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The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. I, No. 5, 30 Jan. 1914
edited by Annie Besant, 1847-1933, in The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. 1, No. 5, January 30, 1914 (Chennai, Tamil Nadu: Ganesh & Co., 1914), 28 page(s)
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The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. I, No. 5, 30 Jan. 1914
edited by Annie Besant, 1847-1933, in The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. 1, No. 5, January 30, 1914 (Chennai, Tamil Nadu: Ganesh & Co., 1914), 28 page(s)
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical issue
Contributor
Annie Besant, 1847-1933
Date Published / Released
30 January 1914, 1914
Publisher
Ganesh & Co.
Series
The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country
Topic / Theme
Women and Religion, Political and Human Rights, Religious Leadership and Religious Activism, Social and Cultural Rights, Indians (Asian), 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. II, No. 33, 14 Aug. 1914
edited by Annie Besant, 1847-1933, in The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. 2, No. 33, August 14, 1914 (Chennai, Tamil Nadu: Ganesh & Co., 1914), 22 page(s)
Sample
edited by Annie Besant, 1847-1933, in The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country, Vol. 2, No. 33, August 14, 1914 (Chennai, Tamil Nadu: Ganesh & Co., 1914), 22 page(s)
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical issue
Contributor
Annie Besant, 1847-1933
Date Published / Released
14 August 1914, 1914
Publisher
Ganesh & Co.
Series
The Commonweal: A Journal of National Reform for God, Crown and Country
Topic / Theme
Women and Religion, Political and Human Rights, Religious Leadership and Religious Activism, Social and Cultural Rights, Indians (Asian), 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Govor g-đe Delfe Ivanićke na kongresu slovenskih žena, koji je održan u Pragu o.g. (2)
written by Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972, in Ženski svet, Vol. 23, no. 11, January 11, 1908, pp. 246-254 (1908), 9 page(s)
TITLE: The Speech of Mrs Delfa Ivanić at the Congress of Slavic Women held in Prague This Year (2). DESCRIPTION: This speech by Mrs. Delfa Ivanić was given at the second congress of Czechoslovak women held in Prague (Praha, Prag) in 1908. The speech was published in two issues of Ženski svet in October and Nove...
Sample
written by Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972, in Ženski svet, Vol. 23, no. 11, January 11, 1908, pp. 246-254 (1908), 9 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Speech of Mrs Delfa Ivanić at the Congress of Slavic Women held in Prague This Year (2). DESCRIPTION: This speech by Mrs. Delfa Ivanić was given at the second congress of Czechoslovak women held in Prague (Praha, Prag) in 1908. The speech was published in two issues of Ženski svet in October and November 1908; this document is the second part of the speech. Delfa Ivanić (Podgorica 1881- Belgrade 1972) was a Serbian painter, humanit...
TITLE: The Speech of Mrs Delfa Ivanić at the Congress of Slavic Women held in Prague This Year (2). DESCRIPTION: This speech by Mrs. Delfa Ivanić was given at the second congress of Czechoslovak women held in Prague (Praha, Prag) in 1908. The speech was published in two issues of Ženski svet in October and November 1908; this document is the second part of the speech. Delfa Ivanić (Podgorica 1881- Belgrade 1972) was a Serbian painter, humanitarian and activist for women's rights. She graduated from the Serbian High School for Girls in Belgrade in 1897 and began studies of chemistry at the University of Geneva (1897-1899) which she had to end due to the sudden death of her step-father. Together with the painter Nadežda Petrović, she initiated the establishment of a humanitarian women’s organization The Circle of Serbian Sisters (Kolo srpskih sestara) in 1903, which remained active for a long period. Her professional and public work includes the editing of The Circle of Serbian Sisters' bulletin Vardar (‘Vardar’) (1906-1913, 1920-1940) and the struggle for women’s suffrage and equal rights. Delfa Ivanić published over thirty titles, and published in journals such as Ženski pokret (‘Women's Movement,’ Belgrade, 1920-1938) and Domaćica (‘Housewife,’ Belgrade, 1879-1914, 1921-1941). The speech was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women). The journal was published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojvodina, by the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. The editor of the journal was Arkadije Varađanin, a man who was an active proponent of women’s rights and who was a teacher and director of the Serbian High School for Girls established in Novi Sad in 1874. ¶ In her speech, Delfa Ivanić explains that she is in Prague on the invitation – most likely – of the Central Association of Czech Women (Ústřední spolek český žen) representing the Belgrade Women’s Society (Beogradsko žensko društvo) and The Circle of Serbian Sisters. Ivanić opens the speech by talking about the Serbian “tribe,” according to her, probably the only nation in Europe which is politically “split” to such an extent as it is the case with the Serbian people which lives under “such different political circumstances and influences” (as she explains further, in Austria-Hungary, in Ottoman Empire, Serbia and Montenegro). She explains that for this reason, when talking about Serbian women, one has to differentiate between the circumstances of Serbian women living in the different areas. At the same time, she mentions the “universal attributes of all Serbian women,” which are: kind heart, tameness, natural intelligence, cleverness and easy understanding. In Serbia, there are three types of women: women public workers, women housewives and peasant women. She points to positive and negative sides of life in Serbia. On the one hand, she positively evaluates schooling in Serbia, mentioning that also “our University is full of women.” She describes the struggles of women in Serbia as “very silent, without much effort,” saying that Serbian women easily get all they ask for. For this, she praises the Serbian state, and says Serbian women should be thankful to their state. On the other hand, she mentions the unjust Serbian law which is worse for women as compared to Austria-Hungary. Her examples are inheritance law, property law, and the absence of legal regulations that would protect children born out of wedlock and cheated girls. She also mentions the problem of unequal pay between women and men doing the same work. As she explains, even in the factories women are paid less. Ivanić additionally mentions the difference of the way of life among women from different classes, but she asserts that this difference is much bigger “in the North and West of Europe” as compared to Serbia. Her explanation for this is that Serbia is rich in “necessary groceries” but not in “luxury,” that people are used to “humble life” and “hard work.” Then, she describes the family life of Serbian women. Concerning the morality, she describes Serbian women as “virtuous and honest in a patriarchal way,” and as there is no aristocracy in Serbia, there are no “idle, lazy and pompous women,” nor women like those about whom Ibsen wrote, “who want to live only for themselves, as individuals.” ¶ Ivanić then talks about different women’s associations, including the Belgrade Women’s Society (Beogradsko žensko društvo) which has 25 branch organizations in Serbia, organizes schools for girls from poor families where they can obtain a certificate for teaching in public or private schools. The Belgrade Women’s Society is also involved with the peasant women’s embroidery and handicraft. The Circle of Serbian Sisters has 18 boards in different places in Serbia, not counting Belgrade, the capital. She mentions that Serbian women from urban areas have made more progress than peasant women, who practically have to work all the time. Ivanić speaks about the communal life of peasants in cooperatives (zadruga), where 15-60 people (even more) live and work together, but mentions also that the life of the newly married women is extremely difficult in the cooperatives. Yet she evaluates cooperatives positively and says that rural women should be educated to keep the house cleaner and in a frugal way. The task of Serbian women is to educate Serbian peasant women. Additionally, Ivanić talks about: Serbian women from Montenegro, “another Serbian free country;” Serbian women from Bosnia, Herzegovina and Dalmatia; Serbian women “from this side of the river Sava” (i.e. in Austria-Hungary); finally, the Serbian women from Macedonia and “old” Serbia (still part of Ottoman Empire at the time), with a short description of the history of the Serbian people and the “500 years of slavery under the Ottomans.” The life of Serbs, and especially Serbian women in the Ottoman Empire is evaluated as extremely difficult. After her description of how Serbian women live in two empires and two “free countries,” she explains that the circumstances she has described can explain why Serbian women don’t have the possibility, time, and real need, to create an “extremely feminist organization,” and why they are not demanding for “privileges in the wider possible sense, such is the right to vote.” ¶ It should be added that the Belgrade Women’s Society (Beogradsko žensko društvo) was the first Serbian women’s association in Serbia, established in Belgrade in 1875 under the patronage of Princess, from 1882 Queen, of Serbia Natalija Obrenović. The association was active until 1941, its official journal was Domaćica (‘Housewife’) and the initiator of the organization was Katarina Milovuk, the principal of the High School for Girls in Belgrade. The Circle of Serbian Sisters (Kolo srpskih sestara) was a charitable women’s association established in Belgrade in 1903 on the initiative of Delfa Ivanić, Nadežda Petrović (painter, 1873-1915), Katarina Milovuk (1844-1913), Draga Ljočić (a medical doctor, 1855-1926), and others. The first president of the organization was Savka Subotić. For an overview and cross-reference to Savka Subotić (1834-1918), see “Savka Subotićka. 1834-1904. [Savka Subotić: 1834-1904],” Ženski svet, January 10, 1904. The organization was active helping the Serbian soldiers during the Balkan wars and the Great War/World War I. On the Second Congress, see “Drugi kongres československih ženskinja [The Second Congress of Czechoslovak Women],” Ženski svet, January 9, 1908. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Second Congress of Czechoslovak women; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Women and Statehood; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire and Feminism; Women and Statehood; Social Reform and Political Activism; Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Suffrage; Equal Rights for Women; Women and Education; Access to Higher Education; Access to Primary Education/Literacy; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Work and Class Identity; Handicraft; Embroidery; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Austria; Novi Sad; Vojvodina; Serbia; Prague; Bohemia
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972
Date Published / Released
11 January 1908, 1908
Person Discussed
Draga Ljočić, 1855-1926, Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, Katarina Milovuk, 1844-1913, Nadežda Petrović, fl. 1903, Arkadije Varađanin, fl. 1874, Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972
Topic / Theme
Women and Immigration, Women and Education, Women and Development, Work and Class Identity, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Nationality Rights, Indigenous Languages, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Access to Higher Education, Household Crafts, Labor Standards, Empire and Feminism, Access to Primar...
Women and Immigration, Women and Education, Women and Development, Work and Class Identity, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Nationality Rights, Indigenous Languages, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Access to Higher Education, Household Crafts, Labor Standards, Empire and Feminism, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Czechs, Serbians
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Manushi: A Journal About Women And Society, No. 19, Nov. - Dec. 1983
written by Manushi Collective--An All Women Group, in Manushi: A Journal About Women And Society, No. 19, Nov.-Dec. 1983 (New Delhi, Delhi State: Manushi Collective--An All Women Group, 1983), 52 page(s)
Sample
written by Manushi Collective--An All Women Group, in Manushi: A Journal About Women And Society, No. 19, Nov.-Dec. 1983 (New Delhi, Delhi State: Manushi Collective--An All Women Group, 1983), 52 page(s)
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical issue
Author / Creator
Manushi Collective--An All Women Group
Date Published / Released
1983
Publisher
Manushi Collective--An All Women Group
Series
Manushi: A Journal About Women And Society
Topic / Theme
Women of Color, Political and Human Rights, Gender Discrimination, Equal Rights for Women, Social and Cultural Rights, Indians (Asian), 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Manushi: A Journal About Women And Society No. 6, Jul. - Aug. 1980
written by Manushi Collective--An All Women Group, in Manushi: A Journal About Women And Society, Number 6, July-August 1980 (New Delhi, Delhi State: Manushi Collective--An All Women Group, 1980), 64 page(s)
Sample
written by Manushi Collective--An All Women Group, in Manushi: A Journal About Women And Society, Number 6, July-August 1980 (New Delhi, Delhi State: Manushi Collective--An All Women Group, 1980), 64 page(s)
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical issue
Author / Creator
Manushi Collective--An All Women Group
Date Published / Released
1980
Publisher
Manushi Collective--An All Women Group
Series
Manushi: A Journal About Women And Society
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women of Color, Equal Rights for Women, Gender Discrimination, Social and Cultural Rights, Indians (Asian), 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Manushi: A Journal About Women And Society, No. 12, 1982
written by Manushi Collective--An All Women Group, in Manushi: A Journal About Women And Society, Number 12, 1982 (New Delhi, Delhi State: Manushi Collective--An All Women Group, 1982), 52 page(s)
Sample
written by Manushi Collective--An All Women Group, in Manushi: A Journal About Women And Society, Number 12, 1982 (New Delhi, Delhi State: Manushi Collective--An All Women Group, 1982), 52 page(s)
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical issue
Author / Creator
Manushi Collective--An All Women Group
Date Published / Released
1982
Publisher
Manushi Collective--An All Women Group
Series
Manushi: A Journal About Women And Society
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women of Color, Equal Rights for Women, Social and Cultural Rights, Gender Discrimination, Indians (Asian), 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Pravila za savez Dobrotvornih Zadruga Srpkinja iz Austro-Ugarske, Bosne i Hercegovine
written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 17, no. 3, January 3, 1902, pp. 33-36 (1902), 4 page(s)
TITLE: Statute of the Alliance of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women from Austria-Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina. DESCRIPTION: This article discusses a statute of the Alliance of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women from Austria-Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Savez Dobrotvornih Zadruga Srpkinj...
Sample
written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 17, no. 3, January 3, 1902, pp. 33-36 (1902), 4 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Statute of the Alliance of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women from Austria-Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina. DESCRIPTION: This article discusses a statute of the Alliance of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women from Austria-Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Savez Dobrotvornih Zadruga Srpkinja iz Austro-Ugarske, Bosne i Hercegovine), created during the general assembly of the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women (Dobrotvo...
TITLE: Statute of the Alliance of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women from Austria-Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina. DESCRIPTION: This article discusses a statute of the Alliance of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women from Austria-Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Savez Dobrotvornih Zadruga Srpkinja iz Austro-Ugarske, Bosne i Hercegovine), created during the general assembly of the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja) from Novi Sad in February 1902, and signed by Arkadije Varađanin, secretary, and Julka Radovanović, principal. The text was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women). The journal was published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojvodina, by the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. The editor of Ženski svetwas Arkadije Varađanin, a man who was an active proponent of women’s rights and was a teacher and director of the Serbian High School for Girls established in Novi Sad in 1874. Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 and fully annexed the territory in 1908. The province was jointly administered as a Condominium. The article reports that the alliance is established in the form of cooperative and the statute has 30 clauses. The clauses define the goals of the alliance with regard to the realms of charitable, educational and economic work. The goals include: to establish new Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women; to collect money in case of floods or fire “in our country or outside of it”; to assist the “Red Cross” society in case of war in the “fatherland” or “other areas where Serbian people live”; to build shelters for orphans and old people; to establish schools for children where they would be trained to be good, hardworking and develop proper morals; to help prepare good and honest domestic tutors and teachers for better-off Serbian households; to establish schools for women’s handicraft and places where these products would be sold; to teach the members to be frugal in order to have a good and progressive household. The alliance has a common budget. The direction of the alliance is set in Novi Sad. The official language of the alliance is Serbian, and the Cyrillic the official alphabet. For the report on the first meeting of representatives of the Alliance of Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, published in Ženski svet in June 1902, see “Prva skupština Saveza Dobrotvornih Zadruga Srpkinja [The First Assembly of the Alliance of Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women],” Ženski svet, January 6, 1902. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Women’s Cooperative; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Red Cross; Peace and War, International Governance, and International Law; War; Women and Nation within Empire;Women and Nation-Building; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Women Challenging Empire; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Women and Education; Education in National Languages; Women as Teachers; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation;Work and Class Identity; Work and Class Identity; Handicraft; Embroidery; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Serbia; Bosnia; Herzegovina; Hungary
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women
Date Published / Released
03 January 1902, 1902
Person Discussed
Arkadije Varađanin, fl. 1874
Topic / Theme
Indigenous Women, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Work and Class Identity, Women and Education, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Social Movements and Indigenous Women, International Peace, Labor Standards, Indigenous Languages, National Identity, Empire and Internation...
Indigenous Women, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Work and Class Identity, Women and Education, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Social Movements and Indigenous Women, International Peace, Labor Standards, Indigenous Languages, National Identity, Empire and Internationalism, Women as Teachers, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Social and Cultural Rights, Household Crafts, Serbians
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Proslava 70-godišnjice gđe Savke dra Jovana Subotića
written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 19, no. 11, January 11, 1904, pp. 246-250 (1904), 5 page(s)
TITLE: The Celebration of the 70th Birthday of Mrs. Savka Subotić. DESCRIPTION: A report of the celebration of the 70th birthday of SavkaSubotić which the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja) had organized in October, and which was attended by many off...
Sample
written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 19, no. 11, January 11, 1904, pp. 246-250 (1904), 5 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Celebration of the 70th Birthday of Mrs. Savka Subotić. DESCRIPTION: A report of the celebration of the 70th birthday of SavkaSubotić which the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja) had organized in October, and which was attended by many officials of the Serbian institutions in Novi Sad. SavkaSubotić was not present, as she was in Paris at the time. Most of the text gives...
TITLE: The Celebration of the 70th Birthday of Mrs. Savka Subotić. DESCRIPTION: A report of the celebration of the 70th birthday of SavkaSubotić which the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja) had organized in October, and which was attended by many officials of the Serbian institutions in Novi Sad. SavkaSubotić was not present, as she was in Paris at the time. Most of the text gives the speech held on the occasion by Arkadije Varađanin (Velika Kikinda/Nagykikinda 1844- Novi Sad/Újvidék 1922). The report was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women). The journal was published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojvodina, by the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja).The editor of the journal was Arkadije Varađanin, a man who was an active proponent of women’s rights, a teacher, secretary of the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Újvidék), and director of the Serbian High School for Girls established in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Vojvodina in 1874. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. Savka Subotić (1834-1918) was active in the women's movement in the Vojvodina, and also in Serbia and internationally. Subotić was educated in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Timișoara (Temesvár, Temeswar) and Vienna. Her main focus was the education of girls, especially Serbian girls; Subotić initiated the establishment of the first Serbian language high schools for girls, established in Novi Sad, Vojvodina and Pančevo (Pancsova), military frontier/Vojvodina in 1874 and in Sombor (Zombor), Vojvodina in 1875. See also, Milica Tomić, “Naše više devojačke škole [Our high schools for girls],” Žena, January 6, 1911; and “Srpska Viša Devojačka Škola u Novom Sadu [The Serbian High School for Girls in Novi Sad],” Ženski svet, August 1913. In addition, Subotić was active in educating Serbian women in the countryside, and created a program of economic development for women who lived in the villages by popularizing and building the handicraft industry of the time. In 1867, Subotić established a women’s organization in Novi Sad (Ujvidék), the Vojvodina, which in documents generated by the Serbian-speaking women’s movement in the Vojvodina regularly is described as the first women’s cooperative in Novi Sad. Subotić was a respected member of the Serbian community, but also well known in Austria-Hungary as a whole and in the international women’s movement. In his speech, Arkadije Varađanin mentions that in the early years of her married life, Subotić had slowly come out of the “narrow frame” of family life into the “broader circle of national life,” but never ceased to remain true to her motherly and domestic duties. Varađanin talks about Subotić’s choice to work with the “national masses” in order to “morally elevate” and “materially assist” them, going to the villages herself as a “traveling national educator.” It was one of the Subotić’s accomplishments to modernize traditional women’s handicraft in order to make it appreciated in the “world market.” As Varađanin describes, Subotić worked on popularization of national rugs and canvas in the well to do households, taking care that they would be exhibited in Novi Sad (Újvidék) (1884), Budapest (1885) and Paris (1900). She had established the first Women’s Cooperative in Novi Sad that had no national or religious characteristics in 1864 with the help of Jovan Andrejević (1833-1864, a doctor, journalist and one of the founders of the Serbian National Theatre in Novi Sad). According to Varađanin, this had been the first women’s organization in the area up to Vienna, even Germany. Later on, “the Serbian side” had to establish a new organization to serve the purposes for Serbian women alone. As Subotić turns 70, there are 70 women’s organizations in the area, with over 7,000 members. On her 70th birthday, Varađanin continues, Subotić becomes the president of the most recent women’s organization in the Kingdom of Serbia, The Circle of Serbian Sisters (Kolo srpskih sestara), which pursued goals mainly related to charity. She is also in charge of another charity women’s organization in Belgrade, the Princess Ljubica Society (Društvo kneginje Ljubice) and a member of the Women’s Society (Žensko društvo) in Belgrade, the capital city of Serbia. Varađanin highlights that Subotić had done a lot for women’s education as well, initiating in 1870 the establishment of three Serbian High School for Girls in Vojvodina, Hungary. Even though there are “still dissenting voices” to women’s education, Varađanin believes that Subotić inspired the establishment of schools in “Serbia, Montenegro and now the schools for girls are established in Old Serbia as well.” With the help of these schools (meaning, the school for girls with Serbian as a teaching language), “the Serbian women’s spirit is now more cheerful, progressive and patriotic,” which is important for the national interest. Moreover, in 1891, when the law was passed for the mandatory children’s kindergartens, Subotić collected money to open a Serbian kindergarten in Novi Sad, so that the national language and religion would not be “killed.” Subotić has also published aphorisms and various articles, Varađanin reminds the listeners. Besides Varađanin’s speech the article gives a short letter by Savka Subotić, who writes from Paris, in which she thanks for the celebration, and emphasizes that all of her ideas were carried out by the “daughters” of Novi Sad and that it is their celebration as much as it is hers. For more on the occasion of SavkaSubotić’s 70th birthday, see also “Savka Subotićka. 1834-1904. [Savka Subotić: 1834-1904],” Ženski svet, January 10, 1904. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions in Empire; Women’s Cooperative; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; National Identity; Political and Human Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Women and Education; Education in National Languages; Women as Teachers; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Work and Class Identity; Handicraft; Embroidery; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Serbia; Hungary; Savka Subotić; Ženski svet
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women
Date Published / Released
11 January 1904, 1904
Person Discussed
Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, Jovan Andrejević, 1833-1864, Arkadije Varađanin, fl. 1874
Topic / Theme
Work and Class Identity, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Labor Standards, Empire and Internationalism, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Social and Cultural Rights, Serbians
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Prva skupština Saveza Dobrotvornih Zadruga Srpkinja
written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 17, no. 6, January 6, 1902, pp. 81-88 (1902), 8 page(s)
TITLE: The First Assembly of the Alliance of Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women. DESCRIPTION: This is an unsigned report on the first assembly of the Alliance of Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women from Austria-Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Savez Dobrotvornih Zadruga Srpkinja iz Austro-Ugarske, Bosne...
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written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 17, no. 6, January 6, 1902, pp. 81-88 (1902), 8 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The First Assembly of the Alliance of Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women. DESCRIPTION: This is an unsigned report on the first assembly of the Alliance of Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women from Austria-Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Savez Dobrotvornih Zadruga Srpkinja iz Austro-Ugarske, Bosne i Hercegovine), established several months earlier, in March 1902 in Novi Sad (Újvidék) in the Vojvodina. The Vojvodina belonged to...
TITLE: The First Assembly of the Alliance of Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women. DESCRIPTION: This is an unsigned report on the first assembly of the Alliance of Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women from Austria-Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Savez Dobrotvornih Zadruga Srpkinja iz Austro-Ugarske, Bosne i Hercegovine), established several months earlier, in March 1902 in Novi Sad (Újvidék) in the Vojvodina. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina.Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 and fully annexed the territory in 1908. The province was jointly administered as a Condominium. The article was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women). The journal was published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojvodina, by the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). The editor of the journalwas Arkadije Varađanin, a man who was an active proponent of women’s rights and who was a teacher and director of the Serbian High School for Girls established in Novi Sad, in 1874. The article reports that 17 cooperatives had joined the alliance unconditionally, whereas the cooperative of Velika Kikinda had joined it conditionally, proposing to first collect a certain amount of money and only then to form an alliance. The cooperatives were from the following towns: Bosanska Dubica, Novi Sad (Újvidék), Srpski Bečej (Óbecse), Sombor (Zombor), Subotica (Szabadka), Sentomaš (Szenttamás), Stari Futoš, Bela Crkva (Fehértemplom, Weißkirchen), Pančevo (Pancsova), Veliki Bečkerek (Nagybeckerek), Zagreb, Zemun (Zimony, Semlin), Mitrovica, Sremski Karlovci (Karlóca, Karlowitz), Temišvar (Timișoara, Temesvár, Temeswar), Osijek (Eszék, Esseg), Bosanski Petrovac, Velika Kikinda (Nagykikinda). The Women’s Society in Belgrade has sent a delegate. The text describes that on the day of the assembly, the guests from fourteen towns, the girls from the Serbian High School for Girls in Novi Sad, and their teachers formed a long line on the streets of Novi Sad on their way to the church. Afterwards, they went to a meeting at the seat of Matica Srpska (“matica,” or a foundation for the promotion of the national culture), the oldest cultural-scientific Serbian institution, founded in 1826 in Pest and moved to Novi Sad in 1864). Julka Radovanović, the principle of the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad opened the assembly. Three presidents were elected (Julka Radovanović from Novi Sad, Milesa Ćurčinov from Pančevo, and Jelena Jovanović from Zageb), as well as several secretaries of the alliance. Isidora Sekulić (1877-1958), a writer and teacher, was one of these secretaries. On the occasion, the secretary of the Novi Sad cooperative Arkadije Varađanin held a speech, published in whole as part of the report summarized here. Some of the issues Varađanin mentions in his speech are: the “Ottoman force…extinguishing the political life” of Serbs; Serbian women transferring “the old fame and the ancient heroes” for four centuries; national singers who adopt the women’s songs and stories; Serbian women helping their “brothers”; the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women cherishing the “flame of national patriotism.” The elected secretary from Zagreb, Milica Ćukov, also held a speech, mentioning that the Serbian people are endangered, especially the peasants who are “the main and the strongest foundation of our natural organism.” She calls for the cooperation and association of all Serbian people men and women. The article further discusses the clauses of the statute of the Alliance. On the evening the same day, there was a party during which Savka Subotić held a speech, in which she talked about her own initiative in 1864 to establish the first women’s association, when, so she describes the situation back then, many (mostly older) people negatively reacted to her idea. Subotić mentioned that among the first people who supported her initiative were Jovan Andrejević (1833-1864, a doctor, journalist and one of the founders of the Serbian National Theatre in Novi Sad) and his wife Ilka Andrejević. Jelena Ilka (Andrejević) Marković was born in 1845 in the family Bajić in Sopron, Hungary. She lived with her first husband Jovan Andrejević in Novi Sad. After his early death, she married Jevrem Marković, brother of Svetozar Marković, and moved to Serbia. Close to the socialist, anarchist and feminist ideas of the 1860s and 1870s, Ilka Marković is known in the history of Serbia for attempting to assassinate the king of Serbia Milan Obrenović in 1882, shooting him in a church in Belgrade. She was found dead in prison in 1883. Subotić is especially thankful to Jovan and Ilka Andrejević. See also, “Pravila za savez Dobrotvornih Zadruga Srpkinja iz Austro-Ugarske, Bosne i Hercegovine [Statute of the Alliance of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women from Austria-Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina],” Ženski svet, January 3, 1902; and “Savka Subotićka. 1834-1904. [Savka Subotić: 1834-1904],” Ženski svet, January 10, 1904. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Women’s Cooperative; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Women and Education; Education in National Languages; Women as Teachers; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Work and Class Identity; Work and Class Identity; Handicraft; Embroidery; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Serbia; Bosnia; Herzegovina; Hungary
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women
Date Published / Released
06 January 1902, 1902
Person Discussed
Ilka Andrejević, 1845-, Jovan Andrejević, 1833-1864, Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, Arkadije Varađanin, fl. 1874
Topic / Theme
Work and Class Identity, Women and Education, Indigenous Women, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Labor Standards, Indigenous Languages, Social Movements and Indigenous Women, Empire and Internationalism, Women as Teachers, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Social and Cultural Rights, Household Crafts, Serbians
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Savka Subotićka. 1834-1904
written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 19, no. 10, January 10, 1904, pp. 217-221 (1904), 5 page(s)
TITLE: Savka Subotić: 1834-1904. DESCRIPTION: A celebratory biography of Savka Subotić (1834-1918), on the occasion of her 70th birthday and 50 years of public life. Subotić was active in the women's movement in the Vojvodina, and also in Serbia and internationally. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croa...
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written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 19, no. 10, January 10, 1904, pp. 217-221 (1904), 5 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Savka Subotić: 1834-1904. DESCRIPTION: A celebratory biography of Savka Subotić (1834-1918), on the occasion of her 70th birthday and 50 years of public life. Subotić was active in the women's movement in the Vojvodina, and also in Serbia and internationally. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Mo...
TITLE: Savka Subotić: 1834-1904. DESCRIPTION: A celebratory biography of Savka Subotić (1834-1918), on the occasion of her 70th birthday and 50 years of public life. Subotić was active in the women's movement in the Vojvodina, and also in Serbia and internationally. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. Subotić was educated in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Timișoara (Temesvár, Temeswar) and Vienna. Her main focus was the education of girls, especially Serbian girls; Subotić initiated the establishment of the first Serbian language high schools for girls, established in Novi Sad, Vojvodina and Pančevo (Pancsova), military frontier/Vojvodina in 1874 and in Sombor (Zombor), Vojvodina in 1875. See also, Milica Tomić, “Naše više devojačke škole [Our high schools for girls],” Žena, January 6, 1911; and “Srpska Viša Devojačka Škola u Novom Sadu [The Serbian High School for Girls in Novi Sad],” Ženski svet, August 1913. In addition, she was active in educating Serbian women in the countryside, and she created a program of economic development for women who lived in the villages by popularizing and building the handicraft industry of the time. In 1867, Subotić established a women’s organization in Novi Sad, which in documents generated by the Serbian-speaking women’s movement in the Vojvodina is regularly described as the first women’s cooperative in Novi Sad. Subotić was a respected member of the Serbian community, but also well known in Austria-Hungary and in the international women’s movement. See also, Savka Subotić, “Part I and Part II [Part I: First Attempts of My Work in the Field of our National Domestic Industry, and Part II: On the Exhibitions in Pest and in Novi Sad],” in O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama [On Our National Textiles and Handicrafts] (Novi Sad, 1904), 1–55 (55pp.); Savka Subotić, “Part IV [Part IV: On the Exhibition in Paris],” in O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama [On Our National Textiles and Handicrafts] (Novi Sad, 1904), 79–95 (17pp.); and Savka Subotić, Žena na istoku i na zapadu [The woman in the East and in the West] (Novi Sad: Scientific Club, 1911). The biography was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women). The journal was published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojvodina, by the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja).The editor of the journal was Arkadije Varađanin, a man who was an active proponent of women’s rights and who was a teacher and director of the Serbian High School for Girls established in Novi Sad in 1874. According to the article, the proof that the Serbian people had understood the importance of women’s education, one of the main questions of the nineteenth century, is the rising number of Serbian women’s schools in different places. Yet, the question remains how to make women’s education as relevant as possible for national purposes. Savka Subotić is then described as “a pioneer of women’s culture and progress” as she had started working publicly for the education of Serbian women fifty years earlier. As the text informs, the education of Serbian girls from more educated families either in German gymnasiums or by French gouvernants led to a more progressive attitude in the Serbian community, whereas the bad side of this kind of education was the loss of Serbian pride in the women educated in this way. Savka Subotić, after gaining her education in Novi Sad, Timisoara and Vienna, married a lawyer Jovan Subotić in 1851 and followed him through multiple cities of the Empire until his death in 1886. During these years, she was active in all the places she went to, pursuing intense conversation with Serbian women and trying to help them by sharing knowledge with them and by finding ways to make the women’s handicraft embroidery modern, popular and welcome on the European market. Savka Subotić was a very welcomed public speaker ever since the huge success on her first public speech in Zagreb during a teachers’ celebration in 1866. On this occasion, she received a certificate of recognition, which shows that “in those times there was a different spirit between Serbs and Croats,” which, “thank God,” adds the author, is returning again. Subotić was also appreciated by “the Germans,” as she held successful speeches about women’s issues in Vienna and Osijek (Eszék, Esseg). In the speeches, she argued for the merits of women in the progress of the nation. Her aim was different from what was going on in the West were women aspired “to political and social equality with men;” rather she always “emphasized the necessary education in the frames of the woman’s vocation in the home, nation and society.” She established the first women’s cooperative in Novi Sad, but “the Catholics” took over the organization. Serbian women then created another association, the Women’s Committee (Ženski odbor), which functioned as a women’s charity organization until the establishment of the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja) in 1880. Documents generated by the Serbian-speaking women’s movement in the Vojvodina regularly describe the organization established in 1867 as the first women’s cooperative in Novi Sad. For more on the occasion of Savka Subotić’s 70th birthday, see Arkadije Varađanin, “Proslava 70-godišnjice gđe Savke dra Jovana Subotića [The celebration of the 70th birthday of Mrs. Savka Subotić],” Ženski svet, January 11, 1904. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions in Empire; Women’s Cooperative; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; National Identity; Political and Human Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Women and Education; Education in National Languages; Women as Teachers; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Work and Class Identity; Handicraft; Embroidery; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Serbia; Hungary
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women
Date Published / Released
10 January 1904, 1904
Person Discussed
Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, Arkadije Varađanin, fl. 1874
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Work and Class Identity, Women and Development, Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Immigration, Women as Teachers, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Labor Standards, Household Crafts, Social and Cultural Rights, Nationalism and Independence Movements, Nationality Rights, Indigenous Languages, Economic Develop...
Women and Education, Work and Class Identity, Women and Development, Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Immigration, Women as Teachers, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Labor Standards, Household Crafts, Social and Cultural Rights, Nationalism and Independence Movements, Nationality Rights, Indigenous Languages, Economic Development, Serbians
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