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Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1913-1914
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1914), 30 page(s)
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the Years 1913-1914. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1913-1914 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, el...
Sample
written by Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu (Sibiu, Sibiu County: Editura Reuniunii, 1914), 30 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the Years 1913-1914. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1913-1914 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It reorganized th...
TITLE: Yearbook of the Reunion of Romanian Women for the Years 1913-1914. DESCRIPTION: This document is the yearbook for the 1913-1914 period, by the Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben. The Reunion was founded in 1880. It opened a Romanian-language, private, elementary school for girls in 1883. In 1905/1906 the Reunion inaugurated a “School for home economy and industry.” It reorganized this school in 1911, by dividing it into sections for training in industrial and housekeeping work but closed it in 1914. For more on the school, see Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Sibiu, Anuarul Reuniunii Femeilor din Sibiu pe anii 1911-1912 [The Yearbook of the Women’s Meeting in Sibiu for the Years 1911-1912] (Sibiu: Tiparul Tipografia Arhidiecezane, 1912). After the beginning of the Great War, the Sibiu Reunion volunteered to care for the Austro-Hungarian Army’s wounded by creating a “reserve hospital” in the training school’s building. In 1919, Queen Marie of Romania (1875-1938) became patron of the Reunion’s reopened School for Housekeeping and Industry. In the years that followed, the Sibiu Reunion was a significant participant in the federative Union of Romanian Women, initiated by Maria Baiulescu. ¶ The Yearbook offers information on the activities of the Sibiu Reunion of Romanian Women between 1913 and 1914. The administrative documents reproduced in the yearbook include the presidential address by Maria Cosma, meeting minutes, budgets, annual organizational report, the household section report, the industrial section report, an accounting report, a membership report, and proposals before the committee. A balance sheet and a budget sheet are included in table form, and the membership list is printed last. This yearbook shows how the Reunion wanted to promote women’s and national progress simultaneously, by linking young Romanian women’s improved career opportunities to the furthering of the national cause. The Reunion recognized and developed practices around certain class issues as well. This yearbook contributes to a better understanding of the evolution of Transylvanian Romanian women’s associations in the years right before, during and immediately after the Great War. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Education in National Languages; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; The Home Economics Movement; Work and Class Identity; Habsburg Empire; Home industry; Funds and donations; Municipal activism; People’s Kitchens; Princess Marie of Edinburgh, Queen Marie of Romania
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Reunion of Romanian Women in Sibiu
Date Published / Released
1914
Publisher
Editura Reuniunii
Person Discussed
Marie, of Romania, 1875-1938
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Work and Class Identity, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Women as “Proletariat”, Ro...
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Work and Class Identity, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Empire and Feminism, Gendered Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Women as “Proletariat”, Romanians
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Clara Zetkin to Mariska Gárdos, Wilhelmshöhe, 8 April 1909
written by Clara Zetkin, 1857-1933 (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives], 940. f. 35. ő.e.) (08 April 1909) , 4 page(s)
TITLE: Clara Zetkin to Mariska Gárdos, Wilhelmshöhe, 8 April 1909. DESCRIPTION: The letter is kept in the papers of Mariska Gárdos (Mária Gárdos, Mrs. György Pintér, 1884 or 1885-1973) in the Institute of Political History, Archives (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára), Budapest, Hungary. Gárdos was...
Sample
written by Clara Zetkin, 1857-1933 (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives], 940. f. 35. ő.e.) (08 April 1909) , 4 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Clara Zetkin to Mariska Gárdos, Wilhelmshöhe, 8 April 1909. DESCRIPTION: The letter is kept in the papers of Mariska Gárdos (Mária Gárdos, Mrs. György Pintér, 1884 or 1885-1973) in the Institute of Political History, Archives (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára), Budapest, Hungary. Gárdos was a key representative of the social democratic women’s movement in Hungary under the Habsburg Monarchy. The handwritten letter by Clar...
TITLE: Clara Zetkin to Mariska Gárdos, Wilhelmshöhe, 8 April 1909. DESCRIPTION: The letter is kept in the papers of Mariska Gárdos (Mária Gárdos, Mrs. György Pintér, 1884 or 1885-1973) in the Institute of Political History, Archives (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára), Budapest, Hungary. Gárdos was a key representative of the social democratic women’s movement in Hungary under the Habsburg Monarchy. The handwritten letter by Clara Zetkin gives the “most cordial greetings from Germany” to the third social democratic women’s congress in Hungary. The German woman comrades will be happy to read that the reactionary ruling forces have not been able to stifle the “young, forward-striving woman workers’ movement” in Hungary, which aims to unite the “double exploited and oppressed” working women. Without difference as to gender, men and women of the working classes in all countries fight against the oppressors without taking note of their gender. The woman Comrades of all countries, with whom the Hungarian woman Comrades are in contact, regard the latter’s fight as their own fight. See also, Mária [Mariska] Gárdos, “Erster Frauentag - vor Fünfzig Jahren in _Neue Zeitung_ IV, Nummer 10 [First Women’s Day – Fifty Years Ago in _New Newspaper_ IV, no. 10]” (Newspaper article, Budapest, March 4, 1960), 940. f. 24. ő.e., Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives]; “Clara Zetkin to Fr. Marie Gárdos [Mrs. Mariska Gárdos], Wilhelmshöhe, 31 March 1909” (Letter, Wilhelmshöhe, 1909), 940. f. 35. ő.e., Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Political History, Archives]; and “Clara Zetkin to Marie Gardós [Mariska Gárdos], Wilhelmshöhe, 10 April 1909” (Letter, Wilhelmshöhe, 1909), 940. f. 35. ő.e., Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives]. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Socialism; Socialist Women; Work and Class Identity; Gender and Class; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Germany
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
08 April 1909, 1909
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Clara Zetkin, 1857-1933
Topic / Theme
Work and Class Identity, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women as “Proletariat”, Equal Rights for Women, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Socialism, Germans, Hungarians
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Conference 133: Workshop No. 9 - Marriage, Family And Class (ICS117/1/13/11)
written by Christine White, fl. 1978, in Institute of Commonwealth Studies Collection, of University of London. Senate House Library (Senate House Library, University of London) (London, England) (1978), ICS117/1/13/11 - Ruth First Papers (Alexandria, VA: Alexander Street, 2023), 21 page(s)
Sample
written by Christine White, fl. 1978, in Institute of Commonwealth Studies Collection, of University of London. Senate House Library (Senate House Library, University of London) (London, England) (1978), ICS117/1/13/11 - Ruth First Papers (Alexandria, VA: Alexander Street, 2023), 21 page(s)
Date Written / Recorded
1978
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Essay
Author / Creator
Christine White, fl. 1978
Date Published / Released
2023
Publisher
Alexander Street
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Work and Class Identity, Women and Development, Family Rights, Socialism, Sexual Division of Labor, Women as “Proletariat”, Agriculture, French, Vietnamese, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
Copyright Message
Material sourced from the Collection of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, Senate House Library, University of London. Copyright © The University of London.
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![Egyesült Erovel. A Magyarországi Noegyesületek Szövetségének és a sz.-et [szövetséget] alkotó egyesületek legtöbbjének hivatalos közlönyük, II évfolyam, February 1910](https://d3crmev290s45i.cloudfront.net/content/1009464xxx/1009464768/1009464768-size-exact-140x0.jpg "Egyesült Erovel. A Magyarországi Noegyesületek Szövetségének és a sz.-et [szövetséget] alkotó egyesületek legtöbbjének hivatalos közlönyük, II évfolyam, February 1910")
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Egyesült Erovel. A Magyarországi Noegyesületek Szövetségének és a sz.-et [szövetséget] alkotó egyesületek legtöbbjének hivatalo...
(Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [National Széchényi Library]), in Egyesült Erővel. A Magyarországi Nőegyesületek Szövetségének és a sz.-et [szövetséget] alkotó egyesületek legtöbbjének hivatalos közlönyük [With United Forces: Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary], Vol. 2, February 1910 (Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary, 1910), 16 page(s)
TITLE: With United Forces: Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary, Vol. 2, February 1910. DESCRIPTION: This journal issue is part of a selection of journals documenting the history of the Hungarian-speaking women’s movement in the Hungarian Kingdom in the Habsburg Monarchy. All i...
Sample
(Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [National Széchényi Library]), in Egyesült Erővel. A Magyarországi Nőegyesületek Szövetségének és a sz.-et [szövetséget] alkotó egyesületek legtöbbjének hivatalos közlönyük [With United Forces: Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary], Vol. 2, February 1910 (Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary, 1910), 16 page(s)
Description
TITLE: With United Forces: Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary, Vol. 2, February 1910. DESCRIPTION: This journal issue is part of a selection of journals documenting the history of the Hungarian-speaking women’s movement in the Hungarian Kingdom in the Habsburg Monarchy. All issues available from 1909 to 1914 in the Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [Hungarian National Library] are included in this digital arc...
TITLE: With United Forces: Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary, Vol. 2, February 1910. DESCRIPTION: This journal issue is part of a selection of journals documenting the history of the Hungarian-speaking women’s movement in the Hungarian Kingdom in the Habsburg Monarchy. All issues available from 1909 to 1914 in the Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [Hungarian National Library] are included in this digital archive. As indicated in its subtitle, Egyesült Erővel (With United Forces) was the Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary (Magyarországi Nőegyesületek Szövetsége) and most of the associations forming the alliance. The alliance was established in 1904 and had 78 members in 1909. The journal gives information on the activities of the alliance, including its general assemblies and the activities of many Hungarian women’s associations. Repeatedly mentioned, among others, are the Budapest Israelite Women’s Association (Budapesti Izraelita Nőegylet) and other Jewish women’s associations, the Hungarian Welfare Women’s Association of Brassó [Brasov, Kronstadt] (Brassói Magyar Jótékony Nőegylet), the Klotild Assocation for the Marketing of Women’s Work (A női munkát értékesitő Klotild egylet), the National Association of Hungarian Farmer Women (Magyar Gazdasszonyok Országos Egyesülete), the Maria Dorothea Association (Mária Dorothea Egyesület), the National Association for Women’s Education (Országos Nőképző Egyesület), the Hungarian Association against the Traffic in Girls (Magyar Egyesület a Leánykereskedés ellen), the National Association of Woman Employees (Nőtisztviselők Országos Egyesülete), the National Catholic Association for the Protection of Women (Országos Kath. Nővédő Egyesület), and the Tabitha Women’s Association (Tabitha-Nőegylet). ¶ Egyesült Erővel regularly reported on congresses, news, and activities related to international organizations, including those by and for women and women’s movements of other countries. The journal published articles about various questions, institutions, and activities considered relevant for the women’s movement and women’s organizing in Hungary, in other countries, and in transnational perspective. It also included book reviews. The journal thus constitutes a key source of information in particular on the history of the more moderate wing of the Hungarian women’s movement and its international context. Non-Hungarian women’s activism in the Hungarian Kingdom is barely mentioned (see vol. 2, July-October 1911, p. 126); therefore, silenced in the journal. The organizations of social-democratic women were not covered by the journal. The liberal-progressive Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete) was a member of the Alliance and is repeatedly mentioned. The Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete) published its own journal, however, which is available online elsewhere. The journals of the social democratic women, Nőmunkás (Woman Worker) and the Catholic women’s movement, Értesítő (Information), are partially available in this digital archive. KEYWORDS: Work and Class Identity; Maternity Protection; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Auguszta Rosenberg; Ilona Szemere; Julia Szőgyény Marich; Dr. Maria Schmidt
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical issue
Date Published / Released
February 1910, 1910
Publisher
Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary
Series
Egyesült Erővel. A Magyarországi Nőegyesületek Szövetségének és a sz.-et [szövetséget] alkotó egyesületek legtöbbjének hivatalos közlönyük [With United Forces: Official Bulletin of the Alliance of Women’s Organizations of Hungary]
Person Discussed
Julia Szőgyény Marich, fl. 1911, Auguszta Rosenberg, 1859-1946, Ilona Szemere, fl. 1910, Mária Schmidt, fl. 1911
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Work and Class Identity, Suffrage, Equal Rights for Women, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Feminism, Class Discrimination, Women as “Proletariat”, Maternity Protection, Hungarians
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A feministák
written by Péter Veres, 1897-1970, in Falusi krónika [Village Chronicle], 2nd, ed. by Péter Veres. (Budapest: Magyar Élet kiadása, 1944). pp. 231-243 (1944), 14 page(s)
TITLE: The Feminists, in _Village Chronicle_. DESCRIPTION: In this chapter of his book, Péter Veres (born 1897, Balmazújváros, today North-Eastern Hungary, died 1970), writer, peasant politician and later on state-socialist politician, gives a document-based account of the history of a group of politically acti...
Sample
written by Péter Veres, 1897-1970, in Falusi krónika [Village Chronicle], 2nd, ed. by Péter Veres. (Budapest: Magyar Élet kiadása, 1944). pp. 231-243 (1944), 14 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Feminists, in _Village Chronicle_. DESCRIPTION: In this chapter of his book, Péter Veres (born 1897, Balmazújváros, today North-Eastern Hungary, died 1970), writer, peasant politician and later on state-socialist politician, gives a document-based account of the history of a group of politically active peasant women under the leadership of Mrs. István Bordás Sára Rokon Tóth. Veres relates that on Ascension Day 1908, the National...
TITLE: The Feminists, in _Village Chronicle_. DESCRIPTION: In this chapter of his book, Péter Veres (born 1897, Balmazújváros, today North-Eastern Hungary, died 1970), writer, peasant politician and later on state-socialist politician, gives a document-based account of the history of a group of politically active peasant women under the leadership of Mrs. István Bordás Sára Rokon Tóth. Veres relates that on Ascension Day 1908, the National Agriculture Party (Országos Földmívelő Párt), a left-wing peasant party, and the “local women” (helyi asszonyok) invited Róza Schwimmer (1877-1948) to a women’s meeting in Balmazújváros. Róza Schwimmer was a key representative of the Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete), the leading progressive-liberal women’s organization in Hungary at the time. (According to Schwimmer, a women’s organization had been founded in Balmazújváros on April 8, 1908). Upon Christmas 1908, a leaflet was available: the cover page gave the party program, while the reverse side gave Mrs. Bordás’ proclamation, which ponders why nobody asks questions about women’s inclusion when peasant women who do all the hard, agricultural work side by side with men. Veres in his chapter makes sure to repeatedly differentiate between the approach, language, and demands of the “feminists” as opposed to the peasant women, underlining that the latter were engaged with bread and butter issues too. He directly quotes their complaint that the Magyars suffer from high taxes while “the border is full with” Slovakian, Ukrainian, Romanian and Palóc-Hungarian agricultural contract workers. ¶ The women from Balmazújváros attracted international attention. Mrs. István Bordás, Julis (Julia) Bak, Mrs. Gábor Magyar, Mrs. András Juhász Ilona Pénzes, Mrs. Bálint Gém and Mrs. József Deli (these are the names Veres gives) traveled to Budapest in 1913 and participated in the seventh congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA in the Hungarian capital city and related formal events. In 1917, two women from Balmazújváros, Mrs. Péter Szeifert Julcsa (Júlia) Pokrócz and Mrs. Imre Béke, participated in a suffrage delegation of the Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete), which was received by the Hungarian Prime minister István Tisza. Veres recounts the experiences of the women from Balmazújváros in 1913 and 1917 in colorful detail. ¶ This digital archive includes a set of dated letters from the women of Balmazújváros to the Feminist Association from the beginning in 1908 through 1918, as well as undated letters, which can be assumed to have been written before the end of the Habsburg Monarchy. See, the correspondence with Ferencz (Ferenc) Pokrócz (Pokróc), Mrs. Gábor Magyar, Mrs. István Bordás, Mrs. István Szabó, Rosika Schwimmer, and the Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association]. Of note, the journal of the Feminist Association, titled A nő és a társadalom [Women and Society], is available full text online elsewhere. It repeatedly reports about the women from Balmazújváros. Parts of Péter Veres’s account directly build on these reports. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Hungarian government; Peace and War, International Governance, and International Law; World War I; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Equal Rights for Women; Work and Class Identity; Gender and Class; Association of Peasant Women; Home Industry; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Slovakia
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Author / Creator
Péter Veres, 1897-1970
Date Published / Released
1944
Person Discussed
Rosika Schwimmer, 1877-1948, István Bordás Sára Rokon Tóth, fl. 1908
Topic / Theme
World War I, 1914-1918, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Work and Class Identity, Women and Development, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Equal Rights for Women, Suffrage, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Women as “Proletariat”, Household Crafts, Human Rights, Int...
World War I, 1914-1918, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Work and Class Identity, Women and Development, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Equal Rights for Women, Suffrage, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Women as “Proletariat”, Household Crafts, Human Rights, International Peace, Empire and Feminism, Slovak, Hungarians, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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K mezinárodní konferenci socialistických žen
in Ženský list [Women’s Paper], Vol. 16, No. 20, September 26, 1907, pp. 3-4 (1907), 2 page(s)
TITLE: On the International Conference of Socialist Women. DESCRIPTION: Ženský list [Women's Paper] was a women's journal linked to Českoslovanská sociálně demokratická strana dělnická [the Czechoslavonic Social Democratic Workers' Party]. Since 1901, it was edited by Karla Máchová – the main represen...
Sample
in Ženský list [Women’s Paper], Vol. 16, No. 20, September 26, 1907, pp. 3-4 (1907), 2 page(s)
Description
TITLE: On the International Conference of Socialist Women. DESCRIPTION: Ženský list [Women's Paper] was a women's journal linked to Českoslovanská sociálně demokratická strana dělnická [the Czechoslavonic Social Democratic Workers' Party]. Since 1901, it was edited by Karla Máchová – the main representative of the Czech-speaking social democratic women's movement in Bohemia. The author is most likely the editor of the journal Karla M...
TITLE: On the International Conference of Socialist Women. DESCRIPTION: Ženský list [Women's Paper] was a women's journal linked to Českoslovanská sociálně demokratická strana dělnická [the Czechoslavonic Social Democratic Workers' Party]. Since 1901, it was edited by Karla Máchová – the main representative of the Czech-speaking social democratic women's movement in Bohemia. The author is most likely the editor of the journal Karla Máchová (1853-1920), one of the delegates from Bohemia at the International Conference of Socialist Women in Stuttgart in 1907 (the second one was Anna Steinerová). The text gives information in its goals, delegates and agenda. On the conference, see also the series of articles titled “První mezinárodní konference socialistických žen [The First International Conference of Socialist Women],” also published in Ženský list [Women’s Paper]. KEYWORDS: Empire and Internationalism; Social Reform and Political Activism; Socialism; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Work and Class Identity; Habsburg Empire
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Date Published / Released
26 September 1907, 1907
Person Discussed
Karla Máchová, 1853-1920
Topic / Theme
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Work and Class Identity, Indigenous Women, Empire and Internationalism, Suffrage, Socialism, Human Rights, Women as “Proletariat”, Social and Political Leadership, Czechs
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Kérdőív (18 db. kitöltve)
written by National Association of Woman Workers in Hungary (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives]) (1917) , 18 page(s)
TITLE: Questionaire (18 items filled in). DESCRIPTION: During World War I, the National Organizational Committee of the Woman Workers of Hungary (Magyarországi nőmunkások országos szervezőbizottsága) distributed a questionnaire into which woman workers from different factories filled data about their conditi...
Sample
written by National Association of Woman Workers in Hungary (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives]) (1917) , 18 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Questionaire (18 items filled in). DESCRIPTION: During World War I, the National Organizational Committee of the Woman Workers of Hungary (Magyarországi nőmunkások országos szervezőbizottsága) distributed a questionnaire into which woman workers from different factories filled data about their condition. Between 1912 and 1916, the National Organizational Committee was the central organizing body of the socialist women’s movement as...
TITLE: Questionaire (18 items filled in). DESCRIPTION: During World War I, the National Organizational Committee of the Woman Workers of Hungary (Magyarországi nőmunkások országos szervezőbizottsága) distributed a questionnaire into which woman workers from different factories filled data about their condition. Between 1912 and 1916, the National Organizational Committee was the central organizing body of the socialist women’s movement associated with the Social-democratic Party of Hungary (Magyarországi Szociáldemokrata Párt, MSZDP). Earlier, the National Association of Woman Workers in Hungary [Magyarországi Munkásnők Országos Egyesülete], est. 1904, had been the key organization. While co-existing with the National Organizational Committee, the Association was marginalized in later years. The 18 women (age 15 to 29) who filled in the questionnaire gave information about the factories in which they worked (electrical, tobacco, armaments), whether they did the night shift (many did, a number of them saying that this depended on the needs of the factory), their weekly salary (15 to 34 Crowns), working time (from 6 to more than 11 hours), length and type of travel to the work place (for some up to two hours), whether they had worked before the war, why they worked, their marital status and the number and age of their children, whether they carried their own household or with whom they stayed, who was looking after their children when they worked, how many individuals they supported with their income (two women supported only themselves, the others up to 8 family members), and what they ate for breakfast, lunch and dinner. The questionnaire was “to be filled in with pencil.” On one item, the year 1917 is given. Nearly all women had close male family members drawn into the Austro-Hungarian army, some said they worked because they couldn’t subsist from the [war time] relief money they received. Two women said that she entrusted her children “to God” or the “good God” while at work. The diet of the women included black coffee or nothing for breakfast and, for instance, “spurious soup,” bread with paprika or “empty vegetables” for lunch, otherwise the diet was restricted to potatoes, cabbage, beans, etc. See also, “Sátoraljaujhely dohánygyár: dolgozik 1300 nő [Sátoraljaújhely: Tobacco Factory in Sátoraljaújhely, In Work 1300 Women]” (Report, Sátoraljaújhely, 1915), 696. f. 68. ő.e., Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives]; and “Valamit tenni kell! [Something must be done!]” (Itinerary, Hungary, 1915), 696. f. 68. ő.e., Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives]. These three documents, taken together, constitute a small group of records which document how the social democratic women’s movement during World War tried to reach out to and mobilize woman workers. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Joint Military; Peace and War, International Governance, and International Law; World War I; Social Reform and Political Activism; War Time Relief; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Socialism; Work and Class Identity; Woman Workers; War Time Living Conditions; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Annuska Roth; Mrs. Gyula Czenne; Mrs. Sandor [Sándor] Halawa; Mrs. István Kálmán; Teréz Toth; Erzsi [Erzsébet] Blazinovits; Mariska [Mária] Busa; Zsuzsi [Zsuzsanna] Szabó; Anna Hain; Mrs. Jakab Stáhl/Stahl; widowed Mrs. Ádám Gonter; Mrs. Ferenc Rozsa [Rózsa]
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1917
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Government/institutional document
Author / Creator
National Association of Woman Workers in Hungary
Person Discussed
Mrs. Ferenc Rózsa, fl. 1917, Mrs. Ádám Gonter, fl. 1917, Mrs. Jakab Stáhl, fl. 1917, Anna Hain, fl. 1917, Zsuzsi Szabó, fl. 1917, Mariska Busa, fl. 1917, Erzsi Blazinovits, fl. 1917, Teréz Toth, fl. 1917, Mrs. István Kálmán, fl. 1917, Mrs. Sándor Halawa, fl. 1917, Mrs. Gyula Czenne, fl. 1917, Annuska Roth, fl. 1917
Topic / Theme
World War I, 1914-1918, Work and Class Identity, Social Reform and Political Activism, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Women as “Proletariat”, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Socialism, Sexual Division of Labor, International Peace, Hungarians, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Mrs. István Szabó to Feministák Egyesülete, Balmazújváros, ca. 1910s
written by István Szabó, 1938- (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 3 Folder 5) (1910) , 1 page(s)
TITLE: Mrs. István Szabó to Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association (in Hungary)], Balmazújváros, ca. 1910s. DESCRIPTION: The letter belongs to a group of letters, which gives information on a group of politically active peasant women from Balmazújváros, today North-Eastern Hungary, and the relationshi...
Sample
written by István Szabó, 1938- (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 3 Folder 5) (1910) , 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Mrs. István Szabó to Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association (in Hungary)], Balmazújváros, ca. 1910s. DESCRIPTION: The letter belongs to a group of letters, which gives information on a group of politically active peasant women from Balmazújváros, today North-Eastern Hungary, and the relationship between them and the Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete). See also, Péter Veres, “A feministák [The Feminists],” in...
TITLE: Mrs. István Szabó to Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association (in Hungary)], Balmazújváros, ca. 1910s. DESCRIPTION: The letter belongs to a group of letters, which gives information on a group of politically active peasant women from Balmazújváros, today North-Eastern Hungary, and the relationship between them and the Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete). See also, Péter Veres, “A feministák [The Feminists],” in Falusi krónika [Village Chronicle], 2nd ed. (Budapest: Magyar Élet kiadása, 1944), 231–243 (14pp.); as well as the correspondence with Ferencz (Ferenc) Pokrócz (Pokróc), Mrs. Gábor Magyar, Mrs. István Bordás, Mrs. István Szabó, Rosika Schwimmer, and the Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association]. The dating of the letter is only partially visible. It was written on day 30 of any month between March and August, in an unknown year. The letter in all likelihood was written after June 1910, since Vilmos Mezőfi, the moderate agrarian-socialist social democratic politician (Social Democratic 48-Party [48-as Szociáldemokrata Párt]), to whom the letter refers, lost his mandate in the parliamentary elections held at that time. The women of Balmazújváros had traveled several times to the town of of Hajdúszoboszló some twenty kilometers away, where Mezőfi was campaigning. However, the women there, and even the “woman sisters [in Hungarian, rather than sister the gender-neutral term testvér is used; there is no gendered variant for testvér, and thus the term “woman” is added] have not even heard that the women should also organize. And we discussed that they should also organize. Because they belong into society in the same way as men do. Still, there are propertied women [in] Hajdúszoboszló who need the vote.” The women of Balmazújváros were pleased to see that Róza Schwimmer has made an appearance in Hajdúszoboszló. The women of Balmazújváros plead that the women of the Feminist Association shall not forget about them. They also want to see a people’s assembly organized in August or September. They had supported Mezőfi’s candidacy, but bribary had decided the outcome of the election. KEYWORDS: Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Work and Class Identity; Gender and Class; Peasant Women of Balmazújváros; Peasant Women’s Activism; Rosika Schwimmer; Habsburg Empire; Hungary.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1910
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Recipient Organization
Feminist Association, Hungary
Author / Creator
István Szabó, 1938-
Person Discussed
Rosika Schwimmer, 1877-1948
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Work and Class Identity, Political and Human Rights, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Women as “Proletariat”, Suffrage, Social and Cultural Rights, Non-aligned Social Movements, Hungarians
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Mrs. Ödön Groák to "Kedves Nagysád", Nyiregyháza, 6 August 1917
written by Ödön Groák, fl. 1917 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 3 Folder 5) (06 August 1917) , 3 page(s)
TITLE: Mrs. Ödön Groák to "Kedves Nagysád" [My Gracious Lady], Nyiregyháza, 6 August 1917. DESCRIPTION: Letter discussing a lecture given in August 1917 related to women’s suffrage, in particular options of qualified vs. universal suffrage for women and related demands and discourses involving the question...
Sample
written by Ödön Groák, fl. 1917 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 3 Folder 5) (06 August 1917) , 3 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Mrs. Ödön Groák to "Kedves Nagysád" [My Gracious Lady], Nyiregyháza, 6 August 1917. DESCRIPTION: Letter discussing a lecture given in August 1917 related to women’s suffrage, in particular options of qualified vs. universal suffrage for women and related demands and discourses involving the question of class and gender. The Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete) at the time was the leading progressive-liberal organization in...
TITLE: Mrs. Ödön Groák to "Kedves Nagysád" [My Gracious Lady], Nyiregyháza, 6 August 1917. DESCRIPTION: Letter discussing a lecture given in August 1917 related to women’s suffrage, in particular options of qualified vs. universal suffrage for women and related demands and discourses involving the question of class and gender. The Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete) at the time was the leading progressive-liberal organization in Hungary. This letter, among two others in this digital archive, are written by Mrs. Ödön Groák, who (in 1916) was the President of the Feminist Association Nyiregyháza (Feministák Egyesülete Nyiregyháza). See also, “Mrs. Imre Turcsányi to Dr. József Szalay (leading police officer Szeged), Szeged, 27 June 1916” (Letter, Szeged, June 27, 1916), P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 3 Folder 5, Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár [National Archives of Hungary]. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; World War I; Women’s War Time Activism; Liberal-Progressive Women’s Movement Spreading all over Hungary; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Restricted Suffrage for Women; Work and Class Identity; Gender and Class; Habsburg Empire
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
06 August 1917, 1917
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Ödön Groák, fl. 1917
Topic / Theme
World War I, 1914-1918, Work and Class Identity, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Class Discrimination, Women as “Proletariat”, Social and Cultural Rights, Non-aligned Social Movements, Empire and Feminism, Hungarians, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Mrs. Ödön Groák to "Kedves Nagysád", Nyiregyháza, 8 August 1917
written by Ödön Groák, fl. 1917 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 3 Folder 5) (08 August 1917) , 2 page(s)
TITLE: Mrs. Ödön Groák to "Kedves Nagysád" [My Gracious Lady], Nyiregyháza, 8 August 1917. DESCRIPTION: Letter reporting that and why the author resigns, in consequence of a conflict in relation to a lecture given in August 1917 related to women’s suffrage. The letter carries the letterhead Feminist Associa...
Sample
written by Ödön Groák, fl. 1917 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 3 Folder 5) (08 August 1917) , 2 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Mrs. Ödön Groák to "Kedves Nagysád" [My Gracious Lady], Nyiregyháza, 8 August 1917. DESCRIPTION: Letter reporting that and why the author resigns, in consequence of a conflict in relation to a lecture given in August 1917 related to women’s suffrage. The letter carries the letterhead Feminist Association Nyiregyháza (Feministák Egyesülete Nyiregyháza). The Feminist Association at the time was the leading progressive-liberal orga...
TITLE: Mrs. Ödön Groák to "Kedves Nagysád" [My Gracious Lady], Nyiregyháza, 8 August 1917. DESCRIPTION: Letter reporting that and why the author resigns, in consequence of a conflict in relation to a lecture given in August 1917 related to women’s suffrage. The letter carries the letterhead Feminist Association Nyiregyháza (Feministák Egyesülete Nyiregyháza). The Feminist Association at the time was the leading progressive-liberal organization in Hungary. This letter, among two others in this digital archive, are written by Mrs. Ödön Groák, who (in 1916) was the President of the Feminist Association Nyiregyháza (Feministák Egyesülete Nyiregyháza). See also, “Mrs. Imre Turcsányi to Dr. József Szalay (leading police officer Szeged), Szeged, 27 June 1916” (Letter, Szeged, June 27, 1916), P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 3 Folder 5, Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár [National Archives of Hungary]. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; World War I; Women’s War Time Activism; Liberal-Progressive Women’s Movement Spreading all over Hungary; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Work and Class Identity; Woman Workers; Habsburg Empire
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
08 August 1917, 1917
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Ödön Groák, fl. 1917
Topic / Theme
World War I, 1914-1918, Work and Class Identity, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Class Discrimination, Women as “Proletariat”, Social and Cultural Rights, Non-aligned Social Movements, Empire and Feminism, Hungarians, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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