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Zavod sv. Nikolaja v Trstu
written by Marija Skrinjar, 1857-1931, in Ženski svijet, Vol. II, Issue 2, February 1, 1918, pp. 94-95 (1918), 2 page(s)
TITLE: St. Nicolas Institute in Trieste. DESCRIPTION: Marija Skrinjar (1857-1931) was a Slovene social worker, and one of the founders of the journal Slovenka, published in Trieste. The author of the article is one of the founders of Zavodsv. Nikolaja (St Nicholas Institute), was established in Trieste in 1898 for...
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written by Marija Skrinjar, 1857-1931, in Ženski svijet, Vol. II, Issue 2, February 1, 1918, pp. 94-95 (1918), 2 page(s)
Description
TITLE: St. Nicolas Institute in Trieste. DESCRIPTION: Marija Skrinjar (1857-1931) was a Slovene social worker, and one of the founders of the journal Slovenka, published in Trieste. The author of the article is one of the founders of Zavodsv. Nikolaja (St Nicholas Institute), was established in Trieste in 1898 for protection of unemployed servants in this multicultural city, the main port of the Habsburg Empire. Most of the servants cared for by...
TITLE: St. Nicolas Institute in Trieste. DESCRIPTION: Marija Skrinjar (1857-1931) was a Slovene social worker, and one of the founders of the journal Slovenka, published in Trieste. The author of the article is one of the founders of Zavodsv. Nikolaja (St Nicholas Institute), was established in Trieste in 1898 for protection of unemployed servants in this multicultural city, the main port of the Habsburg Empire. Most of the servants cared for by the institute were of Slovene ethnic origin, but also of Croat, Serb, Czech, Slovak, Polish, and Malorussian ethnicity. During twenty years, the institute supported more than 22.000 servants, who were often at the mercy of their Italian-speaking employers, without their rights respected, and at the risk of being involved in prostitution and trafficking. After twenty years of existence, the institute became, Skrinjar claims, a real women’s Slavic Home in Trieste, a place of gathering and mutual support for working class women of Slavic ethnicity. The former clients would later became mothers who continued the upbringing of their children in the Slovene national spirit, thus resisting the assimilation of the Slovene population. Skrinjar emphasizes how the security of female youth leads to the safe and nationally conscious motherhood and thus ensures the future of the nation. Besides its Italian-speaking majority population, Trieste, the main city of the Austrian Littoral, had a considerable Slovene ethnic minority, coming from the immediate Slovene-populated hinterland, and from other Slovene lands, in search for employment. In the first decade of the 20th century, it became the biggest “Slovene” town, having more Slovene population than Ljubljana. The minority position within this rich merchant city lead the Slovene middle class to establish the institutions for the preservation of their ethnic language and identity. The first, and one of the most influential women’s publishing projects in Slovene language, the journal Slovenka (Slovene woman) was published in Trieste from 1897, serving as the springboard to many Slovene writers and social and feminist activists. Keywords: Women and Nation within Empire; Relations between Women of Different Nationalities; Social Reform and Political Activism; Campaigns against Prostitution and Sex Trafficking; Work and Class Identity; Maternity Protection; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Habsburg Empire
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Marija Skrinjar, 1857-1931
Date Published / Released
01 February 1918, 1918
Topic / Theme
Work and Class Identity, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Immigration, Maternity Protection, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Nationality Rights, Campaigns Against Prostitution and Sex Trafficking, Human Rights, Slovene, Italians, Austrians, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Ze zájezdu delegátek Světové aliance pro volební právo žen do Prahy
written by Olga Stránská, 1873-1927, in Práce, příloha k Ženským listům [Work, Annex to Women’s Papers], July 1, 1913, pp. 2-4 (1913), 3 page(s)
TITLE: Tour of the Delegates of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance to Prague. DESCRIPTION: Olga Stránská (1873-1927) was a Czech speaking journalist, politician, social worker and women’s rights activist. On their way to the congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance in Budapest in 1913 some...
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written by Olga Stránská, 1873-1927, in Práce, příloha k Ženským listům [Work, Annex to Women’s Papers], July 1, 1913, pp. 2-4 (1913), 3 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Tour of the Delegates of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance to Prague. DESCRIPTION: Olga Stránská (1873-1927) was a Czech speaking journalist, politician, social worker and women’s rights activist. On their way to the congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance in Budapest in 1913 some of the delegates visited Prague and met with the Czech women’s activists. In her article, Stránská describes her impressions from t...
TITLE: Tour of the Delegates of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance to Prague. DESCRIPTION: Olga Stránská (1873-1927) was a Czech speaking journalist, politician, social worker and women’s rights activist. On their way to the congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance in Budapest in 1913 some of the delegates visited Prague and met with the Czech women’s activists. In her article, Stránská describes her impressions from their visit. In the text, we can observe the tension between the “national” and the “international.” The position of the Czech nation within the Monarchy strongly shapes the author’s assessment of the transnational feminism. According to the author "internationality of feminism" is inherent only to women from independent nations. These, according to her, don’t understand the Czech national struggles. She expresses fondness with women from the non-dominant, and in her view oppressed nations. She describes, for instance, her interview with the Finnish deputy Jenny Forselles on the similarity of the situation of Czech and Finnish women. See also, Výbor pro volební právo žen [Committee for Women’s Voting Rights], Zachovejme politickou rovnoprávnost žen s muži v království Českém! [We Should Preserve Political Equality of Women and Men in the Kingdom of Bohemia!] (Praha: Výbor pro volební právo žen [Committee for Women’s Voting Rights], 1910). KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; Women Challenging Empire; Empire and Feminism; Empire and Internationalism; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Suffrage; Habsburg Empire; Cisleithania; Bohemia
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Olga Stránská, 1873-1927
Date Published / Released
01 July 1913, 1913
Person Discussed
Jenny af Forselles, 1869-1938
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Immigration, Indigenous Languages, Suffrage, Empire and Internationalism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Empire and Feminism, Human Rights, Nationality Rights, Czechs
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Zoe Arion to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Bucharest, October 1905
written by Zoe Arion, fl. 1905 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 734/1905, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1-5) (October 1905) , 11 page(s)
TITLE: Zoe Arion to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Bucharest, October 1905. DESCRIPTION: Letter sent by Zoe Arion from Bucharest (in the Romanian Kingdom) to Emilia Rațiu (in Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt, Kingdom of Hungary at the time). Zoe Arion was the daughter of Romanian Army General and diplomat Eracle Arion, likely s...
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written by Zoe Arion, fl. 1905 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 734/1905, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1-5) (October 1905) , 11 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Zoe Arion to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Bucharest, October 1905. DESCRIPTION: Letter sent by Zoe Arion from Bucharest (in the Romanian Kingdom) to Emilia Rațiu (in Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt, Kingdom of Hungary at the time). Zoe Arion was the daughter of Romanian Army General and diplomat Eracle Arion, likely some twenty years youger than her correspondent. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequ...
TITLE: Zoe Arion to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Bucharest, October 1905. DESCRIPTION: Letter sent by Zoe Arion from Bucharest (in the Romanian Kingdom) to Emilia Rațiu (in Sibiu/Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt, Kingdom of Hungary at the time). Zoe Arion was the daughter of Romanian Army General and diplomat Eracle Arion, likely some twenty years youger than her correspondent. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. ¶ This letter expresses the opinion that, despite the Emperor’s many faults, the monarch had begun to see the mistakes of the Hungarians. Arion articulates that Romanians had always been in favor of the dynasty (‘dynastic’) but that it was an inappropriate moment for Transylvanian politicians to become Kossuthists. If there were any need to join a party, socialists, with their platform of universal suffrage, might be more appealing. In 1905, when this letter was written, the Romanian National Party (RNP) in Transylvania had ceased its boycott of Hungarian parliamentary institutions and was pushing from within the Parliament for universal suffrage within the Kingdom of Hungary. (Of note, the RNP had debated whether to formally endorse women’s suffrage at its January 1905 congress, finally deciding against the issue with some members expressing support for the cause.) The RNP was probably debating at the time the alliances it should forge within the Parliament. During 1905, workers, especially in the Austrian half of the Dual Monarchy, mobilized by a popular socialist movement, were demanding suffrage in mass demonstrations and through other forms of participation. Arion’s entreaty towards an alliance with the socialists functioned in this context. The Kosshutism mentioned in the letter as a less appealing alternative to the support of socialists refers to the ideological legacy of 1848 revolutionary Kossuth Lajos (1802-1894), a symbol of the more radical patriotism of the Hungarian Revolution and a hero of Hungarian centralizers. The brief mention of suffrage politics links with how a Member of Hungarian Parliament, Stefan Cicio-Pop, participated in 1913 in the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) Congress in Budapest and later supported a bill for universal suffrage. However, this letter does not mention women’s suffrage explicitly, and is likely to be implicitly referring to male suffrage without property qualifications when discussing “universal suffrage.” On women’s suffrage and Transylvanian Romanian nationalism, see also Helena Densusianu, “Helena Densusianu to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, 10 March 1870” (Letter, Făgăraș, March 10, 1870), 844/1870, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff. 1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest; and Eleonora Lemény, “Indreptatire politica femeilor! [Legitimate Women’s Policy!],” Adevarul-Glasul Poporului, December 2, 1918. ¶ This document captures with unusual directness Transylvanian Romanian positioning vis-à-vis the Habsburg dynasty and within the Austro-Hungarian Empire (a stance taken since the 1848-1849 Hungarian Revolution). The letter exemplifies pragmatic politics and organizing, and places a young upper-class educated woman such as Arion in the middle of the “male sphere” of parliamentary political strategizing in both Transylvania and the Romanian Kingdom. For example, it is interesting to note that the presumed aversion towards socialist politics among the Transylvanian Romanian middle class and within the Romanian National Party could be conceived as surmountable, in the context of the struggle for universal suffrage. Finally, the topics and rhetorical features of this letter offer a counterweight to the maternalist, “women’s sphere,” and the highly affective style encountered in other politically active women’s public rhetoric. Compare this with Maria Baiulescu, “Cuvantul de deschidere rostit de doamna Maria B. Baiulescu, presedinta Uniunii Femeilor Romane din Brasov la I-ul Congres al Reuniunilor de Femei din Ungaria, tinut la Brasov in zilele de 3-5 Iunie 1913 [Opening Speech Given by Mrs. Maria B. Baiulescu, President of the Union of Romanian Women in Brasov to the Ist Congress of the Women’s Reunions held in Brasov between 3-5 June 1913]” (Speech, Brașov, June 1913), MS 1954, f. 36, “George Baritiu” County Library Special Collections, “George Baritiu” County Library Special Collections. The Arion letter contributes to a more complex image of the reasons and tactics of nationalist mobilization among women involved in the Transylvanian Romanian national cause and underscores the gap that existed between private discourse and public rhetoric among politicized women. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Hungarian Parliament; Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Socialism; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Human Rights, Suffrage; Habsburg Empire; Kossuth Lajos/ Louis Kossuth.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
October 1905, 1905
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Zoe Arion, fl. 1905
Person Discussed
Lajos Kossuth, 1802-1894
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Empire and Feminism, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Political Leadership, Socialism, Suffrage, Romanians, Hungarians
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Züriške uspomene
written by Vera Philippovich, fl. 1902, in Domaće ognjište, Vol. 3, no. 1, September, 1903, pp. 6-8 (1903), 3 page(s)
TITLE: Memories from Zürich. DESCRIPTION: Vera Philipovich was a member of Klubučiteljica (Female teachers’ club). She received her doctoral degree in philology in Zürich, in 1902. The article appears in Domaćeognjište, the magazine published in Zagreb by Klubučiteljica (Female teachers’ club). After fin...
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written by Vera Philippovich, fl. 1902, in Domaće ognjište, Vol. 3, no. 1, September, 1903, pp. 6-8 (1903), 3 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Memories from Zürich. DESCRIPTION: Vera Philipovich was a member of Klubučiteljica (Female teachers’ club). She received her doctoral degree in philology in Zürich, in 1902. The article appears in Domaćeognjište, the magazine published in Zagreb by Klubučiteljica (Female teachers’ club). After finishing her education in Zagreb’s lyceum, the author applied for university study in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, since higher e...
TITLE: Memories from Zürich. DESCRIPTION: Vera Philipovich was a member of Klubučiteljica (Female teachers’ club). She received her doctoral degree in philology in Zürich, in 1902. The article appears in Domaćeognjište, the magazine published in Zagreb by Klubučiteljica (Female teachers’ club). After finishing her education in Zagreb’s lyceum, the author applied for university study in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, since higher education was not opened to women at the University of Zagreb, or anywhere in Croatia, until 1906. She was admitted to the University of Zürich, under the same condition as male students. She describes her studies and social life in Zürich, being one among some two hundred female students, the majority of them foreigners. She singles out students from Slavic lands: poor Russians sent there by their parents, Bulgarians sent by their state to study pedagogy and philosophy, Serb, Polish, Czech and Croat women. There are also students from Austria, Germany, England, America and Switzerland. Not all students are young girls – there are women who access higher education only after working and saving for many years. The text demonstrates how a still limited number of European universities that admitted women functioned as transnational places of women’s gathering and cultural exchange, as well as how highly educated women kept relationships with less educated teachers and women activists in their local communities who looked upon them with pride and morally and financially supported their studies. Keywords: Empire and Internationalism; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Education; Access to Higher Education; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Gendered Education; Habsburg Empire
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Vera Philippovich, fl. 1902
Date Published / Released
September 1903, 1903
Topic / Theme
Women and Immigration, Women and Education, Social Reform and Political Activism, Nationality Rights, Access to Higher Education, Gendered Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Croatians
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Úloha 'Živeny'
written by Elena Maróthy-Šoltésová, 1855-1939, in Živena. Národní almanach [Živena: National Almanac]. (Turč. Sv. Martin, Slovakia: Knihtlačiarsky-účastinárský spolok, 1885), pp. 299-308 (1885), 10 page(s)
TITLE: “Mission of ‘Živena’” in Živena: National Almanac. DESCRIPTION: The text is a shortened version of the speech given by Elena (Maróthy-) Šoltésová as the deputy chairperson of the association Živena at its general assembly on August 5, 1885. Šoltésová (1855-1939) was a Slovak writer, editor...
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written by Elena Maróthy-Šoltésová, 1855-1939, in Živena. Národní almanach [Živena: National Almanac]. (Turč. Sv. Martin, Slovakia: Knihtlačiarsky-účastinárský spolok, 1885), pp. 299-308 (1885), 10 page(s)
Description
TITLE: “Mission of ‘Živena’” in Živena: National Almanac. DESCRIPTION: The text is a shortened version of the speech given by Elena (Maróthy-) Šoltésová as the deputy chairperson of the association Živena at its general assembly on August 5, 1885. Šoltésová (1855-1939) was a Slovak writer, editor and publicist and a leading figure of the Slovak women’s activism of the 2nd half of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Bet...
TITLE: “Mission of ‘Živena’” in Živena: National Almanac. DESCRIPTION: The text is a shortened version of the speech given by Elena (Maróthy-) Šoltésová as the deputy chairperson of the association Živena at its general assembly on August 5, 1885. Šoltésová (1855-1939) was a Slovak writer, editor and publicist and a leading figure of the Slovak women’s activism of the 2nd half of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Between 1894 and 1927, she was the chairwoman of the Slovak women’s association Živena. Lead by Maróthy-Šoltésová, Živena founded several schools for girls, organised lectures for girls in housekeeping and founded the Lipa organisation to help Slovak female embroiders sell their work. She was also the editor of the women’s journal Živena, founded in 1910. The author deals with the role of the association at the time. She emphasizes that its main goal is to educate Slovak girls in the national language, the means of which is the establishment of school for girls with Slovak as teaching language. At the same time, she states that the current situation doesn’t allow for doing so and calls on women to use the means they now have - reading in the Slovak language. Živena is supposed to help them via publishing Slovak books and their dissemination. She invites women to read Slovak books and magazines. In her view, reading is particularly suitable for a woman because it affects the emotions. At the same time, the author warns against reading brawl novels in foreign languages. In the text, education appears as a means of helping the suffering and oppressed nation. According to the author the task of a woman as an emotional being is to cultivate love for the nation and give it to their children. In the text nationalism is associated with Christianity. According to the author, the national language was given to the people by God; God also gives women a blessing for their task. See also, Ambróz Pietor, “Slovenky pozor! [Slovak Women, Beware!],” Národní hlásník [National Watchman] 2, no. 6 (1869): 169–73 (5pp.); and Anna Pivková, Ambróz Pietor, and Anna Mudroňová, “Príhlas k ct. obecenstvu slovenskému [Statement to the Revered Slovak Audience],” in Živena. Národní almanach [Živena: National Almanac] (Turč. Sv. Martin: Knihtlačiarsky-účastinárský spolok, 1872), 226–232 (7pp.). KEYWORDS: Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Women and Education; Access to Higher Education; Gendered Education; Education in National Languages; Women and Religion; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Slovakia
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Author / Creator
Elena Maróthy-Šoltésová, 1855-1939
Date Published / Released
1885
Topic / Theme
Women and Religion, Women and Education, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Religious Prescriptions for Women, Access to Higher Education, Empire and Education, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Empire and Feminism, Religious Leadership and Religious Activism, Gendered Education, Slovak
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Žena na istoku i na zapadu
written by Savka Subotić, 1834-1914 (Novi Sad, Vojvodina: Scientific Club, 1911), 26 page(s)
TITLE: The Woman in the East and in the West. DESCRIPTION: This public lecture was given by Savka Subotić in the Science Club (Naučni klub) in Vienna in November 1911. It was published in the form of a twenty-six-page booklet in Novi Sad (Újvidék) in 1911. Savka Subotić (1834-1918) was active in the women's m...
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written by Savka Subotić, 1834-1914 (Novi Sad, Vojvodina: Scientific Club, 1911), 26 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Woman in the East and in the West. DESCRIPTION: This public lecture was given by Savka Subotić in the Science Club (Naučni klub) in Vienna in November 1911. It was published in the form of a twenty-six-page booklet in Novi Sad (Újvidék) in 1911. Savka Subotić (1834-1918) was active in the women's movement in the Vojvodina, in Serbia, and internationally. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, which enjoyed a co...
TITLE: The Woman in the East and in the West. DESCRIPTION: This public lecture was given by Savka Subotić in the Science Club (Naučni klub) in Vienna in November 1911. It was published in the form of a twenty-six-page booklet in Novi Sad (Újvidék) in 1911. Savka Subotić (1834-1918) was active in the women's movement in the Vojvodina, in Serbia, and internationally. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. Subotić was educated in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Timișoara (Temesvár, Temeswar), and Vienna. Her main focus was the education of girls, especially Serbian girls; Subotić initiated the establishment of the first Serbian language high schools for girls, established in Novi Sad, Vojvodina and Pančevo (Pancsova), military frontier/Vojvodina in 1874 and in Sombor (Zombor), Vojvodina in 1875. See also, Milica Tomić, “Naše više devojačke škole [Our High Schools for Girls],” Žena, January 6, 1911; and “Srpska Viša Devojačka Škola u Novom Sadu [The Serbian High School for Girls in Novi Sad],” Ženski svet, August 1913. In addition, Subotić was active in educating Serbian women in the countryside and created a program of economic development of women who lived in the villages by popularizing and building the handicraft industry of the time. In 1867, Subotić established a women’s organization in Novi Sad (Ujvidék), the Vojvodina, which in documents generated by the Serbian-speaking women’s movement in the Vojvodina is regularly described as the first women’s cooperative in Novi Sad. Subotić was a respected member of the Serbian community, well known in Austria-Hungary as a whole, and in the international women’s movement. See also, “Savka Subotićka. 1834-1904. [Savka Subotić: 1834-1904],” Ženski svet, January 10, 1904. In this lecture, Subotić argues that “the laws of spiritual life” of men and women are not different, but that the actual difference between the sexes has been artificially created by the fact that different professions and different higher education are available to men and women. Women have been deprived of freedom not by nature, but by men, who used force to keep women in the sphere of the household. Still, she argues, women are the primary teachers to their children. This is the context of Subotić’s argument for the necessity of the education of women: they need to be educated in order to educate their children. Men are described as destructive (reference is given to wars), with exceptions, whereas women are inherently productive. Subotić further discusses the question and the perception of the new attitude towards the woman question in “the West.” She explains that her focus (as an example, a case study) will be women in “the East,” more specifically Serbian women. She starts with explaining the history of the Serbian people, which, she notices, is “hardly more familiar than the history of the countries in Congo.” Her narrative is a good example of the understanding of the history of the Serbian people at the time. She mentions “the Emperor Dušan Nemanjić” – Stefan Uroš IV Dušan, known as Dušan the Mighty, the King of Serbia and the Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks in the first half of the 14th century – who ruled “at the time one of the biggest countries in Europe.” Dušan Nemanjić “had united all Serbian lands under his supremacy and introduced big reforms” with regard to the feudal institutions, changing the law and abolishing torture. “Women were protected by law from any violence.” The cooperatives (zadruge) had to take care of widows and girls before they would get married, which is a law that “still exist in Serbia and Montenegro.” After his death and the breakthrough of the “Asians” into Europe, the cultural life of the Serbian people deteriorated. In 1389, in the Battle of Kosovo, Subotić sees “the strength of the Serbian people broken” and then for 500 years the Serbian people “suffered.” Subotić ironically argues that “the West” looks “with arrogance and down” to the Serbian people, who “repressed” the danger (meaning the Ottomans) that wanted to “flood Europe”. Finally, Serbia fought for its independence in 1867, and Subotić argues that this “little country” has “advanced culturally” enormously in a very short time. She mentions progress in education and many other institutions established by and for women. Also, she mentions the “solidarity of all women’s associations,” which became members of the “International Women’s Association.” The Serbian National Women’s Alliance, Srpski narodni ženski savez, established in 1906, indeed became a member of both the International Council of Women and International Alliance of Women in 1911. She says that the first women’s cooperative in Serbia was established in 1863, with the aim of helping and educating “the women from the people” (meaning Serbian peasant women). Separately, Subotić mentions Serbian women from Austria-Hungary, and the fact that Serbs and Croats are “a nation of 10 million people and three religions: Orthodox-Christian, Catholic and Muslim,” and that they all speak “one language, and the language is the soul of a nation.” Subotić praises the laws in Serbia, including the property law (each peasant had to own a basic household which could not be sold or taken away), mentioning that this is the reason why there is no peasant proletariat in Serbia. Without further introduction, Subotić mentions a harem she had visited with a friend of hers fifty years earlier. As she describes, the women in the harem were first silent and scared, but then they became curious to hear something (anything) about “the outside world.” The women in the harem would sit around, smoke, drink coffee, and enjoy their time being lazy. She talks positively about the harem in the past, mentioning that the times had changed, because during her recent visit to Istanbul she had been the guest of a wife of a Turkish politician, who hosted her in a “modern” room, wearing a “modern Parisian dress” and speaking with her in French. She also mentions that in recent time the Turkish women wear the hijab. By contrast, Subotić sees “Serbian, Greek and Bulgarian” women living in the Ottoman Empire as more emancipated than “Turkish women,” even though they still lack education. Because of the church (meaning the Eastern Orthodox Church to which the national churches of these three groups belong, as opposed to the Muslim religion in the Ottoman Empire), the customs of Serbs, Greeks and Bulgarians do not differ much. Towards the end of the text, Subotić talks about women heroes from Serbian national poetry and myths. Finally, she mentions that Serbian women are poets as well, and that their poetry is embroidery, and she describes the symbolic meanings of different ornaments in Serbian national handicraft and embroidery. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions in Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; National Identity; Empire and Feminism; Empire and Internationalism; Political and Human Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Women and Education; Education in National Languages; Women as Teachers; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Work and Class Identity; Handicraft; Embroidery; Women and Religion; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Serbia; Vienna; Ottoman Empire; Istanbul
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Lecture/presentation
Author / Creator
Savka Subotić, 1834-1914
Date Published / Released
1911
Publisher
Scientific Club
Person Discussed
Milica Tomić, fl. 1911, Savka Subotić, 1834-1914
Topic / Theme
Women and Religion, Women and Development, Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Immigration, Social Reform and Political Activism, Religious Leadership and Religious Activism, Household Crafts, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Women as Teachers, Gendered Education, Empire and Feminism, Nationality Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in So...
Women and Religion, Women and Development, Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Immigration, Social Reform and Political Activism, Religious Leadership and Religious Activism, Household Crafts, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Women as Teachers, Gendered Education, Empire and Feminism, Nationality Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Indigenous Languages
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Ženska čitaonica
written by Milica Tomić, fl. 1911, in Žena, Vol. 1, no. 1, 1911, pp. 20-25 (1911), 6 page(s)
TITLE: Women's Reading Room. DESCRIPTION: The author of this article was Milica Tomić (1859-1944), a writer, editor and a public activist for women’s rights born and based in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Vojvodina. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonom...
Sample
written by Milica Tomić, fl. 1911, in Žena, Vol. 1, no. 1, 1911, pp. 20-25 (1911), 6 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Women's Reading Room. DESCRIPTION: The author of this article was Milica Tomić (1859-1944), a writer, editor and a public activist for women’s rights born and based in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Vojvodina. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of t...
TITLE: Women's Reading Room. DESCRIPTION: The author of this article was Milica Tomić (1859-1944), a writer, editor and a public activist for women’s rights born and based in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Vojvodina. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. Milica Tomić published numerous works on the subject of women’s rights, education and emancipation. Her central endeavor was founding the periodical Žena (The Woman) in 1911, which she herself edited from 1911 until 1921 (because of the First World War, the periodical was not published from 1915 to 1917). In 1881, she was hired to work for the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women in Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). See, “Rad dobrotvornih zadruga [The Work of Charitable Cooperatives],” Ženski svet, January 5, 1886. Milica Tomić cooperated with Rosika Schwimmer (1877–1948), a prominent Hungarian feminist, and their correspondence was published in one of the issues of Žena. In this article, Milica Tomić argues that the establishment of women’s reading rooms should be the beginning of a more intensive work in the field of “progress and education of our women.” She describes how she participated (in 1910) in establishing a reading room in Novi Sad. This reading room differs from men’s reading rooms, as well as from women’s reading rooms “in the West.” Initially, “seven years earlier,” Tomić and her female friends would meet every Thursday to read together. They would all add some money to the common budget each time they would meet. Around Christmas, the members would use the money to help a poor child or a poor old lady. When the education in national languages was “endangered” by a law initiated in Hungary, the women collected thirty thousand signatures of women against this initiative. Then, the women (at first five, then fifteen of them) had an agreement to establish a public reading room for all women, including those from the poorest families. In order to involve women from other classes, some of whom could not even read, they decided to have meetings where they would read out loud. The organization was officially established in Novi Sad under the name Women’s Reading Room ‘Posestrima’(Ženska čitaonica ‘Posestrima’, a descriptive translation is “the reading room where women become sisters”). As reported, the government didn’t accept the use of the name in Serbian when they registered the organization. The reading room also functioned as a library with about 300 books. There were initially 170 members. The meetings were attended by many peasant women. Tomić mentions the activities they would all perform in villages together, and that a certain feeling of community was created. In the end, she argues that this kind of organization would bring (Serbian) women of different classes together, which would further lead to progress. She ends the text with an exclamation: “We must go forward! (Napred se mora!)” KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Reading room; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; National Identity; Empire Silenced; Social Reform and Political Activism; Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Women and Education; Education in National Languages; Access to Higher Education; Access to Primary Education/Literacy; Gendered Education; Women as Teachers; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Serbia
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Milica Tomić, fl. 1911
Date Published / Released
1911
Person Discussed
Rosika Schwimmer, 1877-1948, Milica Tomić, fl. 1911
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Women and Immigration, Social Reform and Political Activism, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Women as Teachers, Access to Higher Education, Social and Cultural Rights, Nationality Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Gendered Education,...
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Women and Immigration, Social Reform and Political Activism, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Women as Teachers, Access to Higher Education, Social and Cultural Rights, Nationality Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Gendered Education, Serbians
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Ženská organisace při akčním výboru národní strany svobodomyslné v praze, Marianská, to Á la presidence du Congrès de Alliance m...
written by Young Czech Party. Women's Organization (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (10 June 1913) , 1 page(s)
TITLE: Women’s Organization of the Young Czech Party to the Presidency of the 1913 Congress of the IWSA, Prague, 10 June 1913. DESCRIPTION: Letter by the Women’s Organization of the Young Czech Party, officially National Liberal Party (Národní strana svobodomyslná) in Prague, addressing “the Presidency”...
Sample
written by Young Czech Party. Women's Organization (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (10 June 1913) , 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Women’s Organization of the Young Czech Party to the Presidency of the 1913 Congress of the IWSA, Prague, 10 June 1913. DESCRIPTION: Letter by the Women’s Organization of the Young Czech Party, officially National Liberal Party (Národní strana svobodomyslná) in Prague, addressing “the Presidency” of the seventh congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA a few days before the opening of the congress held in Budape...
TITLE: Women’s Organization of the Young Czech Party to the Presidency of the 1913 Congress of the IWSA, Prague, 10 June 1913. DESCRIPTION: Letter by the Women’s Organization of the Young Czech Party, officially National Liberal Party (Národní strana svobodomyslná) in Prague, addressing “the Presidency” of the seventh congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA a few days before the opening of the congress held in Budapest from 15 to 21 June 1913. The Party refuses to participate in the congress for the same reason as Božena Viková-Kunětická. The party, however, has strong sympathies for the congress and “for your grand idea of the equality of all women, in the name of justice” and “equality between men and women which is the goal of true socialism.” See also, “B. Sedláková-Seibertová and Marie Tůmová to Rosika Schwimmer, Praha, 24 May 1913” (Letter, Prague, May 24, 1913), P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49, Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár [National Archives of Hungary]; “Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association (in Hungary), Likely Rosika Schwimmer] to Carrie Chapman Catt, Budapest, 23 December 1912” (Letter, December 23, 1912), P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 50, Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár [National Archives of Hungary]; “Discours de Mme le député Božena Viková-Kunĕtická sur les femmes et les petites nations, prononcé à la réunion 9 juin 1913 à Prague [Speech of the Representative Mrs. Božena Viková-Kunĕtická on women and the small nations, given at the gathering on 9 June 1913 in Prague]” (Speech, published, Prague, June 9, 1913), P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 51, Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár [National Archives of Hungary]; and “Ženská organisace při akčním výboru národní strany svobodomyslné v praze, Marianská, to Á la presidence du Congrès de Alliance mondiale pour le droit elektoral des fammes, Praze, 10 juin 1913 [Women’s Organization of the Young Czech Party to the Presidency of the 1913 Congress of the IWSA]” (Letter, Prague, June 10, 1913), P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49, Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár [National Archives of Hungary]. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Socialism; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Austria; Bohemia
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
10 June 1913, 1913
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Young Czech Party. Women's Organization
Person Discussed
Božena Viková-Kunětická, 1862-1934
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Socialism, Non-aligned Social Movements, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Indigenous Languages, Human Rights, Suffrage, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Czechs
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Ženský obzor to 'Milostivá paní,' Praha, 1 July 1913
written by Women’s Horizon (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (01 July 1913) , 1 page(s)
TITLE: Women’s Horizon to "Milostivá paní," Prague, 1 July 1913DESCRIPTION: Letter carrying the letterhead of the Czech women’s journal Ženský obzor (Women’s Horizon) in relation to one article on the subject of the Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June...
Sample
written by Women’s Horizon (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (01 July 1913) , 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Women’s Horizon to "Milostivá paní," Prague, 1 July 1913DESCRIPTION: Letter carrying the letterhead of the Czech women’s journal Ženský obzor (Women’s Horizon) in relation to one article on the subject of the Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913. The letter carries the name of Berta Engel, suffrage activist on behalf of the Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete) in...
TITLE: Women’s Horizon to "Milostivá paní," Prague, 1 July 1913DESCRIPTION: Letter carrying the letterhead of the Czech women’s journal Ženský obzor (Women’s Horizon) in relation to one article on the subject of the Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913. The letter carries the name of Berta Engel, suffrage activist on behalf of the Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete) in Upper Hungary, today Slovakia. KEYWORDS: Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Austria; Bohemia; Berta Engel; Nagysurány/Veľké Šurany
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
01 July 1913, 1913
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Women’s Horizon
Person Discussed
Berta Engel, fl. 1913
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Suffrage, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Human Rights
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Ženský obzor to Rosika Schwimmer, Prague, 25 March 1913
written by Women’s Horizon (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (25 March 1913) , 1 page(s)
TITLE: Ženský obzor [_Women’s Horizon_] to Rosika Schwimmer, Prague, 25 March 1913. DESCRIPTION: The letter (signature illegible) tells that the Czech women’s journal Ženský obzor (Women’s Horizon) would like to receive additional information on the seventh congress of the International Woman Suffrage Al...
Sample
written by Women’s Horizon (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (25 March 1913) , 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Ženský obzor [_Women’s Horizon_] to Rosika Schwimmer, Prague, 25 March 1913. DESCRIPTION: The letter (signature illegible) tells that the Czech women’s journal Ženský obzor (Women’s Horizon) would like to receive additional information on the seventh congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA (which will be held in Budapest between 15 and 21 June 1913) for publication in the journal, as well as folders and other a...
TITLE: Ženský obzor [_Women’s Horizon_] to Rosika Schwimmer, Prague, 25 March 1913. DESCRIPTION: The letter (signature illegible) tells that the Czech women’s journal Ženský obzor (Women’s Horizon) would like to receive additional information on the seventh congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA (which will be held in Budapest between 15 and 21 June 1913) for publication in the journal, as well as folders and other advertisement material. The Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete), of which Róza Schwimmer was a leading representative, functioned as the local organizer of the congress. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Austria; Bohemia; Moravia; Rosika Schwimmer
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
25 March 1913, 1913
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Women’s Horizon
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Suffrage
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