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Az alakuló Noképzo-Egyesület programmja.1867; Alapszabály. 1868

(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). pp. 702-705 (1902), 4 page(s)

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TITLE: Program of the Forming Association for Women's Education, 1867; and the Charter, 1868, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, 702-705. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book c... TITLE: Program of the Forming Association for Women's Education, 1867; and the Charter, 1868, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, 702-705. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book contains an extensive account of the life and activities of Beniczky and reprints of many original documents. Hermin Beniczky, usually remembered as Mrs. Pál Veres (1815-1895), was a pioneer of Hungarian women’s education, founder in 1868 of the National Association for Women’s Education (Országos Nőképző-Egyesület) and its long-term President, and co-founder in 1869 of the first high school for girls in Hungary. See the biographical summary of her in Krassimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi, and Francisca de Haan, A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), 54-57. The extracts selected include a collection of writings dating from the period 1865–69. These include Beniczky’s calls from 1865 and 1867, her treatise from 1868 and documents of her lobbying with the governing party from 1868–69, when she submitted a petition signed by nine thousand women to the Hungarian parliament, requesting a law on higher women’s schools with public funding. In her writings, Beniczky condemned the exclusive concern for languages and etiquette in the upbringing of upper-class girls and argued that a more meaningful education would also help secure a livelihood for unmarried and widowed women. Taking note of a general shift from physical towards intellectual work, she set out a broad range of possible female careers. However, she kept distancing herself from any more far-reaching concept of women’s emancipation. There is also a portrait of Beniczky. Another selection from Beniczky’s writings from the period 1869 to 1883, includes opening speeches from the Association’s general assembly meetings, letters, papers and addresses. The initiative to finance higher women’s schools from public funds failed in lack of political backing. The central school, however, got under way in 1869 with Hungarian as the sole language of instruction, and although Beniczky complained about high attrition rates, it soon launched a teacher training track as well. Finally, a selection from the documents from the period 1869–94 include the statutes of the National Association, the first curriculum of the central school for the two lower grades, a report on its opening, a call by the Association to celebrate the royal couple’s 25 year coronation jubilee (Francis Joseph was Emperor of Austria since 1848 but had been crowned King of Hungary only in 1867), its congratulatory letter sent on the same occasion, and contributions to the 25 year jubilee of the National Association itself in 1893. The curriculum is remarkable for giving a close glimpse at Beniczky’s ambitious vision of women’s education. Girls of thirteen to fourteen years of age in the general track studied all of the following subjects: art history, aesthetics, pedagogy, hygienic, Hungarian, German and French, arithmetic, drawing, thinking, ethics, Hungarian cultural history and civics, Hungarian literary history and chemistry applied to the household. A few letters received by Mrs. Veres, writings about her, and writings which address her activities and other important events in relation to women’s education, such as for instance the speech by the Minister for education, Gyula Wlassics, on the occasion of the opening of the National Association’s girls’ gymnasium in 1896, are also included. In 1906 a statue was erected in Budapest depicturing Mrs. Veres, wearing a Hungarian national costume. Today, the statue is placed at the beginning of Mrs. Pál Veres Street (Veres Pálné utca) in the inner city of the Hungarian capital. Its pedestal carries the inscription “Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky. She fought for the cause that Woman with her education and her soul may become a factor/agent (tényező) of national welfare.” For more on the sculpture, see Veres Pálné, Beniczky Hermin szobra [The Sculpture of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky] (Budapest, 1906). KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Dynasty; Elisabeth Queen of Hungary and Empress of Austria; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire Silenced; Women and Education; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male-Dominated Organizations; Habsburg Empire; Austria; Hungary Show more Show less

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China, her life and her people

written by Francesca French, 1871-1960 and Mildred Cable, 1878-1952 (London, England: University of London Press, 1946), 213 page(s)

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Cuvantul de deschidere rostit de doamna Maria B. Baiulescu, presedinta Uniunii Femeilor Romane din Brasov la I-ul Congres al Reuniunilor de...

written by Maria Baiulescu, 1860-1941 ("George Baritiu" Library, Brasov, Romania, MS 1954, f. 36, "George Baritiu" County Library Special Collections) (1913) , 1 page(s)

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TITLE: Opening Speech Given by Mrs. Maria B. Baiulescu, President of the Union of Romanian Women in Brasov to the Ist Congress of the Women's Reunions held in Brasov between 3-5 June 1913. DESCRIPTION: Typed draft of speech by Maria Baiulescu on the occasion of the first congress of the Union of Romanian Women in Hungary. Maria Baiulescu (1860-1941) was an author, Romanian nationalist and civic organizer. She was the president of the Reunion of R... TITLE: Opening Speech Given by Mrs. Maria B. Baiulescu, President of the Union of Romanian Women in Brasov to the Ist Congress of the Women's Reunions held in Brasov between 3-5 June 1913. DESCRIPTION: Typed draft of speech by Maria Baiulescu on the occasion of the first congress of the Union of Romanian Women in Hungary. Maria Baiulescu (1860-1941) was an author, Romanian nationalist and civic organizer. She was the president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov/Brasso/Kronstadt (1908-1935), the President of the Union of Romanian Women (a federation of Transylvanian women’s associations) (1913-1935), and leader of ASTRA association’s Biopolitical Section, founded in 1927. A supporter of women’s social involvement, she advocated what has been termed “republican motherhood,” which focused on women’s roles as nurturers and educators of the nation. See, Krassimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi, and Francisca de Haan, A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), 48-50. Baiulescu’s personal archives are housed by the "George Baritiu" County Library Brasov (Romania), Special Collections Unit. The Union of Romanian Women reunited approximatively half of the 60 independent Romanian women’s “Reunions” that had appeared in Transylvania since the 1850s. ¶ The speech laid out the purpose of a Union with “centralized power” to direct the activities of the adhering women’s Reunions in Hungary. The document also argued that the Union would direct the activities of women’s Reunions that would form in the future. The goals of the Union outlined by Baiulescu were promoting girls’ education, preserving peasant women’s handicraft traditions, raising “hardworking and thrifty wives and mothers,” promoting charitability among women, and creating a unified orphanage. Finally, according to Baiulescu, “through her disinterested social work woman is becoming an important factor even in states’ lives as only she is capable to resolve somewhat the humanitarian problem.” At first sight, the speech reaffirms and unifies the existing areas of activity of the Union’s members and places them within the politically uncontroversial frame of “republican motherhood.” However, concerning the context of this speech, the Romanian Women’s Union founding congress was scheduled to coincide with the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) Congress in Budapest (3-5 June 1913). Whereas Saxon and Hungarian women’s associations in Transylvania were visible participants at the IWSA Congress, the newly-formed Union abstained from organized participation. The abstention was due to a “silenced or veiled” (but, nevertheless, present) suffrage politics pursued by the Transylvanian Romanian women’s movement in Hungary, one that may have been carried aut through the Romanian National Party’s advocating universal suffrage in the Hungarian Parliament, largely because of governemntal restrictions against minorities associational life in the Kingdom of Hungary ¶ This document points to the existence of the Union of Romanian Women in Hungary and the tendencies towards centralization of disparate women’s associations, occurring by the 1910s. Secondly, Baiulescu’s speech reveals the rhetoric that masked the transnational connections and internationally convergent politics some politically-minded Transylvanian Romanian women, although, perhaps, not Maria Baiulescu herself, were pursuing at the time. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; National Identity; Social Reform and Political Activism; Welfare Movements; Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Political and Human Rights; Human Rights, Suffrage; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Work and Class Identity; Sexual Division of Labor; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA). Show more Show less

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Legelso tanterv. 1869

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TITLE: The First Curriculum: 1869, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, pp. 705-707. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book contains an extensive account of the life and activities... TITLE: The First Curriculum: 1869, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, pp. 705-707. DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book contains an extensive account of the life and activities of Beniczky and reprints of many original documents. Hermin Beniczky, usually remembered as Mrs. Pál Veres (1815-1895), was a pioneer of Hungarian women’s education, founder in 1868 of the National Association for Women’s Education (Országos Nőképző-Egyesület) and its long-term President, and co-founder in 1869 of the first high school for girls in Hungary. See the biographical summary of her in Krassimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi, and Francisca de Haan, A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), 54-57. The extracts selected include a collection of writings dating from the period 1865–69. These include Beniczky’s calls from 1865 and 1867, her treatise from 1868 and documents of her lobbying with the governing party from 1868–69, when she submitted a petition signed by nine thousand women to the Hungarian parliament, requesting a law on higher women’s schools with public funding. In her writings, Beniczky condemned the exclusive concern for languages and etiquette in the upbringing of upper-class girls and argued that a more meaningful education would also help secure a livelihood for unmarried and widowed women. Taking note of a general shift from physical towards intellectual work, she set out a broad range of possible female careers. However, she kept distancing herself from any more far-reaching concept of women’s emancipation. There is also a portrait of Beniczky. Another selection from Beniczky’s writings from the period 1869 to 1883, includes opening speeches from the Association’s general assembly meetings, letters, papers and addresses. The initiative to finance higher women’s schools from public funds failed in lack of political backing. The central school, however, got under way in 1869 with Hungarian as the sole language of instruction, and although Beniczky complained about high attrition rates, it soon launched a teacher training track as well. Finally, a selection from the documents from the period 1869–94 include the statutes of the National Association, the first curriculum of the central school for the two lower grades, a report on its opening, a call by the Association to celebrate the royal couple’s 25 year coronation jubilee (Francis Joseph was Emperor of Austria since 1848 but had been crowned King of Hungary only in 1867), its congratulatory letter sent on the same occasion, and contributions to the 25 year jubilee of the National Association itself in 1893. The curriculum is remarkable for giving a close glimpse at Beniczky’s ambitious vision of women’s education. Girls of thirteen to fourteen years of age in the general track studied all of the following subjects: art history, aesthetics, pedagogy, hygienic, Hungarian, German and French, arithmetic, drawing, thinking, ethics, Hungarian cultural history and civics, Hungarian literary history and chemistry applied to the household. A few letters received by Mrs. Veres, writings about her, and writings which address her activities and other important events in relation to women’s education, such as for instance the speech by the Minister for education, Gyula Wlassics, on the occasion of the opening of the National Association’s girls’ gymnasium in 1896, are also included. In 1906 a statue was erected in Budapest depicturing Mrs. Veres, wearing a Hungarian national costume. Today, the statue is placed at the beginning of Mrs. Pál Veres Street (Veres Pálné utca) in the inner city of the Hungarian capital. Its pedestal carries the inscription “Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky. She fought for the cause that Woman with her education and her soul may become a factor/agent (tényező) of national welfare.” For more on the sculpture, see Veres Pálné, Beniczky Hermin szobra [The Sculpture of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky] (Budapest, 1906). KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Dynasty; Elisabeth Queen of Hungary and Empress of Austria; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire Silenced; Women and Education; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male-Dominated Organizations; Habsburg Empire; Austria; Hungary Show more Show less

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Međunarodni kongres za žensko biračko pravo

in Žena, Vol. 3, no. 4, January 4, 1913, pp. 240-245 (1913), 6 page(s)

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TITLE: International Congress for the Women's Suffrage. DESCRIPTION: This article is an announcement on the seventh congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) planned for /held in 1913 in Budapest. See also, Vladislava-Boba Polit, “O feminizmu. VII. međunarodni svetski kongres ženskinja u Budimpešti [On feminism. The 7th international world’s congress of women in Budapest],” Ženski svet, August 1913. It includes the le... TITLE: International Congress for the Women's Suffrage. DESCRIPTION: This article is an announcement on the seventh congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) planned for /held in 1913 in Budapest. See also, Vladislava-Boba Polit, “O feminizmu. VII. međunarodni svetski kongres ženskinja u Budimpešti [On feminism. The 7th international world’s congress of women in Budapest],” Ženski svet, August 1913. It includes the letter of Rosika Schwimmer to Milica Tomić, inviting the Serbian sisters to join the congress. The announcement was published in Žena (The Woman), a periodical edited by Milica Tomić and published in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojvodina. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. Milica Tomić is most likely the author of the text. Tomić (1859-1944) was a writer, editor and a public activist for women’s rights born and based in Novi Sad. She published numerous works on the subject of women’s rights, education and emancipation. In 1911, she founded the journal Žena, which she edited until 1921. In 1881, she had been hired to work for the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women in Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). See, “Rad dobrotvornih zadruga [The Work of Charitable Cooperatives],” Ženski svet, January 5, 1886. In 1910, she initiated the establishment of the Women’s Reading Room ‘Posestrima’(Ženska čitaonica ‘Posestrima’). See, Milica Tomić, “Ženska čitaonica [Women’s Reading Room],” Žena, 1911. Milica Tomić cooperated with Rosika Schwimmer (1877–1948), a prominent Hungarian feminist, and their correspondence was published in one of the issues of Žena. In the article, the author explains that the international congresses in support of women’s suffrage shows the progress in all countries when it comes to the question of women’s suffrage. The author believes that the planned congress in Budapest will be successful and that it will help “the women’s movement fighting for women’s suffrage.” The author is enthusiastic about the planned congress in Budapest, describing what is planned and who is supposed to come. The author includes a letter which the editor, Milica Tomić, has received from Rosika Schwimmer, who invites “the Serbian sisters” to join the congress. The author evaluates the invitation as very kind and invites Serbian women to attend the congress. KEYWORDS: Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire and Feminism; Empire and Internationalism; Social Reform and Political Activism; Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Socialism; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Suffrage; Equal Rights for Women; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Serbia; Budapest Show more Show less

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O feminizmu. VII. međunarodni svetski kongres ženskinja u Budimpešti

written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 28, no. 7-8, July-August, 1913, pp. 155-158 (1913), 4 page(s)

TITLE: On Feminism: The 7th International World's Congress of Women in Budapest. DESCRIPTION: This article discusses the seventh congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA planned for /held in 1913 in Budapest. See also, “Međunarodni kongres za žensko biračko pravo [International Congress for...

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O izbornom pravu ženskinja

in Žena, Vol. 2, no. 6, January 6, 1912, pp. 347-352 (1912), 6 page(s)

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TITLE: On the Women's Suffrage. DESCRIPTION: This article is a report on the assembly held in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Vojvodina, in favor of women’s suffrage, with participation of Rosika Schwimmer (1877-1948) from Budapest. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbia... TITLE: On the Women's Suffrage. DESCRIPTION: This article is a report on the assembly held in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Vojvodina, in favor of women’s suffrage, with participation of Rosika Schwimmer (1877-1948) from Budapest. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. The report is unsigned, but the author is probably Milica Tomić, the editor of the periodical Žena (The Woman) in which this report was published. Milica Tomić (1859-1944) was a writer, editor and a public activist for women’s rights born and based in Novi Sad. She published numerous works on the subject of women’s rights, education and emancipation. In 1911, she founded the journal Žena, which she edited until 1921. In 1881, she had been hired to work for the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women in Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). See, “Rad dobrotvornih zadruga [The Work of Charitable Cooperatives],” Ženski svet, January 5, 1886. In 1910, she initiated the establishment of the Women’s Reading Room ‘Posestrima’ (Ženska čitaonica ‘Posestrima’). See, Milica Tomić, “Ženska čitaonica [Women’s Reading Room],” Žena, 1911. Tomić cooperated with Rosika Schwimmer (1877–1948), a prominent Hungarian feminist, and their correspondence was published in one of the issues of Žena. The organizers of the assembly in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Vojvodina, were the Serbian People‘s Radical Party (Srpska Narodna Radikalna Stranka) and other parties. The author mentions that the first two parties reportedly supported women’s suffrage, while the leader of the third, Hungarian party repeatedly declared that “the time has not come yet.” One of the speakers at the assembly was Rosika Schwimmer (1877-1948), a Hungarian feminist and suffrage activist, talking during the assembly as a representative of the Hungarian Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete). The author describes how determined Schwimmer was to talk, even though many opposed it. After the speech, some men on the street led the discussion about Schwimmer’s talk; a Hungarian man spoke out against Schwimmer, while a Serbian man was supportive. A socialist speaker from Budapest was speaking against Rosika Schwimmer, saying that she was not welcome on the assemblies of men. Finally, the author reminds the reader of the recent bloody demonstrations in Budapest (probably 23 May 1912, a mass demonstration for universal suffrage in Budapest called afterwards “Bloody Thursday”), where many had been killed and injured, including several Serbian women. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Women Challenging Empire; Empire and Feminism; Social Reform and Political Activism; Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Socialism; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Suffrage; Equal Rights for Women; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Serbia; Budapest Show more Show less

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Participrea femeilor romane din Ardeal in procesul Memorandumului in _Universul_(Bucharest)

written by Maria Baiulescu, 1860-1941 ("George Baritiu" Library, Brasov, Romania, MS 1954, f. 30, "George Baritiu" County Library Special Collections), in The Universe, June 19, 1934, p. NA (1934), 4 page(s)

TITLE: The Participation of Romanian Women from Transylvania in the Memorandum Trial in _The Universe_(Bucharest). DESCRIPTION: A 1934 account by eyewitness Maria Baiulescu of the activity of the “political committee” of Romanian women formed in Brașov in 1894, published in the Bucharest-based Universul newsp...

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Portrait of Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin [Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky]

(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary) (1902), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). p. NA (1902), 1 page(s)

TITLE: Portrait of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, frontmatter (1p.). DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activit...

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A Rift in the East: Trouble in Transylvania, An Appeal to English Opinion

in The Daily Chronicle, July 10, 1894, p. 3 (1894), 4 page(s)

DESCRIPTION: This newspaper clipping was originally published in the London Daily Chronicle. The article is an interview with Jeanne del Homme. Jeanne del Homme was a French teacher, based in Oxford and then in Le Mans. She was instrumental in publicizing the “Memorandum trial” occurring in Transylvania in 189...

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