Budapest in the year 1885 – all inscriptions were written in the Hungarian language, even though she had asked over and over again that the information should also be written in Serbian language, as the exhibits with which she was concerned were handmade by Serbian rural women. When she asked the Hungarian minister of agriculture, economy and trade (Pál Széchenyi 1838-1901) to support the development of the Serbian handicraft industry, he had claimed that there is only one industry, the Hungarian one. She openly disagreed to this claim, making the minister angry. “There were other words uttered, that are not for the public,” adds Subotić. Later on, she claims that her name was erased by the minister Széchenyi from the names proposed for the awards by the jury. Additionally, she mentions an expose she had written in German for the jury of the Budapest exhibition (who didn’t come in time to hear her speaking), and explains that the expose was published in Serbian translation in the journal Zastava (‘The Flag’, 1866-1914, 1919-1929) in Novi Sad on 20 September 1985. She repeats that the solution to the problem of the impoverishment of peasants is embroidery. “Hungary is not an industrial country,” she notices, but the poor people “are worse off than factory workers,” adding that if that “evil” (the impoverishment) is not defeated, then “we will get a peasant proletariat, which is much more dangerous than the town proletariat, because it is more contagious” (Subotić’s emphasis). Additionally, when she talks about the women workers who make the embroidery, she mentions mostly Serbian and Croatian women, calling them also “Yugoslav women (Jugoslovenke).” Towards the end of the part II, she describes her frequent travels to Budapest “to finish some work.” The end of this part talks about the exhibition in Novi Sad in 1884. For Part IV, see Savka Subotić, “Part IV [Part IV: On the Exhibition in Paris],” in O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama [On our national textiles and handicrafts] (Novi Sad, 1904), 79–95 (17pp.). KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Women Challenging Empire; Empire and Internationalism; Empire Silenced; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Women as Teachers; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Work and Class Identity; Work and Class Identity; Work and Class Identity; Handicraft; Embroidery; Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health; Primary Health Care; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Serbia; Hungary; Pest; Budapest; Paris
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Author / Creator
Savka Subotić, 1834-1914
Date Published / Released
1904
Person Discussed
Savka Subotić, 1834-1914
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Work and Class Identity, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Economic Development, Household Crafts, Rights to Work, National Identity, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Educa...
Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Work and Class Identity, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Economic Development, Household Crafts, Rights to Work, National Identity, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Women as Teachers, Women as “Proletariat”, Primary Health Care, Opposition to Imperialism, Empire and Internationalism, Indigenous Languages, Serbians
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![Portrait of Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin [Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky]](https://d3crmev290s45i.cloudfront.net/content/1009464xxx/1009464831/1009464831-size-exact-140x0.jpg "Portrait of Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin [Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky]")
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Portrait of Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin [Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky]
(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary) (1902), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). p. NA (1902), 1 page(s)
TITLE: Portrait of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, frontmatter (1p.). DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activit...
Sample
(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary) (1902), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). p. NA (1902), 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Portrait of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, frontmatter (1p.). DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book contains an extensive account of...
TITLE: Portrait of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, frontmatter (1p.). DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book contains an extensive account of the life and activities of Beniczky and reprints of many original documents. Hermin Beniczky, usually remembered as Mrs. Pál Veres (1815-1895), was a pioneer of Hungarian women’s education, founder in 1868 of the National Association for Women’s Education (Országos Nőképző-Egyesület) and its long-term President, and co-founder in 1869 of the first high school for girls in Hungary. See the biographical summary of her in Krassimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi, and Francisca de Haan, A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), 54-57. The extracts selected include a collection of writings dating from the period 1865–69. These include Beniczky’s calls from 1865 and 1867, her treatise from 1868 and documents of her lobbying with the governing party from 1868–69, when she submitted a petition signed by nine thousand women to the Hungarian parliament, requesting a law on higher women’s schools with public funding. In her writings, Beniczky condemned the exclusive concern for languages and etiquette in the upbringing of upper-class girls and argued that a more meaningful education would also help secure a livelihood for unmarried and widowed women. Taking note of a general shift from physical towards intellectual work, she set out a broad range of possible female careers. However, she kept distancing herself from any more far-reaching concept of women’s emancipation. There is also a portrait of Beniczky. Another selection from Beniczky’s writings from the period 1869 to 1883, includes opening speeches from the Association’s general assembly meetings, letters, papers and addresses. The initiative to finance higher women’s schools from public funds failed in lack of political backing. The central school, however, got under way in 1869 with Hungarian as the sole language of instruction, and although Beniczky complained about high attrition rates, it soon launched a teacher training track as well. Finally, a selection from the documents from the period 1869–94 include the statutes of the National Association, the first curriculum of the central school for the two lower grades, a report on its opening, a call by the Association to celebrate the royal couple’s 25 year coronation jubilee (Francis Joseph was Emperor of Austria since 1848 but had been crowned King of Hungary only in 1867), its congratulatory letter sent on the same occasion, and contributions to the 25 year jubilee of the National Association itself in 1893. The curriculum is remarkable for giving a close glimpse at Beniczky’s ambitious vision of women’s education. Girls of thirteen to fourteen years of age in the general track studied all of the following subjects: art history, aesthetics, pedagogy, hygienic, Hungarian, German and French, arithmetic, drawing, thinking, ethics, Hungarian cultural history and civics, Hungarian literary history and chemistry applied to the household. A few letters received by Mrs. Veres, writings about her, and writings which address her activities and other important events in relation to women’s education, such as for instance the speech by the Minister for education, Gyula Wlassics, on the occasion of the opening of the National Association’s girls’ gymnasium in 1896, are also included. In 1906 a statue was erected in Budapest depicturing Mrs. Veres, wearing a Hungarian national costume. Today, the statue is placed at the beginning of Mrs. Pál Veres Street (Veres Pálné utca) in the inner city of the Hungarian capital. Its pedestal carries the inscription “Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky. She fought for the cause that Woman with her education and her soul may become a factor/agent (tényező) of national welfare.” For more on the sculpture, see Veres Pálné, Beniczky Hermin szobra [The Sculpture of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky] (Budapest, 1906). KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Dynasty; Elisabeth Queen of Hungary and Empress of Austria; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire Silenced; Women and Education; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male-Dominated Organizations; Habsburg Empire; Austria; Hungary.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1902
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Photograph
Date Published / Released
1902
Person Discussed
Hermin Beniczky, 1815-1895
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Social and Cultural Rights, National Identity, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Feminism
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Pozdrav devojačkim udruženjima
written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 4, no. 5, January 5, 1889, pp. 129-133 (1889), 3 page(s)
TITLE: Salute to Young Women’s Associations. DESCRIPTION: This article is a salute sent to young Serbian women, who had recently formed Young Women’s Associations (Devojačka udruženja) in Novi Sad (Újvidék) and Velika Kikinda (Nagykikinda) in the Vojvodina. See also, “Devojačko udruženje [The Young Wom...
Sample
written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 4, no. 5, January 5, 1889, pp. 129-133 (1889), 3 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Salute to Young Women’s Associations. DESCRIPTION: This article is a salute sent to young Serbian women, who had recently formed Young Women’s Associations (Devojačka udruženja) in Novi Sad (Újvidék) and Velika Kikinda (Nagykikinda) in the Vojvodina. See also, “Devojačko udruženje [The Young Women’s Association],” Ženski svet, January 4, 1889. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a consid...
TITLE: Salute to Young Women’s Associations. DESCRIPTION: This article is a salute sent to young Serbian women, who had recently formed Young Women’s Associations (Devojačka udruženja) in Novi Sad (Újvidék) and Velika Kikinda (Nagykikinda) in the Vojvodina. See also, “Devojačko udruženje [The Young Women’s Association],” Ženski svet, January 4, 1889. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. The article is signed by Anđelija Kuzmanović, who describes how happy she was when she read about the establishment of these associations in the previous issue of the journal. The text was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women). The journal was published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojvodina, by the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). Arkadije Varađanin, a man who was an active proponent of women’s rights and who was a teacher and director of the Serbian High School for Girls established in Novi Sad, in 1874, was the editor of the journal. The author is enthusiastic about the establishment of Young Women’s Associations, pointing out that without community and harmony there is no strength and progress. She mentions the importance of family, connecting it to the history of pedagogy and the need of the children to learn national literature and language. She argues that the change of the position of women is necessary for educational and national interests. It is important to work against the tendency of many young women to use the foreign language and adopt foreign customs. Kuzmanović mentions the Serbian statehood lost 500 years earlier in Kosovo (The Battle of Kosovo, 1389), but also the importance of Serbian statehood after 500 years had passed during which the language, name and nationality have been preserved. She adds that Slovaks, on the other hand, would never be “what they had been once,” as they have “lost the gift of their ancestors.” She also mentions the importance of the family since it can cause the change in the society. The mother’s task is to protect the family from foreign influences. The author refers to Pestalozzi, who claimed that the influence of the mother and the house is a key for the progress of a child. Thus, the women’s task is to help their Serbian “brothers” to preserve the gifts of the ancestors. KEYWORDS: Women and Nation within Empire; Young Women’s Associations; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; National Identity; Women Challenging Empire; Women and Statehood; Political and Human Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Women and Education; Education in National Languages; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Velika Kikinda; Nagykikinda; Serbia; Hungary
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women
Date Published / Released
05 January 1889, 1889
Person Discussed
Anđelija Kuzmanović, fl. 1889, Arkadije Varađanin, fl. 1874
Topic / Theme
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Empire and Internationalism, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Social and Cultural Rights, Serbians, Slovak
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Poziv na pretplatu: "Srpkinja"
written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 28, no. 9, January 9, 1913, p. 240 (1913), 1 page(s)
TITLE: A Call for Subscription for "The Serbian Woman." DESCRIPTION: This article is a call, published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women). The journal was published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojvo...
Sample
written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 28, no. 9, January 9, 1913, p. 240 (1913), 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: A Call for Subscription for "The Serbian Woman." DESCRIPTION: This article is a call, published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women). The journal was published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojvodina, by the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). The Vojvodina belonged...
TITLE: A Call for Subscription for "The Serbian Woman." DESCRIPTION: This article is a call, published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women). The journal was published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojvodina, by the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. The editor of the journal was Arkadije Varađanin, a man who was an active proponent of women’s rights and who was a teacher and director of the Serbian High School for Girls established in Novi Sad in 1874. The book, The Serbian Woman, her Life and Work, her Cultural Development and her Folk Art up to Date (Srpkinja, njezin život i rad, njezin kulturni razvitak i njezina narodna umjetnost do danas), edited by Serbian women writers, was published in 1913 by the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian women in Irig (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Iriškinja), Vojvodina. The book includes the review of the work of 60 Serbian women storytellers, poets, artists, etc. It is described as precious because it shows that Serbian women are not altruistic women who heal the wounds of Serbian soldiers, but also cultural workers. Some of the authors of the book, mentioned in the article, are: Jelica Belović-Bernardzikovski, Zora Prica (Belgrade), Maga Magazinović (Belgrade) and Darinka Bulja (Vilovo). The book is dedicated to Savka Subotić. The call is signed by the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women in Irig, the secratary Stevan Radić and the president Zorka Živković. KEYWORDS: Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; National Identity; Women and Education; Education in National Languages; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Work and Class Identity; Women Cultural Workers; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Serbia
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women
Date Published / Released
09 January 1913, 1913
Person Discussed
Arkadije Varađanin, fl. 1874
Topic / Theme
Work and Class Identity, Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Rights to Work, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Indigenous Languages, Social and Cultural Rights, National Identity, Serbians
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