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Díl I. Svůj k svému

written by Františka Plamínková, 1875-1942, in Naše snahy [Our Endeavours], by Františka Plamínková. (Prague: Ženský klub český, 1906). pp. 5-19 (1906), 15 page(s)

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TITLE: Part I: To Each Their Own, in Our Endeavours. DESCRIPTION: This selection is the first part of a larger brochure titled, Our Endeavours. The brochure published by Ženský klub český [The Czech Women's Club] aims to persuade Czechs, especially Czech women, to buy Czech products and thereby support the Czech industry. The association Ženský klub český was founded by Czech speaking women’s activists in Prague, Bohemia in 1903. It sup... TITLE: Part I: To Each Their Own, in Our Endeavours. DESCRIPTION: This selection is the first part of a larger brochure titled, Our Endeavours. The brochure published by Ženský klub český [The Czech Women's Club] aims to persuade Czechs, especially Czech women, to buy Czech products and thereby support the Czech industry. The association Ženský klub český was founded by Czech speaking women’s activists in Prague, Bohemia in 1903. It supported women’s emancipation and functioned as women’s social and educational centre till 1938. The brochure was written by one of its main representatives, liberal feminist and teacher Františka Plamínková (1875-1942) in collaboration with another liberal feminist and teacher Marie Tůmová (1867-1926). The text is written from the perspective of Czech economic nationalism. It assesses the current state of the Czech industry in the context of the multinational Monarchy, analyses in detail the reasons why it is necessary to support the Czech economy. It outlines the methods of raising the awareness of the Czech public in this matter and names possible forms of support. The text shows that nationalism was an integral part of Czech liberal feminist activism. The brochure presents the Czech nation as small nation weakened by two hundred years of subjection. According to the text the economy can serve both national oppression and nation-building and the national emancipation. The support of the national industry is presented as a national duty. The brochure also refers to the link between national consciousness and women's emancipation. As it points out, women, the main purchasers, are often criticized for national unconsciousness by those who at the same time reject the concept of women’s emancipation. According to the text, only if women have equal access to education, they will be able to work for the national interest. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Economic Nationalism; Social Reform and Political Activism; Habsburg Empire; Cisleithania Show more Show less

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Ein Schreiben des Deutschen Nationalen Frauen-Ausschusses für dauernden Frieden an den Reichskanzler Dr. von Bethmann Hollweg, 6. Monatsber...

written by Frida Perlen, fl. 1919, Anita Augspurg, 1857-1943 and Lida Gustava Heymann, 1868-1943 (Archiwum Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej, Fragment archiwum NZ LK NKN, 8836/IV: k 45) (November 1915) , 1 page(s)

TITLE: A Letter of the German National Committee of Women for Permanent Peace to Imperial Chancellor Dr. von BethmannHollweg, 6th monthly report, suppl. no 2 (Munich, November 1915). DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) w...

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Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894

written by Elena Baiulescu, fl. 1860 and Elena Mureşianu, 1862-1924 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 734/1905, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, f.1) (16 June 1894) , 4 page(s)

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TITLE: Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter on custom-made stationery with “Everything for the Nation” slogan in one corner, addressed to Emilia Rațiu and signed by Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu in the name of the National Committee of Romanian Women. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor... TITLE: Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 June 1894. DESCRIPTION: Romanian-language letter on custom-made stationery with “Everything for the Nation” slogan in one corner, addressed to Emilia Rațiu and signed by Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu in the name of the National Committee of Romanian Women. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda/Torda/Thorenburg, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. Ioan Rațiu was arrested following his condemnation for anti-state activity through the distribution of a manifesto on Transylvanian autonomy and linguistic rights in the “Memorandum trial.” Elena Muresianu (1862-1924) was an artist and publicist from Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt, active in the Women’s Reunion in the city and a founding member of the National Committee of Romanian Women. A graduate of the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts (1884-1888), she married into the Muresianu family who published Gazeta Transilvaniei [The Transylvanian Gazette], one of the most significant Romanian-language publications in the region. Between 1909 and 1911, Elena Muresianu was the sole administrator of the newspaper and associated typography, having always been heavily involved in the running of the business. Elena Baiulescu was President of the Reunion of Romanian Women in Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt in the 1890s and President of the National Committee of Romanian Women, from 1894 to 1896. She was married to Orthodox Archpriest (Protopop) Bartolomeu Baiulescu and the mother to Maria Baiulescu, who would become in the 1900s a visible spokeswoman for socially active women and the Transylvanian Romanian nationalist cause. The National Committee of Romanian Women was described as a “secret committee” of Romanian women founded in Brașov/Brassó/Hermannstadt in 1894 by Elena Muresianu, acting as Secretary, and Elena Baiulescu, as President. The Committee gathered signatures from women all around Transylvania to support the Transylvanian politicians condemned in the Memorandum trial. According to a 1934 article written by a member of the Committee, the Committee gathered “thousands upon thousands” of signatures for letters sent to MPs in Italy and journalists in France, thanking them for the support shown to the “Romanian national cause.” See, Maria Baiulescu, “Participrea femeilor romane din Ardeal in procesul Memorandumului in _Universul_(Bucharest) [The Participation of Romanian Women from Transylvania in the Memorandum Trial in _The Universe_(Bucharest)]” (Newspaper clipping, Bucharest, June 19, 1934), MS 1954, f. 30, “George Baritiu” County Library Special Collections, “George Baritiu” County Library Brasov, Special Collections Unit. The Committee minted decorative medals with the inscription “Everything for the Nation.” The “Memorandum trial” involved the 1894 condemnation of several prominent Transylvanian members of the Romanian National Party for publishing and distributing a manifesto critical of Hungarian centralism but not of the Emperor. The event garnered international attention and significant popular support in Transylvania and other territories inhabited by Romanians. ¶ This letter asks for Rațiu’s consent for writing letters to foreign supporters of the tried Memorandum politicians “not only [in the name of women from Brașov], but also in the name of all Romanian women from Transylvania and Hungary.” The senders consider the issue an important one and mention that they have written “to Romanian ladies from the different towns in Transylvania thus asking for their consent.” The senders mention writing a planned first thank-you letter to Italian MP Imbriani. ¶ This document provides evidence about the formation and mobilization strategies of the National Committee of Romanian Women. It captures a moment in which women involved in the nationalist cause sought to transform gender solidarities forged on municipal bases into the collective solidarity of all “Romanian women from Transylvania and Hungary.” The process mirrors similar developments in the rest of Austria-Hungary at the time. The 1880s were marked by middle-class municipal activism. This development was overshadowed (or in this case, merged) in 1890 by the rise of nationalist, mass mobilization, a political phenomenon that was, in fact, difficult to sustain and had somewhat waned by the early 1900s. In relation to the politics of gendered mobilization, the emphasis on and the use of the language of consent also makes this document an interesting one; it shows how liberal doctrines on contract and consent, assumed to be governing associations and individuals, were part of Transylvanian women’s activism. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Municipal Activism; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Socialism; Political and Human Rights; Habsburg Empire; Transylvania; Comitetul Național al Femeilor Române/National Committee of Romanian Women; Memorandum; Municipal Activism; Mobilization; Networks; k. k. Kunstgewerbeschule/ Vienna School of Arts and Crafts. Show more Show less

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The Emancipation of Women for the Benefit of the Nation: The Czech Women's Movement

written by Jitka Maleckova, fl. 2004, in Women's Emancipation Movements in the Nineteenth Century, edited by Sylvia Paletschek and Bianka Pietrow-Ennker. (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2004), pp. 167-188, 376-380 (2004, originally published 2004), 29 page(s)

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I mana [Mother]

written by Alexandra Papadopoulou, fl. 1902, in Patris Voukourestiou, November 21-December 3, 1899, p. NA (1899, originally published 1899), 3 page(s)

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TITLE: Mother, 1899. DESCRIPTION: Alexandra Papadopoulou (1867-1905) wrote short stories and worked as a teacher. During her residence in Bucharest, Romania, from 1899 to 1900 and 1902, she wrote a series of "patriotic" short stories, aiming to strengthen the national consciousness of the Greeks living in Romania. The stories reflected the intense nationalist conflicts in the Balkans as well as the educational discourse among teachers of this pe... TITLE: Mother, 1899. DESCRIPTION: Alexandra Papadopoulou (1867-1905) wrote short stories and worked as a teacher. During her residence in Bucharest, Romania, from 1899 to 1900 and 1902, she wrote a series of "patriotic" short stories, aiming to strengthen the national consciousness of the Greeks living in Romania. The stories reflected the intense nationalist conflicts in the Balkans as well as the educational discourse among teachers of this period. Both themes were apparent in the work of Papadopoulou, especially after 1896. Several of these short stories were published in the newspaper, Patris Voukourestiou, a Greek-language paper edited in Bucharest. In this story, Papadopoulou portrayed Romanian women with negative characteristics, including questionable ethics and behavior as well as a judgmental attitude toward Greek culture. Her point was to demonstrate the dangers of mixed-nationality marriages, which threatened to overshadow and eliminate "Greekness." Τhe story's main character was a Greek widow from Epirus, a geographical region in Greece with large numbers of men migrating to Central Europe. The widow dedicated herself to raising her son. For his own good, she sent him abroad to be educated and to gain prosperity. He went to Romania, where he became wealthy. Over his mother's objections, he married a woman of Wallachia, Romania. The son, concerned with his mother's age, encouraged his mother to stop living alone in the Greek village and to move to Romania to spend more time with her grandchildren. The mother acquiesced. The son owned a large house, kept servants, and employed both a nanny and a French pedagogue to see to his children. Papadopoulou used the household to exemplify the superiority of Greek culture and the dangers of cross-cultural marriages: The son's wife treated the servants with brutality; the wife demonstrated a lack of respect toward the husband and his mother; the French pedagogue refused to teach the children the Greek language. The wife also "hated the Greek language," and eventually managed to force her mother-in-law to return to Greece. Before leaving, the mother pointed out to her son that his children should not be left ignorant of their father's language and culture, though she knew that his wife limited his options. The mother returned to Epirus, sad that her son "sacrificed, for a foreign woman, everything: language, motherland, mother." This story is one of four included in Women and Social Movements in Modern Empires. KEYWORDS: the Balkans; childrearing; children; cross-culture; family; fiction; Greece; Greek–Romanian rivalry; language; marriage; migration; mother; motherhood; national consciousness; nationalism; Ottoman Empire; patriotism; pedagogy; Alexandra Papadopoulou; Romania; short story; widow; widowhood; wife; wifehood; womanhood Show more Show less

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Mogu li biti zadrugarice i Nesrpkinje ili inoverkinje?

written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 1, no. 4, January 7, 1886, pp. 99-102 (1886), 2 page(s)

TITLE: Can Non-Serbs or Non-Orthodox Women be Members of the Cooperative? DESCRIPTION: This unsigned article discusses whether non-Serbian or non-Orthodox women can be members of the Serbian women’s cooperatives. The text was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journ...

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O nastanku “Slovenke”

written by Marica Bartol-Nadlišek, 1867-1940 (Narodna in Univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana. MS 704, Spisi, no. 6) (1901) , 12 page(s)

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TITLE: The Rules of the General Women's Society. DESCRIPTION: The document is the statute of Splošnoslovenskoženskodruštvo (General Slovene Women’s Society), founded in 1901 in Ljubljana. The statute defines the goals of the organization, which are set in general terms of the educational, social and economic improvement of women. The organization’s geographical area of activity, initially defined as “all Slovene provinces” in article 1... TITLE: The Rules of the General Women's Society. DESCRIPTION: The document is the statute of Splošnoslovenskoženskodruštvo (General Slovene Women’s Society), founded in 1901 in Ljubljana. The statute defines the goals of the organization, which are set in general terms of the educational, social and economic improvement of women. The organization’s geographical area of activity, initially defined as “all Slovene provinces” in article 1, was corrected, by hand, to the “Slovene provinces in the crown lands Carniola, Carinthia, Styria and Istria”, reflecting the internal division of the Empire. In this document, the purpose of the organization is rewritten as well. Based in Ljubljana, Splošnoslovenskoženskodruštvo (1901-1945) was the most important association of Slovene-speaking women in the Austrian half of the Habsburg Empire. The idea of an organized women’s movement among the Slovenes emerged in the city of Trieste, where the Slovene population, due to their minority position, initiated the establishment of local institutions for protection of ethnic culture and rights earlier than in Ljubljana. Taking the Allgemeiner Österreichischer Frauenverein (General Austrian Women’s Association) as a model, the circle of women publishing in the Trieste-based journal Slovenka advocated the establishment of one general Slovene women’s organization which would serve as a national focal point for all the efforts directed to women’s emancipation. The long-time president of the organization was Franja Tavčarjeva, the wife of a prominent politician and Ljubljana’s mayor Ivan Tavčar. With time, a younger generation of women increasingly put forward directly political demands, such as the demand for women’s suffrage. The importance and the influence of Splošnoslovenskoženskodruštvo continued to grow, reaching the peak in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, between two world wars, when the society became one of the key members of Yugoslav women’s and feminist networks. Keywords: Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation-Building, Women and Education; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation Show more Show less

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O patriotis [The Patriot]

written by Alexandra Papadopoulou, fl. 1902, in Patris Voukourestiou, December 5-17, 1899, p. NA (1899, originally published 1899), 2 page(s)

TITLE: The Patriot, 1899. DESCRIPTION: Alexandra Papadopoulou (1867-1905) wrote short stories and worked as a teacher. During her residence in Bucharest, Romania, from 1899 to 1900 and 1902, she wrote a series of "patriotic" short stories, aiming to strengthen the national consciousness of the Greeks living in Ro...

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Okólnik XVI

written by Anioła Krzyżanowska, fl. 1915 and Wanda Bilewska, fl. 1915 (Archiwum Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej, Fragment archiwum NZ LK NKN, 8836/IV: k 43) (18 November 1915) , 1 page(s)

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TITLE: Circular XVI (Cracow, November 18th, 1915). DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the international Women’s Peace Congress in The Hague in 1915. Daszyńska-Golińska was a socialist and feminist politician and a national econ... TITLE: Circular XVI (Cracow, November 18th, 1915). DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the international Women’s Peace Congress in The Hague in 1915. Daszyńska-Golińska was a socialist and feminist politician and a national economist (Nationalökonomin). She gained her PhD at the University of Zurich (Universität Zürich) in 1891 and taught at Berlin University (Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, today Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin). She stood up for women’s right to vote and for the independence of Poland. She also was arepresentative of the eugenic movement in Poland especially between the wars. The “International Congress of Women, The Hague, 1915” called together representatives of women’s organizations from all over the world to prevent war in future. It established the “International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace,” since 1919 “Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.” The “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” joined together active Polish women to mobilize them for the “Polish question.” The collection consists of 48 pp. of different handwritten papers and typescripts in German and Polish from Daszyńska-Goliǹska: records from meetings and policy papers about the positions of Polish women’s politics concerning independence, peace and the role of women during war times. In addition, there are some English, Polish and German announcements and protocols concerning the Congress and the Committee. They are not written by Daszyńska-Golińska. The ‘Okólnik XVI (Kraków, w dnia 18 listopada 1915) [Circular XVI (Cracow, November 18th, 1915]’ signed by Anioła Krzyżanowska, secretaire, and Wanda Bileska for the chairwomen of the Women’s League announced a collection for legionaries. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Peace and War; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political and Human Rights; Habsburg Empire; Poland; Cracow Show more Show less

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Polens Unabhängigkeit als Bedingung eines dauernden Friedens

written by Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska, 1860-1934 (Archiwum Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej, Fragment archiwum NZ LK NKN, 8836/IV: 1-5) (1915) , 5 page(s)

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TITLE: The Independence of Poland as a Condition for permament Peace. DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the international Women’s Peace Congress in The Hague in 1915. Daszyńska-Golińska was a socialist and feminist politician... TITLE: The Independence of Poland as a Condition for permament Peace. DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the international Women’s Peace Congress in The Hague in 1915. Daszyńska-Golińska was a socialist and feminist politician and a national economist (Nationalökonomin). She gained her PhD at the University of Zurich (Universität Zürich) in 1891 and taught at Berlin University (Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, today Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin). She stood up for women’s right to vote and for the independence of Poland. She also was a representative of the eugenic movement in Poland especially between the wars. The “International Congress of Women, The Hague, 1915” called together representatives of women’s organizations from all over the world to prevent war in future. It established the “International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace,” since 1919 “Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.” The “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” joined together active Polish women to mobilize them for the “Polish question.” The collection consists of 48 pp. of different handwritten papers and typescripts in German and Polish from Daszyńska-Goliǹska: records from meetings and policy papers about the positions of Polish women’s politics concerning independence, peace and the role of women during war times. In addition, there are some English, Polish and German announcements and protocols concerning the Congress and the Committee. They are not written by Daszyńska-Golińska. The paper “Polens Unabhängigkeit als Bedingung eines dauernden Friedens (The Independence of Poland as a Condition for Permanent Peace),” written after the Congress, presents some general remarks on the Polish point of view concerning peace and the role of women’s politics. Though the congress in The Hague had strengthened women’s task to prevent war and to stand up for equality, democracy and culture, Daszyńska-Golińska stresses that the war evoked the national principle as the basis of societies as shown by the examples of Germany, France, Italy and Poland as well. Polish Women joined together in the Women’s League to fight for Polish independence. She stresses that without an independent Polish state, a new political order in Europe, permanent peace would be impossible. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Peace and War; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political and Human Rights; Habsburg Empire; Poland; Germany; France; Italy; The Hague Show more Show less

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