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Számadás a' kisdedovó intézetekrol 1830-dik esztendei 1-so juliustól fogva 1833-dik végéig
written by Teréz Brunszvik, 1775-1861 (Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [National Széchényi Library]) (Budapest, Budapest County: A’ magyar kir. egyetem’ betűivel, 1836), 32 page(s)
TITLE: Account on the Kindergartens, 1 July 1830 through End of 1833. DESCRIPTION: Brochure written by Teréz (Thérézia) Brunswick (Brunszvik, Brunszwick) (1775-1861), the founder of the first kindergarten in Hungary in 1828, established in Buda, a city later forming part of the Hungarian capital city of Budapes...
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written by Teréz Brunszvik, 1775-1861 (Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [National Széchényi Library]) (Budapest, Budapest County: A’ magyar kir. egyetem’ betűivel, 1836), 32 page(s)
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TITLE: Account on the Kindergartens, 1 July 1830 through End of 1833. DESCRIPTION: Brochure written by Teréz (Thérézia) Brunswick (Brunszvik, Brunszwick) (1775-1861), the founder of the first kindergarten in Hungary in 1828, established in Buda, a city later forming part of the Hungarian capital city of Budapest. By 1836, when the report was published, there had been nine kindergartens operating in Budapest and scores of others throughout Hung...
TITLE: Account on the Kindergartens, 1 July 1830 through End of 1833. DESCRIPTION: Brochure written by Teréz (Thérézia) Brunswick (Brunszvik, Brunszwick) (1775-1861), the founder of the first kindergarten in Hungary in 1828, established in Buda, a city later forming part of the Hungarian capital city of Budapest. By 1836, when the report was published, there had been nine kindergartens operating in Budapest and scores of others throughout Hungary and in the wider Habsburg Empire. In 1828, on the 60th birthday of Francis I of Austria, Brunszvik began to collect money for her kindergarten projects, and under the honorary presidency of the Habsburg Archduchess Maria, a supporting association was formed. At the time, the association was called National-Association for the Promotion of the Earliest Education of Small Children, in kindergartens and Educational Institutions (National-Verein zur Beförderung frühester Erziehung kleiner Kinder, in Bewahr- und Bildungsanstalten). References to the association appear in German. Brunszvik wrote this brochure years after the dissolution of the association, which by 1834 had been replaced by the Association Spreading kindergartens in Hungary (A Kisdedóvó Intézeteket Magyarországon Terjesztő Egyesület); Brunszvik was involved in the transition. According to the brochure, the instructors in the early kindergartens were male, including the fifteen trained in a short-lived course between 1831 and 1833. Women members of the association acted as inspectors. Right from the beginning, the first kindergarten was run jointly with an industrial school, where a straw hatter, previously active in Florence, taught his trade to school-aged children. After members of the imperial family visited this institution and applauded its results, plans were made to expand it into a network of schools. As a narrator, Brunszwik passes in silence over her own role in the association as its founder and the moving spirit behind it, but she takes pride in Hungary’s precedence in the matter over Austria, where the first kindergarten was started in Vienna in 1830, two years after Budapest. Brunszvik points to the all-European character of the kindergarten-movement. The brochure details the donations given to the association in the years 1830 to 1833, giving the names of the many individual donators, and presents its accounting for the period between 1829 and 1833. KEYWORDS: Women and Cultures of Empire; Women and Institutions of Empire; Dynasty; Social Reform and Political Activism; Child Care; Women and Education; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Habsburg Empire; Besztercebánya/Banská Bystrica; Nagyszombat/Trnava/Tyrnau; Fiume/Rijeka; Transylvania; Funds and Donations
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Pamphlet
Author / Creator
Teréz Brunszvik, 1775-1861
Date Published / Released
1836
Publisher
A’ magyar kir. egyetem’ betűivel
Person Discussed
Francis I, Emperor of Austria, 1768-1835
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Feminism, Austrians, Hungarians
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Sächsisch-Sozialer Frauenbund
written by Helene Wachner, fl. 1913 (Bibliothek, Siebenbürgen-Institut, Universität Heidelberg), in Die Karpaten, Vol. 5 no. 24, 1913, pp. 760-762 (1913), 3 page(s)
TITLE: The Saxon Social Women’s League. DESCRIPTION: The author, member of the Free Women’s Association for Social Education (Freie Frauenvereinigung für soziale Bildung) in Kronstadt/Brașov/Brassó, introduces a loose network of five Transylvanian Saxon women’s associations―two from Hermannstadt/Sibiu/N...
Sample
written by Helene Wachner, fl. 1913 (Bibliothek, Siebenbürgen-Institut, Universität Heidelberg), in Die Karpaten, Vol. 5 no. 24, 1913, pp. 760-762 (1913), 3 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Saxon Social Women’s League. DESCRIPTION: The author, member of the Free Women’s Association for Social Education (Freie Frauenvereinigung für soziale Bildung) in Kronstadt/Brașov/Brassó, introduces a loose network of five Transylvanian Saxon women’s associations―two from Hermannstadt/Sibiu/Nagyszeben and one each from Bistritz/Bistrița/Beszterce, Kronstadt/ and Schäßburg/Sighișoara/Segesvár―who work independently fro...
TITLE: The Saxon Social Women’s League. DESCRIPTION: The author, member of the Free Women’s Association for Social Education (Freie Frauenvereinigung für soziale Bildung) in Kronstadt/Brașov/Brassó, introduces a loose network of five Transylvanian Saxon women’s associations―two from Hermannstadt/Sibiu/Nagyszeben and one each from Bistritz/Bistrița/Beszterce, Kronstadt/ and Schäßburg/Sighișoara/Segesvár―who work independently from the Transylvanian Evangelical Church (Augustan Confession) (Evangelische Landeskirche A.B. in Siebenbürgen), founded in 1884, although their statutes designate the church as inheritor of their assets in case of their dissolution and they keep on friendly terms with their Church-affiliated sister associations. KEYWORDS: Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Women and Education; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Mediasch/Medgyes/Mediaș.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Helene Wachner, fl. 1913
Date Published / Released
1913
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Women as Teachers, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Empire and Feminism, Social and Cultural Rights, Romanians, Hungarians
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Zoe Arion to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Bucharest, October 1905
written by Zoe Arion, fl. 1905 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 734/1905, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1-5) (October 1905) , 11 page(s)
TITLE: Zoe Arion to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Bucharest, October 1905. DESCRIPTION: Letter sent by Zoe Arion from Bucharest (in the Romanian Kingdom) to Emilia Rațiu (in Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt, Kingdom of Hungary at the time). Zoe Arion was the daughter of Romanian Army General and diplomat Eracle Arion, likely s...
Sample
written by Zoe Arion, fl. 1905 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 734/1905, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1-5) (October 1905) , 11 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Zoe Arion to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Bucharest, October 1905. DESCRIPTION: Letter sent by Zoe Arion from Bucharest (in the Romanian Kingdom) to Emilia Rațiu (in Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt, Kingdom of Hungary at the time). Zoe Arion was the daughter of Romanian Army General and diplomat Eracle Arion, likely some twenty years youger than her correspondent. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequ...
TITLE: Zoe Arion to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Bucharest, October 1905. DESCRIPTION: Letter sent by Zoe Arion from Bucharest (in the Romanian Kingdom) to Emilia Rațiu (in Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt, Kingdom of Hungary at the time). Zoe Arion was the daughter of Romanian Army General and diplomat Eracle Arion, likely some twenty years youger than her correspondent. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. ¶ This letter expresses the opinion that, despite the Emperor’s many faults, the monarch had begun to see the mistakes of the Hungarians. Arion articulates that Romanians had always been in favor of the dynasty (‘dynastic’) but that it was an inappropriate moment for Transylvanian politicians to become Kossuthists. If there were any need to join a party, socialists, with their platform of universal suffrage, might be more appealing. In 1905, when this letter was written, the Romanian National Party (RNP) in Transylvania had ceased its boycott of Hungarian parliamentary institutions and was pushing from within the Parliament for universal suffrage within the Kingdom of Hungary. (Of note, the RNP had debated whether to formally endorse women’s suffrage at its January 1905 congress, finally deciding against the issue with some members expressing support for the cause.) The RNP was probably debating at the time the alliances it should forge within the Parliament. During 1905, workers, especially in the Austrian half of the Dual Monarchy, mobilized by a popular socialist movement, were demanding suffrage in mass demonstrations and through other forms of participation. Arion’s entreaty towards an alliance with the socialists functioned in this context. The Kosshutism mentioned in the letter as a less appealing alternative to the support of socialists refers to the ideological legacy of 1848 revolutionary Kossuth Lajos (1802-1894), a symbol of the more radical patriotism of the Hungarian Revolution and a hero of Hungarian centralizers. The brief mention of suffrage politics links with how a Member of Hungarian Parliament, Stefan Cicio-Pop, participated in 1913 in the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) Congress in Budapest and later supported a bill for universal suffrage. However, this letter does not mention women’s suffrage explicitly, and is likely to be implicitly referring to male suffrage without property qualifications when discussing “universal suffrage.” On women’s suffrage and Transylvanian Romanian nationalism, see also Helena Densusianu, “Helena Densusianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, 10 March 1870” (Letter, Făgăraș, March 10, 1870), 844/1870, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest; and Eleonora Lemény, “Indreptatire politica femeilor! [Legitimate Women’s Policy!],” Adevarul-Glasul Poporului, December 2, 1918. ¶ This document captures with unusual directness Transylvanian Romanian positioning vis-à-vis the Habsburg dynasty and within the Austro-Hungarian Empire (a stance taken since the 1848-1849 Hungarian Revolution). The letter exemplifies pragmatic politics and organizing, and places a young upper-class educated woman such as Arion in the middle of the “male sphere” of parliamentary political strategizing in both Transylvania and the Romanian Kingdom. For example, it is interesting to note that the presumed aversion towards socialist politics among the Transylvanian Romanian middle class and within the Romanian National Party could be conceived as surmountable, in the context of the struggle for universal suffrage. Finally, the topics and rhetorical features of this letter offer a counterweight to the maternalist, “women’s sphere,” and the highly affective style encountered in other politically active women’s public rhetoric. Compare this with Maria Baiulescu, “Cuvantul de deschidere rostit de doamna Maria B. Baiulescu, presedinta Uniunii Femeilor Romane din Brasov la I-ul Congres al Reuniunilor de Femei din Ungaria, tinut la Brasov in zilele de 3-5 Iunie 1913 [Opening Speech Given by Mrs. Maria B. Baiulescu, President of the Union of Romanian Women in Brasov to the Ist Congress of the Women’s Reunions held in Brasov between 3-5 June 1913]” (Speech, Brașov, June 1913), MS 1954, f. 36, “George Baritiu” County Library Special Collections, “George Baritiu” County Library Special Collections. The Arion letter contributes to a more complex image of the reasons and tactics of nationalist mobilization among women involved in the Transylvanian Romanian national cause and underscores the gap that existed between private discourse and public rhetoric among politicized women. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Hungarian Parliament; Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Socialism; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Human Rights, Suffrage; Habsburg Empire; Kossuth Lajos/ Louis Kossuth.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
October 1905, 1905
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Zoe Arion, fl. 1905
Person Discussed
Lajos Kossuth, 1802-1894
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Empire and Feminism, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Political Leadership, Socialism, Suffrage, Romanians, Hungarians
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