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O izbornom pravu ženskinja
in Žena, Vol. 2, no. 6, January 6, 1912, pp. 347-352 (1912), 6 page(s)
TITLE: On the Women's Suffrage. DESCRIPTION: This article is a report on the assembly held in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Vojvodina, in favor of women’s suffrage, with participation of Rosika Schwimmer (1877-1948) from Budapest. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable deg...
Sample
in Žena, Vol. 2, no. 6, January 6, 1912, pp. 347-352 (1912), 6 page(s)
Description
TITLE: On the Women's Suffrage. DESCRIPTION: This article is a report on the assembly held in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Vojvodina, in favor of women’s suffrage, with participation of Rosika Schwimmer (1877-1948) from Budapest. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbia...
TITLE: On the Women's Suffrage. DESCRIPTION: This article is a report on the assembly held in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Vojvodina, in favor of women’s suffrage, with participation of Rosika Schwimmer (1877-1948) from Budapest. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. The report is unsigned, but the author is probably Milica Tomić, the editor of the periodical Žena (The Woman) in which this report was published. Milica Tomić (1859-1944) was a writer, editor and a public activist for women’s rights born and based in Novi Sad. She published numerous works on the subject of women’s rights, education and emancipation. In 1911, she founded the journal Žena, which she edited until 1921. In 1881, she had been hired to work for the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women in Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). See, “Rad dobrotvornih zadruga [The Work of Charitable Cooperatives],” Ženski svet, January 5, 1886. In 1910, she initiated the establishment of the Women’s Reading Room ‘Posestrima’ (Ženska čitaonica ‘Posestrima’). See, Milica Tomić, “Ženska čitaonica [Women’s Reading Room],” Žena, 1911. Tomić cooperated with Rosika Schwimmer (1877–1948), a prominent Hungarian feminist, and their correspondence was published in one of the issues of Žena. The organizers of the assembly in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Vojvodina, were the Serbian People‘s Radical Party (Srpska Narodna Radikalna Stranka) and other parties. The author mentions that the first two parties reportedly supported women’s suffrage, while the leader of the third, Hungarian party repeatedly declared that “the time has not come yet.” One of the speakers at the assembly was Rosika Schwimmer (1877-1948), a Hungarian feminist and suffrage activist, talking during the assembly as a representative of the Hungarian Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete). The author describes how determined Schwimmer was to talk, even though many opposed it. After the speech, some men on the street led the discussion about Schwimmer’s talk; a Hungarian man spoke out against Schwimmer, while a Serbian man was supportive. A socialist speaker from Budapest was speaking against Rosika Schwimmer, saying that she was not welcome on the assemblies of men. Finally, the author reminds the reader of the recent bloody demonstrations in Budapest (probably 23 May 1912, a mass demonstration for universal suffrage in Budapest called afterwards “Bloody Thursday”), where many had been killed and injured, including several Serbian women. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Women Challenging Empire; Empire and Feminism; Social Reform and Political Activism; Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Socialism; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Suffrage; Equal Rights for Women; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Serbia; Budapest
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Date Published / Released
06 January 1912, 1912
Person Discussed
Rosika Schwimmer, 1877-1948, Milica Tomić, fl. 1911
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Suffrage, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Nationalism and Independence Movements, Empire and Feminism, Serbians
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O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama
written by Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, in O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama [On our national textiles and handicrafts], by Savka Subotić. (Novi Sad, 1904). pp. 79-95 (1904), 17 page(s)
TITLE: Part IV: On the Exhibition in Paris, in _On our National Textiles and Handicrafts_. DESCRIPTION: This document consists of selected parts of Savka Subotić’s booklet, On our National Textiles and Handicrafts (O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama), published in 1904 in Novi Sad (Újvidék). Savka Su...
Sample
written by Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, in O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama [On our national textiles and handicrafts], by Savka Subotić. (Novi Sad, 1904). pp. 79-95 (1904), 17 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Part IV: On the Exhibition in Paris, in _On our National Textiles and Handicrafts_. DESCRIPTION: This document consists of selected parts of Savka Subotić’s booklet, On our National Textiles and Handicrafts (O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama), published in 1904 in Novi Sad (Újvidék). Savka Subotić in the booklet narrates the history of her work and endeavors in promoting the female handicraft industry. Over the course of mo...
TITLE: Part IV: On the Exhibition in Paris, in _On our National Textiles and Handicrafts_. DESCRIPTION: This document consists of selected parts of Savka Subotić’s booklet, On our National Textiles and Handicrafts (O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama), published in 1904 in Novi Sad (Újvidék). Savka Subotić in the booklet narrates the history of her work and endeavors in promoting the female handicraft industry. Over the course of more than forty years, she was active in modernizing and promoting Serbian peasant women’s handicraft. Savka Subotić was active in the women's movement in the Vojvodina and also in Serbia and internationally. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. Subotić was educated in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Timișoara (Temesvár, Temeswar) and Vienna. Her main focus was the education of girls, especially Serbian girls; Subotić initiated the establishment of the first Serbian language high schools for girls, established in Novi Sad, Vojvodina and Pančevo (Pancsova), military frontier/Vojvodina in 1874 and in Sombor (Zombor), Vojvodina in 1875. See also, Milica Tomić, “Naše više devojačke škole [Our high schools for girls],” Žena, January 6, 1911; and “Srpska Viša Devojačka Škola u Novom Sadu [The Serbian High School for Girls in Novi Sad],” Ženski svet, August 1913. In addition, Subotić was active in educating Serbian women in the countryside, and created a program of economic development for women who lived in the villages by popularizing and building the handicraft industry of the time. In 1867, Subotić established a women’s organization in Novi Sad (Ujvidék), the Vojvodina, which in documents generated by the Serbian-speaking women’s movement in the Vojvodina is regularly described as the first women’s cooperative in Novi Sad. See “Savka Subotićka. 1834-1904. [Savka Subotić: 1834-1904],” Ženski svet, January 10, 1904. Subotić was a respected member of the Serbian community, but also well known in Austria-Hungary and the international women’s movement. ¶ This document includes Part IV of Subotić’s booklet: Part IV: About the exhibition in Paris (79-95). In Part IV, Subotić talks about the correspondence concerning the Exposition Universelle held in Paris in 1900. She also discusses the connections with the Serbs from Belgrade, and her travels to Niš and Pirot, Serbia, since Serbia was also planning to present on the Paris exhibition. She describes the differences between the national embroidery of Serbian women in the Vojvodina and the produce made by women from Serbia. Subotić argues that the Serbian “intelligentsia” must not try to imitate the common people and should not continue attempting to come up with the new patterns for new embroidery. On the contrary, the task of the “intelligentsia” is to find ways to help “the people (narodu)” to develop their acknowledged ability. She compares these attempts with writers who in their novels mimic the speech of the peasants. She ends the text with a comment on the Serbian peasant women, arguing that amongst all Serbian women only peasant women earn money for their families. She adds that apart from the regular house and family duties, these women also work with men in the fields, a fact that she presents as “emancipation.” In fact, she claims, Serbian women contribute more to their households than their husbands, and their handicraft is the proof of their intelligence. For Parts I and II, see Savka Subotić, “Part I and Part II [Part I: First Attempts of My Work in the Field of our National Domestic Industry, and Part II: On the Exhibitions in Pest and in Novi Sad],” in O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama [On our national textiles and handicrafts] (Novi Sad, 1904), 1–55 (55pp.). KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Women Challenging Empire; Empire and Internationalism; Empire Silenced; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Women as Teachers; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Work and Class Identity; Work and Class Identity; Work and Class Identity; Handicraft; Embroidery; Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health; Primary Health Care; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Serbia; Hungary; Pest; Budapest; Paris
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Author / Creator
Savka Subotić, 1834-1914
Date Published / Released
1904
Person Discussed
Savka Subotić, 1834-1914
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Work and Class Identity, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Economic Development, Household Crafts, Rights to Work, National Identity, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Educa...
Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Work and Class Identity, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Economic Development, Household Crafts, Rights to Work, National Identity, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Women as Teachers, Primary Health Care, Women as “Proletariat”, Opposition to Imperialism, Empire and Internationalism, Indigenous Languages, Serbians
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O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama
written by Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, in O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama [On our national textiles and handicrafts], by Savka Subotić. (Novi Sad, 1904). pp. 1-55 (1904), 55 page(s)
TITLE: Part I: First Attempts of My Work in the Field of our National Domestic Industry, and Part II: On the Exhibitions in Pest and in Novi Sad, in _ On Our National Textiles and Handicrafts_ DESCRIPTION: This document consists of selected parts of Savka Subotić’s booklet, On our National Textiles and Handicra...
Sample
written by Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, in O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama [On our national textiles and handicrafts], by Savka Subotić. (Novi Sad, 1904). pp. 1-55 (1904), 55 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Part I: First Attempts of My Work in the Field of our National Domestic Industry, and Part II: On the Exhibitions in Pest and in Novi Sad, in _ On Our National Textiles and Handicrafts_ DESCRIPTION: This document consists of selected parts of Savka Subotić’s booklet, On our National Textiles and Handicrafts (O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama), published in 1904 in Novi Sad (Újvidék). Savka Subotić in the booklet narrates th...
TITLE: Part I: First Attempts of My Work in the Field of our National Domestic Industry, and Part II: On the Exhibitions in Pest and in Novi Sad, in _ On Our National Textiles and Handicrafts_ DESCRIPTION: This document consists of selected parts of Savka Subotić’s booklet, On our National Textiles and Handicrafts (O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama), published in 1904 in Novi Sad (Újvidék). Savka Subotić in the booklet narrates the history of her work and endeavors in promoting the female handicraft industry. Over the course of more than forty years, she was active in modernizing and promoting Serbian peasant women’s handicraft. Savka Subotić was active in the women's movement in the Vojvodina and also in Serbia and internationally. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. Subotić was educated in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Timișoara (Temesvár, Temeswar) and Vienna. Her main focus was the education of girls, especially Serbian girls; Subotić initiated the establishment of the first Serbian language high schools for girls, established in Novi Sad, Vojvodina and Pančevo (Pancsova), military frontier/Vojvodina in 1874 and in Sombor (Zombor), Vojvodina in 1875. See also, Milica Tomić, “Naše više devojačke škole [Our high schools for girls],” Žena, January 6, 1911; and “Srpska Viša Devojačka Škola u Novom Sadu [The Serbian High School for Girls in Novi Sad],” Ženski svet, August 1913. In addition, Subotić was active in educating Serbian women in the countryside, and created a program of economic development for women who lived in the villages by popularizing and building the handicraft industry of the time. In 1867, Subotić established a women’s organization in Novi Sad (Ujvidék), the Vojvodina, which in documents generated by the Serbian-speaking women’s movement in the Vojvodina is regularly described as the first women’s cooperative in Novi Sad. See “Savka Subotićka. 1834-1904. [Savka Subotić: 1834-1904],” Ženski svet, January 10, 1904. Subotić was a respected member of the Serbian community, but also well known in Austria-Hungary and the international women’s movement. ¶ This document includes the first two parts of Subotić’s booklet: Part I: My First Attempts in the Work in the Field of our National Domestic Industry (pp. 3-14), Part II: About the exhibitions in Novi Sad and Pest (pp. 15-55). In Part I, Subotić talks about the time when in 1853 she first came to the idea to put a traditional national carpet in the guest room of her and her husband’s new home in Novi Sad. At the time, Serbian higher-class families considered the handicraft of rural women suitable only for the use in village houses. Yet, her husband compared the peasant women’s handicraft to the Serbian national poetry, calling it “the poetry of women’s hands.” They were both amazed of how beautiful the handicraft products looked in their room. In 1861, on the occasion of a celebration of the centenary of the birth of Sava Tekelija (Szava Thököly, 1761-1842), for the first time she wore a dress made of the canvas handmade by Serbian rural women. Her idea then was to modernize the traditional handicraft, by using the handmade canvas to make modern-looking dresses. The aim was to make Serbian women’s handicraft compatible to the “world market.” As the years passed, Subotić noticed that the situation was changing and that rural women would be less and less reluctant to the idea of selling their products. Part II is mainly about the many-years of preparations for the display of the handmade carpets and canvas at the exhibitions finally held in Novi Sad (Újvidék) in 1884 and in Budapest in 1885. Subotić also describes how she talked to rural women in different places and educated them to make their embroidery more modern, and how she tried to enlighten them with regard to issues of health, mentioning also the difficulties of approaching the women and gaining their trust. Her main argument was that because of the dissolution of the cooperative (zadruga, commune, the traditional structure of the family in the Balkans) and the rising competition on the market, the people in “our areas,” meaning Serbs and Croats, have suffered from gradual impoverishment. For this reason, she would argue that it was exactly the embroidery that could improve the livelihood of the peasants, as almost all women in the area can easily do this kind of work. She saw the specific value of the Serbian women’s handwork in the fact that each work was unique, as no women would entirely copy the patterns, but would always add something new. She mentions that at the exhibition in Budapest– generally labeled the “national” or “country-wide (országos)” general exhibition in Budapest in the year 1885 – all inscriptions were written in the Hungarian language, even though she had asked over and over again that the information should also be written in Serbian language, as the exhibits with which she was concerned were handmade by Serbian rural women. When she asked the Hungarian minister of agriculture, economy and trade (Pál Széchenyi 1838-1901) to support the development of the Serbian handicraft industry, he had claimed that there is only one industry, the Hungarian one. She openly disagreed to this claim, making the minister angry. “There were other words uttered, that are not for the public,” adds Subotić. Later on, she claims that her name was erased by the minister Széchenyi from the names proposed for the awards by the jury. Additionally, she mentions an expose she had written in German for the jury of the Budapest exhibition (who didn’t come in time to hear her speaking), and explains that the expose was published in Serbian translation in the journal Zastava (‘The Flag’, 1866-1914, 1919-1929) in Novi Sad on 20 September 1985. She repeats that the solution to the problem of the impoverishment of peasants is embroidery. “Hungary is not an industrial country,” she notices, but the poor people “are worse off than factory workers,” adding that if that “evil” (the impoverishment) is not defeated, then “we will get a peasant proletariat, which is much more dangerous than the town proletariat, because it is more contagious” (Subotić’s emphasis). Additionally, when she talks about the women workers who make the embroidery, she mentions mostly Serbian and Croatian women, calling them also “Yugoslav women (Jugoslovenke).” Towards the end of the part II, she describes her frequent travels to Budapest “to finish some work.” The end of this part talks about the exhibition in Novi Sad in 1884. For Part IV, see Savka Subotić, “Part IV [Part IV: On the Exhibition in Paris],” in O našim narodnim tkaninama i rukotvorinama [On our national textiles and handicrafts] (Novi Sad, 1904), 79–95 (17pp.). KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Women Challenging Empire; Empire and Internationalism; Empire Silenced; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Women as Teachers; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Work and Class Identity; Work and Class Identity; Work and Class Identity; Handicraft; Embroidery; Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health; Primary Health Care; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Serbia; Hungary; Pest; Budapest; Paris
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Author / Creator
Savka Subotić, 1834-1914
Date Published / Released
1904
Person Discussed
Savka Subotić, 1834-1914
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Work and Class Identity, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Economic Development, Household Crafts, Rights to Work, National Identity, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Educa...
Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Work and Class Identity, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Economic Development, Household Crafts, Rights to Work, National Identity, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Women as Teachers, Women as “Proletariat”, Primary Health Care, Opposition to Imperialism, Empire and Internationalism, Indigenous Languages, Serbians
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Okólnik XVI
written by Anioła Krzyżanowska, fl. 1915 and Wanda Bilewska, fl. 1915 (Archiwum Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej, Fragment archiwum NZ LK NKN, 8836/IV: k 43) (18 November 1915) , 1 page(s)
TITLE: Circular XVI (Cracow, November 18th, 1915). DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the intern...
Sample
written by Anioła Krzyżanowska, fl. 1915 and Wanda Bilewska, fl. 1915 (Archiwum Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej, Fragment archiwum NZ LK NKN, 8836/IV: k 43) (18 November 1915) , 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Circular XVI (Cracow, November 18th, 1915). DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the international Women’s Peace Congress in The Hague in 1915. Daszyńska-Golińska was a socialist and feminist politician and a national econ...
TITLE: Circular XVI (Cracow, November 18th, 1915). DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the international Women’s Peace Congress in The Hague in 1915. Daszyńska-Golińska was a socialist and feminist politician and a national economist (Nationalökonomin). She gained her PhD at the University of Zurich (Universität Zürich) in 1891 and taught at Berlin University (Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, today Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin). She stood up for women’s right to vote and for the independence of Poland. She also was arepresentative of the eugenic movement in Poland especially between the wars. The “International Congress of Women, The Hague, 1915” called together representatives of women’s organizations from all over the world to prevent war in future. It established the “International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace,” since 1919 “Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.” The “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” joined together active Polish women to mobilize them for the “Polish question.” The collection consists of 48 pp. of different handwritten papers and typescripts in German and Polish from Daszyńska-Goliǹska: records from meetings and policy papers about the positions of Polish women’s politics concerning independence, peace and the role of women during war times. In addition, there are some English, Polish and German announcements and protocols concerning the Congress and the Committee. They are not written by Daszyńska-Golińska. The ‘Okólnik XVI (Kraków, w dnia 18 listopada 1915) [Circular XVI (Cracow, November 18th, 1915]’ signed by Anioła Krzyżanowska, secretaire, and Wanda Bileska for the chairwomen of the Women’s League announced a collection for legionaries. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Peace and War; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political and Human Rights; Habsburg Empire; Poland; Cracow
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Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
18 November 1915, 1915
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Anioła Krzyżanowska, fl. 1915, Wanda Bilewska, fl. 1915
Topic / Theme
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Nationalism and Independence Movements, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Polish, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Pan Pacific and South East Asian Women's Association Tenth Conference Program: Tonga, August 1964
written by Pan Pacific and Southeast Asia Women's Association, in Elmina Rose Lucke Papers, 1897-1987, of Sophia Smith Collection. Women's History Archive (Box 3, Folder 27, 12pp.) (Northampton, MA) (Tonga: Pan Pacific and Southeast Asia Women's Association, 1964), 12 page(s)
Sample
written by Pan Pacific and Southeast Asia Women's Association, in Elmina Rose Lucke Papers, 1897-1987, of Sophia Smith Collection. Women's History Archive (Box 3, Folder 27, 12pp.) (Northampton, MA) (Tonga: Pan Pacific and Southeast Asia Women's Association, 1964), 12 page(s)
Collection
Women and Social Movements, International
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Conference materials
Author / Creator
Pan Pacific and Southeast Asia Women's Association
Date Published / Released
1964
Publisher
Pan Pacific and Southeast Asia Women's Association
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, National Identity, Social and Cultural Rights
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Paní Božena Viková-Kunětická
in Živena, Vol. 4 no. 10, 1912, pp. 351-352 (1912), 2 page(s)
TITLE: Ms. Božena Viková-Kunětická. DESCRIPTION: The women’s journal, Živena, founded in 1910, was connected to the Slovak women’s association Živena and edited by its chairwoman Elena Maróthy-Šoltésová (1855-1939), Slovak writer, editor and publicist and a leading figure of Slovak women’s activism...
Sample
in Živena, Vol. 4 no. 10, 1912, pp. 351-352 (1912), 2 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Ms. Božena Viková-Kunětická. DESCRIPTION: The women’s journal, Živena, founded in 1910, was connected to the Slovak women’s association Živena and edited by its chairwoman Elena Maróthy-Šoltésová (1855-1939), Slovak writer, editor and publicist and a leading figure of Slovak women’s activism. She is also most likely the author of the text. The text deals with the election of the Czech speaking writer Božena Viková Kuněti...
TITLE: Ms. Božena Viková-Kunětická. DESCRIPTION: The women’s journal, Živena, founded in 1910, was connected to the Slovak women’s association Živena and edited by its chairwoman Elena Maróthy-Šoltésová (1855-1939), Slovak writer, editor and publicist and a leading figure of Slovak women’s activism. She is also most likely the author of the text. The text deals with the election of the Czech speaking writer Božena Viková Kunětická (1862-1934) to the Bohemian Provincial (crown land) Diet in 1912. Božena Viková-Kunětická was the first woman elected to the (regional) parliament in the Habsburg Monarchy. In 1913 she refused to attend the seventh congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) in Budapest after she hadn’t been allowed to give her speech in Czech or Slovak language – which were not the official languages of the Congress – and after her proposition to include the protest against the situation of the Slovak nation in Hungary into the official program of the congress hadn’t been taken into account by the organizers. The author writes about the event from the perspective of Slovak nationalism. She points out that the election of the woman to the diet was such a surprising event that it even surpassed the “old German-Slavic resentment.” She states that Viková-Kunětická was warmly welcomed by the German speaking women at the women's election congress in Munich, Germany on September 23, 1912 and her speech was appreciated there. The author of the article appreciates that Viková-Kunětická condemned the suppression of the Slavs in Austria-Hungary and in particular showed sympathy with the Slovaks in her speech at the congress in Munich. She also appreciates Kunětická’s attitude towards the IWSA congress in Budapest. According to the author Czech women can be satisfied with their representative to the Bohemian diet. She expresses the gratitude for her interest in Slovak women. See also, “Náš mladý král’ovský pár [Our Young Royal Couple],” Živena 7, no. 12 (December 1916): 236–237 (2pp.). Cooperation between Slovak and Czech (Bohemian and Moravian) women, and the topos of Slovak-Czech brotherhood and sisterhood transcended the separation of these nationalities speaking Slavic languages within the Habsburg Monarchy. The Czech lands belonged to Austria (Cisleithania) while the Slovakian lands belonged to Hungary. Austria and Hungary formed the two constitutive parts of the Habsburg Monarchy, each of which was in charge of its own domestic politics, including suffrage. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire and Feminism; Empire and Internationalism; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Suffrage; Habsburg Empire; Cisleithania; Hungary; Slovakia
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Date Published / Released
1912
Person Discussed
Božena Viková-Kunětická, 1862-1934
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Suffrage, Social and Cultural Rights, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Empire and Feminism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovak
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Participrea femeilor romane din Ardeal in procesul Memorandumului in _Universul_(Bucharest)
written by Maria Baiulescu, 1860-1941 ("George Baritiu" Library, Brasov, Romania, MS 1954, f. 30, "George Baritiu" County Library Special Collections), in The Universe, June 19, 1934, p. NA (1934), 4 page(s)
TITLE: The Participation of Romanian Women from Transylvania in the Memorandum Trial in _The Universe_(Bucharest). DESCRIPTION: A 1934 account by eyewitness Maria Baiulescu of the activity of the “political committee” of Romanian women formed in Brașov in 1894, published in the Bucharest-based Universul newsp...
Sample
written by Maria Baiulescu, 1860-1941 ("George Baritiu" Library, Brasov, Romania, MS 1954, f. 30, "George Baritiu" County Library Special Collections), in The Universe, June 19, 1934, p. NA (1934), 4 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Participation of Romanian Women from Transylvania in the Memorandum Trial in _The Universe_(Bucharest). DESCRIPTION: A 1934 account by eyewitness Maria Baiulescu of the activity of the “political committee” of Romanian women formed in Brașov in 1894, published in the Bucharest-based Universul newspaper, and kept as a newspaper clipping in Baiulescu’s archives. Maria Baiulescu (1860-1941) was an author, Romanian nationalist and c...
TITLE: The Participation of Romanian Women from Transylvania in the Memorandum Trial in _The Universe_(Bucharest). DESCRIPTION: A 1934 account by eyewitness Maria Baiulescu of the activity of the “political committee” of Romanian women formed in Brașov in 1894, published in the Bucharest-based Universul newspaper, and kept as a newspaper clipping in Baiulescu’s archives. Maria Baiulescu (1860-1941) was an author, Romanian nationalist and civic organizer. She was the president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt (1908-1935), the President of the Union of Romanian Women (a federation of Transylvanian women’s associations) (1913-1935), and leader of ASTRA association’s Biopolitical Section, founded in 1927. A supporter of women’s social involvement, she advocated what has been termed “republican motherhood,” a concept constructed around women’s roles as nurturers and educators of the nation. See, Krassimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi, and Francisca de Haan, A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), 48-50. Baiulescu’s personal archives are housed by the "George Barițiu" County Library Brașov (Romania), Special Collections Unit. ¶ Baiulescu’s article describes how the committee was formed by Elena Muresianu and Elena Baiulescu (Maria Baiulescu’s mother) in order to support and agitate in favour of the men arrested for publishing a political manifesto claiming the observance of Transylvanian Romanians’ formal political rights (the so-called “Memorandum Trial”). See also, Ludmila Beblava, “Ludmila Beblava, et al., to Emilia Rațiu, 20 March 1896” (Letter, [Slovakia], March 20, 1896), 1180/1896, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest. The political committee disbanded after the freeing of the arrested in 1896. According to the article, within Transylvania, the activity of the committee consisted of formal adhesions and addresses to the National (i.e. Memorandum) Committee, issuing commemorative coins to be worn by women in support of the detained and organizing prayer gatherings. Maria Baiulescu credits the committee with establishing the first formal contact with women’s organizations in the Kingdom of Romania, by organizing the visit of one Ms. Sihleanu. She mentions that the committee sent formal thank-you addresses to supportive men in France, Belgium, and Italy. The article quotes integrally the text of the preserved address to Italian members of Parliament, who had expressed their support for the arrested. The address rested on the argument that Hungarians did not observe the principles of liberty owed to cohabiting nations. ¶ This relatively brief newspaper article, written by a fairly reliable direct participant, contains in synthetic form information that is otherwise difficult to piece together based on existing historiography. It illuminates the gendered history of the event that generated the highest level of mobilization of ethnic-Romanian public opinion in the late nineteenth century and later became canonized as a “key event” in the Romanian narrative on the history of Transylvania within the Kingdom of Hungary. At the same time, the article needs to be read in the context of the mid-1930s, when Transylvanian nationalism was re-narrated as a national-self-determination fight and less as a political struggle that sought cohabitation rights within an imperial setting, as 19th century Transylvanian nationalist publications seem to suggest. On Brașov women’s agitational politics during the Memorandum trial, see also Elena Muresianu and Elena Baiulescu, “Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Brașov, 5/16 iunie 1894” (Letter, Brașov, României, June 16, 1894), 734/1905, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, f.1, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest; and Dionisie Vaida, “Dionisie Vaida to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, 5 februarie 1895” (Letter, Transylvania, February 5, 1895), 1078/1895, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary Transylvania; Comitetul Național al Femeilor Roâane/National Committee of Romanian Women; Memorandum.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Maria Baiulescu, 1860-1941
Date Published / Released
19 June 1934, 1934
Person Discussed
Elena Baiulescu, fl. 1860, Elena Mureşianu, 1862-1924
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Indigenous Women, Equal Rights for Women, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Social and Political Leadership, Hungarians, Romanians, 20th Century in World History (1914--20...
Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Indigenous Women, Equal Rights for Women, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Social and Political Leadership, Hungarians, Romanians, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Pismo (Gđi Darinki - Vilovo)
written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 28, no. 12, January 12, 1913, pp. 274-275 (1913), 2 page(s)
TITLE: A Letter (to Mrs. Darinka - Vilovo). DESCRIPTION: This article is one piece of correspondence between Julka Srdić (from Ljubiški in Herzegovina) and Mrs. Darinka (probably Darinka Bulja) from Vilovo, Vojvodina. The letter is published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World:...
Sample
written by Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women, in Ženski svet, Vol. 28, no. 12, January 12, 1913, pp. 274-275 (1913), 2 page(s)
Description
TITLE: A Letter (to Mrs. Darinka - Vilovo). DESCRIPTION: This article is one piece of correspondence between Julka Srdić (from Ljubiški in Herzegovina) and Mrs. Darinka (probably Darinka Bulja) from Vilovo, Vojvodina. The letter is published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women). The journal was published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the...
TITLE: A Letter (to Mrs. Darinka - Vilovo). DESCRIPTION: This article is one piece of correspondence between Julka Srdić (from Ljubiški in Herzegovina) and Mrs. Darinka (probably Darinka Bulja) from Vilovo, Vojvodina. The letter is published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women). The journal was published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojvodina, by the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 and fully annexed the territory in 1908. The province was jointly administered as a Condominium. The editor of Ženski svet was Arkadije Varađanin, a man who was an active proponent of women’s rights and who was a teacher and director of the Serbian High School for Girls established in Novi Sad in 1874. Julka Srdić mentions that her last letter had been from Bosnia, while now she writes from Herzegovina. She describes Herzegovina as a very stony area. There are no trees, and there is only one spring of water. Further, she explains that the Catholics are dominant in the area – there are some “Serbs and Muslims, but mostly Catholics.” The moral of the people is described as low, even though they are “religious fanatics.” As she reports, men had mostly migrated to America, whereas the moral of the Catholic women is low. Finally, she mentions that she has received the gift from Irig, the book Srpkinja [The Serbian Woman], as she was a collaborator on the project. See, “Poziv na pretplatu: ‘Srpkinja’ [A Call for Subscription for ‘The Serbian Woman’],” Ženski svet, January 9, 1913. KEYWORDS: Women and Nation within Empire; Religion; Women and Nation-Building; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities;Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social and Cultural Rights;Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health; Sexuality; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Novi Sad; Vojvodina; Serbia; Herzegovina
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women
Date Published / Released
12 January 1913, 1913
Person Discussed
Arkadije Varađanin, fl. 1874, Julka Srdić, fl. 1913, Darinka Bulja, fl. 1913
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women and Religion, Women and Sexuality, Birth Control, and Health, Women and Education, Social Reform and Political Activism, Social and Cultural Rights, Religious Leadership and Religious Activism, Sexuality, Indigenous Languages, National Identity, Bosnia-Herzegovinians, Serbians
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Polens Unabhängigkeit als Bedingung eines dauernden Friedens
written by Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska, 1860-1934 (Archiwum Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej, Fragment archiwum NZ LK NKN, 8836/IV: 1-5) (1915) , 5 page(s)
TITLE: The Independence of Poland as a Condition for permament Peace. DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s Leagu...
Sample
written by Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska, 1860-1934 (Archiwum Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej, Fragment archiwum NZ LK NKN, 8836/IV: 1-5) (1915) , 5 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Independence of Poland as a Condition for permament Peace. DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the international Women’s Peace Congress in The Hague in 1915. Daszyńska-Golińska was a socialist and feminist politician...
TITLE: The Independence of Poland as a Condition for permament Peace. DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the international Women’s Peace Congress in The Hague in 1915. Daszyńska-Golińska was a socialist and feminist politician and a national economist (Nationalökonomin). She gained her PhD at the University of Zurich (Universität Zürich) in 1891 and taught at Berlin University (Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, today Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin). She stood up for women’s right to vote and for the independence of Poland. She also was a representative of the eugenic movement in Poland especially between the wars. The “International Congress of Women, The Hague, 1915” called together representatives of women’s organizations from all over the world to prevent war in future. It established the “International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace,” since 1919 “Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.” The “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” joined together active Polish women to mobilize them for the “Polish question.” The collection consists of 48 pp. of different handwritten papers and typescripts in German and Polish from Daszyńska-Goliǹska: records from meetings and policy papers about the positions of Polish women’s politics concerning independence, peace and the role of women during war times. In addition, there are some English, Polish and German announcements and protocols concerning the Congress and the Committee. They are not written by Daszyńska-Golińska. The paper “Polens Unabhängigkeit als Bedingung eines dauernden Friedens (The Independence of Poland as a Condition for Permanent Peace),” written after the Congress, presents some general remarks on the Polish point of view concerning peace and the role of women’s politics. Though the congress in The Hague had strengthened women’s task to prevent war and to stand up for equality, democracy and culture, Daszyńska-Golińska stresses that the war evoked the national principle as the basis of societies as shown by the examples of Germany, France, Italy and Poland as well. Polish Women joined together in the Women’s League to fight for Polish independence. She stresses that without an independent Polish state, a new political order in Europe, permanent peace would be impossible. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Peace and War; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political and Human Rights; Habsburg Empire; Poland; Germany; France; Italy; The Hague
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1915
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Government/institutional document
Author / Creator
Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska, 1860-1934
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Human Rights, National Identity, International Peace, Nationalism and Independence Movements, Polish, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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![Portrait of Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin [Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky]](https://d3crmev290s45i.cloudfront.net/content/1009464xxx/1009464831/1009464831-size-exact-140x0.jpg "Portrait of Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin [Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky]")
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Portrait of Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin [Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky]
(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary) (1902), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). p. NA (1902), 1 page(s)
TITLE: Portrait of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, frontmatter (1p.). DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activit...
Sample
(Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Metropolitan Ervin Szabo Library], Budapest, Hungary) (1902), in Veres Pálné Beniczky Hermin élete és működése. Hálás tisztelete jeléül kiadta: az Országos Nőképző-Egyesület [Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published As a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education], edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. (Budapest: Az Atheneum irod. és nyomdai r.-társulat könyvnyomdája, 1902). p. NA (1902), 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Portrait of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, frontmatter (1p.). DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book contains an extensive account of...
TITLE: Portrait of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, in Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, Published as a Token of Grateful Adoration by the National Association for Women's Education, frontmatter (1p.). DESCRIPTION: This document is one of nine extracts from the 1902 publication Life and Activity of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky, edited by Mrs. József Rudnay and Mrs. Gyula Szigethy. The book contains an extensive account of the life and activities of Beniczky and reprints of many original documents. Hermin Beniczky, usually remembered as Mrs. Pál Veres (1815-1895), was a pioneer of Hungarian women’s education, founder in 1868 of the National Association for Women’s Education (Országos Nőképző-Egyesület) and its long-term President, and co-founder in 1869 of the first high school for girls in Hungary. See the biographical summary of her in Krassimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi, and Francisca de Haan, A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), 54-57. The extracts selected include a collection of writings dating from the period 1865–69. These include Beniczky’s calls from 1865 and 1867, her treatise from 1868 and documents of her lobbying with the governing party from 1868–69, when she submitted a petition signed by nine thousand women to the Hungarian parliament, requesting a law on higher women’s schools with public funding. In her writings, Beniczky condemned the exclusive concern for languages and etiquette in the upbringing of upper-class girls and argued that a more meaningful education would also help secure a livelihood for unmarried and widowed women. Taking note of a general shift from physical towards intellectual work, she set out a broad range of possible female careers. However, she kept distancing herself from any more far-reaching concept of women’s emancipation. There is also a portrait of Beniczky. Another selection from Beniczky’s writings from the period 1869 to 1883, includes opening speeches from the Association’s general assembly meetings, letters, papers and addresses. The initiative to finance higher women’s schools from public funds failed in lack of political backing. The central school, however, got under way in 1869 with Hungarian as the sole language of instruction, and although Beniczky complained about high attrition rates, it soon launched a teacher training track as well. Finally, a selection from the documents from the period 1869–94 include the statutes of the National Association, the first curriculum of the central school for the two lower grades, a report on its opening, a call by the Association to celebrate the royal couple’s 25 year coronation jubilee (Francis Joseph was Emperor of Austria since 1848 but had been crowned King of Hungary only in 1867), its congratulatory letter sent on the same occasion, and contributions to the 25 year jubilee of the National Association itself in 1893. The curriculum is remarkable for giving a close glimpse at Beniczky’s ambitious vision of women’s education. Girls of thirteen to fourteen years of age in the general track studied all of the following subjects: art history, aesthetics, pedagogy, hygienic, Hungarian, German and French, arithmetic, drawing, thinking, ethics, Hungarian cultural history and civics, Hungarian literary history and chemistry applied to the household. A few letters received by Mrs. Veres, writings about her, and writings which address her activities and other important events in relation to women’s education, such as for instance the speech by the Minister for education, Gyula Wlassics, on the occasion of the opening of the National Association’s girls’ gymnasium in 1896, are also included. In 1906 a statue was erected in Budapest depicturing Mrs. Veres, wearing a Hungarian national costume. Today, the statue is placed at the beginning of Mrs. Pál Veres Street (Veres Pálné utca) in the inner city of the Hungarian capital. Its pedestal carries the inscription “Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky. She fought for the cause that Woman with her education and her soul may become a factor/agent (tényező) of national welfare.” For more on the sculpture, see Veres Pálné, Beniczky Hermin szobra [The Sculpture of Mrs. Pál Veres Hermin Beniczky] (Budapest, 1906). KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Dynasty; Elisabeth Queen of Hungary and Empress of Austria; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire Silenced; Women and Education; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male-Dominated Organizations; Habsburg Empire; Austria; Hungary.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1902
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Photograph
Date Published / Released
1902
Person Discussed
Hermin Beniczky, 1815-1895
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Social and Cultural Rights, National Identity, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Feminism
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