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Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Oxford, 9 April 1894
written by Elisabeth Lee, 1879- (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 911/1894, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, f.1) (09 April 1894) , 2 page(s)
TITLE: Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Oxford, 9 April 1894. DESCRIPTION: French-language letter from Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Rațiu. Elisabeth Lee (1879-?) was an Englishwoman living in Oxford in the house of her brother-in-law, popular Russian and Slavic languages professor W.R. Morfill (married to Charlotte...
Sample
written by Elisabeth Lee, 1879- (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 911/1894, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, f.1) (09 April 1894) , 2 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Oxford, 9 April 1894. DESCRIPTION: French-language letter from Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Rațiu. Elisabeth Lee (1879-?) was an Englishwoman living in Oxford in the house of her brother-in-law, popular Russian and Slavic languages professor W.R. Morfill (married to Charlotte Lee). Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She...
TITLE: Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, Oxford, 9 April 1894. DESCRIPTION: French-language letter from Elisabeth Lee to Emilia Rațiu. Elisabeth Lee (1879-?) was an Englishwoman living in Oxford in the house of her brother-in-law, popular Russian and Slavic languages professor W.R. Morfill (married to Charlotte Lee). Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda/Torda/Thorenburg, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. Ioan Rațiu was arrested following his condemnation for anti-state activity through the distribution of a manifesto on Transylvanian autonomy and linguistic rights in the “Memorandum trial.” ¶ In reply to the letter received from Emilia Rațiu, Elisabeth Lee thanks Rațiu for the photographs she had sent. Lee remarks on the physiognomy of the Romanian peasants depicted and the qualities they express. She mentions that she has been told about inhabitants, landscapes, and language by her brother-in-law, who had travelled in the region. For Rațiu’s initial letter, see Emilia Dr. Rațiu, “Emilia Dr. Rațiu to Elisabeth Lee [1894]” (Draft Letter, Turda, 1894), 912/1894, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, ff.1-2, Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest. ¶ Elisabeth Lee’s brief letter can be read in the context of emerging interest in England for Transylvania because of ethnography and women’s travel writing. Ethnography developed in the Austrian side of the Austro-Hungarian Empire as a way of emphasizing the monarchy’s protection of diversity, whereas in the Hungarian side ethnography served assimilation goals. This may have led to a particular “ethnographic gaze” among Transylvanian artists and intellectuals, one that emphasized both ethnic diversity and essential ethnic difference. In the case of the British Empire, ethnography underpinned the colonial enterprise and fed citizens’ fantasies of empire. The correspondence between the two women might be read as the intersection of the two, quite distinctive “ethnographic gazes” of differently positioned imperial subjects. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Ethnography; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Habsburg Empire; Transylvania; Photographs; Mobilization; Networks.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
09 April 1894, 1894
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Elisabeth Lee, 1879-
Topic / Theme
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Indigenous Women, Empire and Internationalism, Empire and Feminism, Equal Rights for Women, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Political Leadership, Social and Cultural Rights, Romanians, Hungarians, English, Austrians
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Excursion Samedi, le 21 Juin
(Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 51) (1913) , 1 page(s)
TITLE: Excursion Saturday, the 21 June. DESCRIPTION: Leaflet describing an excursion to the surroundings of Budapest for participants of the seventh congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA 1913 on the last day of the congress. The event is entitled “Tour in the Memory of Queen Elisabeth” (El...
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(Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 51) (1913) , 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Excursion Saturday, the 21 June. DESCRIPTION: Leaflet describing an excursion to the surroundings of Budapest for participants of the seventh congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA 1913 on the last day of the congress. The event is entitled “Tour in the Memory of Queen Elisabeth” (Elisabeth Queen of Hungary and Empress of Austria). The company will travel by tram and funicular railway. Refreshments will be served in...
TITLE: Excursion Saturday, the 21 June. DESCRIPTION: Leaflet describing an excursion to the surroundings of Budapest for participants of the seventh congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA 1913 on the last day of the congress. The event is entitled “Tour in the Memory of Queen Elisabeth” (Elisabeth Queen of Hungary and Empress of Austria). The company will travel by tram and funicular railway. Refreshments will be served in the restaurant and “Gypsy Music” played. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Hungarian Identity; Roma Music; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Excursion; Habsburg Empire; Hungary
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1913
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Announcements and events listings
Person Discussed
Elisabeth, Empress, consort of Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1837-1898
Topic / Theme
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Support for Imperialism, Human Rights, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Suffrage, Hungarians
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Feministák Egyesület to Carrie Chapman Catt, Budapest, 10 January 1913
written by Feminist Association, Hungary (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 50) (10 January 1913) , 4 page(s)
KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Character of Congress and European Culture; Character of Congress and Hungarian Culture; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; National Sovereignty; Carrie Chapman Catt; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congres...
Sample
written by Feminist Association, Hungary (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 50) (10 January 1913) , 4 page(s)
Description
KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Character of Congress and European Culture; Character of Congress and Hungarian Culture; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; National Sovereignty; Carrie Chapman Catt; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Congress Preparations; South Eastern European Countries...
KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Character of Congress and European Culture; Character of Congress and Hungarian Culture; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; National Sovereignty; Carrie Chapman Catt; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Congress Preparations; South Eastern European Countries; Freemasons; Socialists; Clergymen; Catholic Church Service; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Anna Howard Shaw; Jane Addams; Martina Kramers; Marguerite de Witt-Schlumberger
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
10 January 1913, 1913
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Feminist Association, Hungary
Person Discussed
Marguerite de Witt-Schlumberger, 1853-1924, Martina Kramers, 1863-1934, Jane Addams, 1860-1935, Anna Howard Shaw, 1847-1919
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Human Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Suffrage, Social and Cultural Rights, Domestic/National Sovereignty, Hungarians
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Frauentag 1912
written by Adelheid Popp, 1869-1939, Frauenreichskomitee (Verein für Geschichte der ArbeiterInnenbewegung (VGA) [Association for the History of the Workers' Movement]) (1912) , 2 page(s)
Title: Women's Day 1912. Description: The document is an anniversary publication of the Sozialdemokratische Frauenreichskomitee Österreichs [Social-Democratic Women's Committee of Austria] on the occasion of the Women's Day in 1912. It gathers articles dealing with the mobilisation of the Polish, Slovene, Czech f...
Sample
written by Adelheid Popp, 1869-1939, Frauenreichskomitee (Verein für Geschichte der ArbeiterInnenbewegung (VGA) [Association for the History of the Workers' Movement]) (1912) , 2 page(s)
Description
Title: Women's Day 1912. Description: The document is an anniversary publication of the Sozialdemokratische Frauenreichskomitee Österreichs [Social-Democratic Women's Committee of Austria] on the occasion of the Women's Day in 1912. It gathers articles dealing with the mobilisation of the Polish, Slovene, Czech female workforce and their fight for rights. The document shows the articles of Polish and Slovenian representatives, sharing their expe...
Title: Women's Day 1912. Description: The document is an anniversary publication of the Sozialdemokratische Frauenreichskomitee Österreichs [Social-Democratic Women's Committee of Austria] on the occasion of the Women's Day in 1912. It gathers articles dealing with the mobilisation of the Polish, Slovene, Czech female workforce and their fight for rights. The document shows the articles of Polish and Slovenian representatives, sharing their experiences and aims concerning organising women in their countries. One of the editors of this anniversary publication was Adelheid Popp (1869–1939). She was the leader of the Austrian social democratic women's movement and the first chairperson of its leading committee, the Frauenreichskomitee [Women's Section]. The original document of the anniversary publication “Women's Day 1912” is stored in the “Verein für Geschichte der ArbeiterInnenbewegung” (VGA) [Association for the History of the Workers' Movement] in Vienna [See: http://www.vga.at]. The VGA hosts an archive and a library with the aim to catalogue the historical sources and materials of the workers’ movement in Austria. The collection comprises around 9,500 brochures as well as around 9,100 periodicals, in addition to almost 20,000 books. Keywords: Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Political and Human Rights; Citizenship Rights; Equal Rights for Women; Suffrage; Habsburg Empire; Austria
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1912
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Government/institutional document
Author / Creator
Adelheid Popp, 1869-1939, Frauenreichskomitee
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women and Immigration, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Suffrage, Equal Rights for Women, Citizenship Rights, Social and Cultural Rights, Human Rights, Empire and Internationalism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Czechs, Polish, Austrians, Slovene
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Govor g-đe Delfe Ivanićke na kongresu slovenskih žena, koji je održan u Pragu o.g. (1)
written by Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972, in Ženski svet, Vol. 23, no. 10, January 10, 1908, pp. 223-227 (1908), 5 page(s)
TITLE: The Speech of Mrs Delfa Ivanić at the Congress of Slavic Women held in Prague This Year (1). DESCRIPTION: This speech by Mrs. Delfa Ivanić was given at the second congress of Czechoslovak women held in Prague (Praha, Prag) in 1908. The speech was published in two issues of Ženski svet in October and Nove...
Sample
written by Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972, in Ženski svet, Vol. 23, no. 10, January 10, 1908, pp. 223-227 (1908), 5 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Speech of Mrs Delfa Ivanić at the Congress of Slavic Women held in Prague This Year (1). DESCRIPTION: This speech by Mrs. Delfa Ivanić was given at the second congress of Czechoslovak women held in Prague (Praha, Prag) in 1908. The speech was published in two issues of Ženski svet in October and November 1908; this document is the first part of the speech. Delfa Ivanić (Podgorica 1881- Belgrade 1972) was a Serbian painter, humanita...
TITLE: The Speech of Mrs Delfa Ivanić at the Congress of Slavic Women held in Prague This Year (1). DESCRIPTION: This speech by Mrs. Delfa Ivanić was given at the second congress of Czechoslovak women held in Prague (Praha, Prag) in 1908. The speech was published in two issues of Ženski svet in October and November 1908; this document is the first part of the speech. Delfa Ivanić (Podgorica 1881- Belgrade 1972) was a Serbian painter, humanitarian and activist for women's rights. She graduated from the Serbian High School for Girls in Belgrade in 1897 and began studies of chemistry at the University of Geneva (1897-1899) which she had to end due to the sudden death of her step-father. Together with the painter Nadežda Petrović, she initiated the establishment of a humanitarian women’s organization The Circle of Serbian Sisters (Kolo srpskih sestara) in 1903, which remained active for a long period. Her professional and public work includes the editing of The Circle of Serbian Sisters' bulletin Vardar (‘Vardar’) (1906-1913, 1920-1940) and the struggle for women’s suffrage and equal rights. Delfa Ivanić published over thirty titles, and published in journals such as Ženski pokret (‘Women's Movement,’ Belgrade, 1920-1938) and Domaćica (‘Housewife,’ Belgrade, 1879-1914, 1921-1941). The speech was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women). The journal was published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojvodina, by the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. The editor of the journal was Arkadije Varađanin, a man who was an active proponent of women’s rights and who was a teacher and director of the Serbian High School for Girls established in Novi Sad in 1874. ¶ In her speech, Delfa Ivanić explains that she is in Prague on the invitation – most likely – of the Central Association of Czech Women (Ústřední spolek český žen) representing the Belgrade Women’s Society (Beogradsko žensko društvo) and The Circle of Serbian Sisters. Ivanić opens the speech by talking about the Serbian “tribe,” according to her, probably the only nation in Europe which is politically “split” to such an extent as it is the case with the Serbian people which lives under “such different political circumstances and influences” (as she explains further, in Austria-Hungary, in Ottoman Empire, Serbia and Montenegro). She explains that for this reason, when talking about Serbian women, one has to differentiate between the circumstances of Serbian women living in the different areas. At the same time, she mentions the “universal attributes of all Serbian women,” which are: kind heart, tameness, natural intelligence, cleverness and easy understanding. In Serbia, there are three types of women: women public workers, women housewives and peasant women. She points to positive and negative sides of life in Serbia. On the one hand, she positively evaluates schooling in Serbia, mentioning that also “our University is full of women.” She describes the struggles of women in Serbia as “very silent, without much effort,” saying that Serbian women easily get all they ask for. For this, she praises the Serbian state, and says Serbian women should be thankful to their state. On the other hand, she mentions the unjust Serbian law which is worse for women as compared to Austria-Hungary. Her examples are inheritance law, property law, and the absence of legal regulations that would protect children born out of wedlock and cheated girls. She also mentions the problem of unequal pay between women and men doing the same work. As she explains, even in the factories women are paid less. Ivanić additionally mentions the difference of the way of life among women from different classes, but she asserts that this difference is much bigger “in the North and West of Europe” as compared to Serbia. Her explanation for this is that Serbia is rich in “necessary groceries” but not in “luxury,” that people are used to “humble life” and “hard work.” Then, she describes the family life of Serbian women. Concerning the morality, she describes Serbian women as “virtuous and honest in a patriarchal way,” and as there is no aristocracy in Serbia, there are no “idle, lazy and pompous women,” nor women like those about whom Ibsen wrote, “who want to live only for themselves, as individuals.” ¶ Ivanić then talks about different women’s associations, including the Belgrade Women’s Society (Beogradsko žensko društvo) which has 25 branch organizations in Serbia, organizes schools for girls from poor families where they can obtain a certificate for teaching in public or private schools. The Belgrade Women’s Society is also involved with the peasant women’s embroidery and handicraft. The Circle of Serbian Sisters has 18 boards in different places in Serbia, not counting Belgrade, the capital. She mentions that Serbian women from urban areas have made more progress than peasant women, who practically have to work all the time. Ivanić speaks about the communal life of peasants in cooperatives (zadruga), where 15-60 people (even more) live and work together, but mentions also that the life of the newly married women is extremely difficult in the cooperatives. Yet she evaluates cooperatives positively and says that rural women should be educated to keep the house cleaner and in a frugal way. The task of Serbian women is to educate Serbian peasant women. Additionally, Ivanić talks about: Serbian women from Montenegro, “another Serbian free country;” Serbian women from Bosnia, Herzegovina and Dalmatia; Serbian women “from this side of the river Sava” (i.e. in Austria-Hungary); finally, the Serbian women from Macedonia and “old” Serbia (still part of Ottoman Empire at the time), with a short description of the history of the Serbian people and the “500 years of slavery under the Ottomans.” The life of Serbs, and especially Serbian women in the Ottoman Empire is evaluated as extremely difficult. After her description of how Serbian women live in two empires and two “free countries,” she explains that the circumstances she has described can explain why Serbian women don’t have the possibility, time, and real need, to create an “extremely feminist organization,” and why they are not demanding for “privileges in the wider possible sense, such is the right to vote.” ¶ It should be added that the Belgrade Women’s Society (Beogradsko žensko društvo) was the first Serbian women’s association in Serbia, established in Belgrade in 1875 under the patronage of Princess, from 1882 Queen, of Serbia Natalija Obrenović. The association was active until 1941, its official journal was Domaćica (‘Housewife’) and the initiator of the organization was Katarina Milovuk, the principal of the High School for Girls in Belgrade. The Circle of Serbian Sisters (Kolo srpskih sestara) was a charitable women’s association established in Belgrade in 1903 on the initiative of Delfa Ivanić, Nadežda Petrović (painter, 1873-1915), Katarina Milovuk (1844-1913), Draga Ljočić (a medical doctor, 1855-1926), and others. The first president of the organization was Savka Subotić. For an overview and cross-reference to Savka Subotić (1834-1918), see “Savka Subotićka. 1834-1904. [Savka Subotić: 1834-1904],” Ženski svet, January 10, 1904. The organization was active helping the Serbian soldiers during the Balkan wars and the Great War/World War I. On the Second Congress, see “Drugi kongres československih ženskinja [The Second Congress of Czechoslovak Women],” Ženski svet, January 9, 1908. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Second Congress of Czechoslovak women; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Women and Statehood; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire and Feminism; Women and Statehood; Social Reform and Political Activism; Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Suffrage; Equal Rights for Women; Women and Education; Access to Higher Education; Access to Primary Education/Literacy; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Work and Class Identity; Handicraft; Embroidery; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Austria; Novi Sad; Vojvodina; Serbia; Prague; Bohemia
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972
Date Published / Released
10 January 1908, 1908
Person Discussed
Draga Ljočić, 1855-1926, Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, Katarina Milovuk, 1844-1913, Arkadije Varađanin, fl. 1874, Nadežda Petrović, fl. 1903, Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Suffrage, Household Crafts, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Empire and Feminism, Equal Rights for Women, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Ser...
Political and Human Rights, Women and Development, Women and Education, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Suffrage, Household Crafts, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Empire and Feminism, Equal Rights for Women, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Serbians, Slavs, Czechs
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Govor g-đe Delfe Ivanićke na kongresu slovenskih žena, koji je održan u Pragu o.g. (2)
written by Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972, in Ženski svet, Vol. 23, no. 11, January 11, 1908, pp. 246-254 (1908), 9 page(s)
TITLE: The Speech of Mrs Delfa Ivanić at the Congress of Slavic Women held in Prague This Year (2). DESCRIPTION: This speech by Mrs. Delfa Ivanić was given at the second congress of Czechoslovak women held in Prague (Praha, Prag) in 1908. The speech was published in two issues of Ženski svet in October and Nove...
Sample
written by Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972, in Ženski svet, Vol. 23, no. 11, January 11, 1908, pp. 246-254 (1908), 9 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Speech of Mrs Delfa Ivanić at the Congress of Slavic Women held in Prague This Year (2). DESCRIPTION: This speech by Mrs. Delfa Ivanić was given at the second congress of Czechoslovak women held in Prague (Praha, Prag) in 1908. The speech was published in two issues of Ženski svet in October and November 1908; this document is the second part of the speech. Delfa Ivanić (Podgorica 1881- Belgrade 1972) was a Serbian painter, humanit...
TITLE: The Speech of Mrs Delfa Ivanić at the Congress of Slavic Women held in Prague This Year (2). DESCRIPTION: This speech by Mrs. Delfa Ivanić was given at the second congress of Czechoslovak women held in Prague (Praha, Prag) in 1908. The speech was published in two issues of Ženski svet in October and November 1908; this document is the second part of the speech. Delfa Ivanić (Podgorica 1881- Belgrade 1972) was a Serbian painter, humanitarian and activist for women's rights. She graduated from the Serbian High School for Girls in Belgrade in 1897 and began studies of chemistry at the University of Geneva (1897-1899) which she had to end due to the sudden death of her step-father. Together with the painter Nadežda Petrović, she initiated the establishment of a humanitarian women’s organization The Circle of Serbian Sisters (Kolo srpskih sestara) in 1903, which remained active for a long period. Her professional and public work includes the editing of The Circle of Serbian Sisters' bulletin Vardar (‘Vardar’) (1906-1913, 1920-1940) and the struggle for women’s suffrage and equal rights. Delfa Ivanić published over thirty titles, and published in journals such as Ženski pokret (‘Women's Movement,’ Belgrade, 1920-1938) and Domaćica (‘Housewife,’ Belgrade, 1879-1914, 1921-1941). The speech was published in Ženski svet. List dobrotvornih zadruga Srpkinja (Women’s World: Journal of the Charitable Cooperatives of Serbian Women). The journal was published between 1886 and 1914 in Novi Sad (Újvidék), the Vojvodina, by the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women from Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. The editor of the journal was Arkadije Varađanin, a man who was an active proponent of women’s rights and who was a teacher and director of the Serbian High School for Girls established in Novi Sad in 1874. ¶ In her speech, Delfa Ivanić explains that she is in Prague on the invitation – most likely – of the Central Association of Czech Women (Ústřední spolek český žen) representing the Belgrade Women’s Society (Beogradsko žensko društvo) and The Circle of Serbian Sisters. Ivanić opens the speech by talking about the Serbian “tribe,” according to her, probably the only nation in Europe which is politically “split” to such an extent as it is the case with the Serbian people which lives under “such different political circumstances and influences” (as she explains further, in Austria-Hungary, in Ottoman Empire, Serbia and Montenegro). She explains that for this reason, when talking about Serbian women, one has to differentiate between the circumstances of Serbian women living in the different areas. At the same time, she mentions the “universal attributes of all Serbian women,” which are: kind heart, tameness, natural intelligence, cleverness and easy understanding. In Serbia, there are three types of women: women public workers, women housewives and peasant women. She points to positive and negative sides of life in Serbia. On the one hand, she positively evaluates schooling in Serbia, mentioning that also “our University is full of women.” She describes the struggles of women in Serbia as “very silent, without much effort,” saying that Serbian women easily get all they ask for. For this, she praises the Serbian state, and says Serbian women should be thankful to their state. On the other hand, she mentions the unjust Serbian law which is worse for women as compared to Austria-Hungary. Her examples are inheritance law, property law, and the absence of legal regulations that would protect children born out of wedlock and cheated girls. She also mentions the problem of unequal pay between women and men doing the same work. As she explains, even in the factories women are paid less. Ivanić additionally mentions the difference of the way of life among women from different classes, but she asserts that this difference is much bigger “in the North and West of Europe” as compared to Serbia. Her explanation for this is that Serbia is rich in “necessary groceries” but not in “luxury,” that people are used to “humble life” and “hard work.” Then, she describes the family life of Serbian women. Concerning the morality, she describes Serbian women as “virtuous and honest in a patriarchal way,” and as there is no aristocracy in Serbia, there are no “idle, lazy and pompous women,” nor women like those about whom Ibsen wrote, “who want to live only for themselves, as individuals.” ¶ Ivanić then talks about different women’s associations, including the Belgrade Women’s Society (Beogradsko žensko društvo) which has 25 branch organizations in Serbia, organizes schools for girls from poor families where they can obtain a certificate for teaching in public or private schools. The Belgrade Women’s Society is also involved with the peasant women’s embroidery and handicraft. The Circle of Serbian Sisters has 18 boards in different places in Serbia, not counting Belgrade, the capital. She mentions that Serbian women from urban areas have made more progress than peasant women, who practically have to work all the time. Ivanić speaks about the communal life of peasants in cooperatives (zadruga), where 15-60 people (even more) live and work together, but mentions also that the life of the newly married women is extremely difficult in the cooperatives. Yet she evaluates cooperatives positively and says that rural women should be educated to keep the house cleaner and in a frugal way. The task of Serbian women is to educate Serbian peasant women. Additionally, Ivanić talks about: Serbian women from Montenegro, “another Serbian free country;” Serbian women from Bosnia, Herzegovina and Dalmatia; Serbian women “from this side of the river Sava” (i.e. in Austria-Hungary); finally, the Serbian women from Macedonia and “old” Serbia (still part of Ottoman Empire at the time), with a short description of the history of the Serbian people and the “500 years of slavery under the Ottomans.” The life of Serbs, and especially Serbian women in the Ottoman Empire is evaluated as extremely difficult. After her description of how Serbian women live in two empires and two “free countries,” she explains that the circumstances she has described can explain why Serbian women don’t have the possibility, time, and real need, to create an “extremely feminist organization,” and why they are not demanding for “privileges in the wider possible sense, such is the right to vote.” ¶ It should be added that the Belgrade Women’s Society (Beogradsko žensko društvo) was the first Serbian women’s association in Serbia, established in Belgrade in 1875 under the patronage of Princess, from 1882 Queen, of Serbia Natalija Obrenović. The association was active until 1941, its official journal was Domaćica (‘Housewife’) and the initiator of the organization was Katarina Milovuk, the principal of the High School for Girls in Belgrade. The Circle of Serbian Sisters (Kolo srpskih sestara) was a charitable women’s association established in Belgrade in 1903 on the initiative of Delfa Ivanić, Nadežda Petrović (painter, 1873-1915), Katarina Milovuk (1844-1913), Draga Ljočić (a medical doctor, 1855-1926), and others. The first president of the organization was Savka Subotić. For an overview and cross-reference to Savka Subotić (1834-1918), see “Savka Subotićka. 1834-1904. [Savka Subotić: 1834-1904],” Ženski svet, January 10, 1904. The organization was active helping the Serbian soldiers during the Balkan wars and the Great War/World War I. On the Second Congress, see “Drugi kongres československih ženskinja [The Second Congress of Czechoslovak Women],” Ženski svet, January 9, 1908. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Second Congress of Czechoslovak women; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Women and Statehood; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Empire and Feminism; Women and Statehood; Social Reform and Political Activism; Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Suffrage; Equal Rights for Women; Women and Education; Access to Higher Education; Access to Primary Education/Literacy; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Work and Class Identity; Handicraft; Embroidery; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Austria; Novi Sad; Vojvodina; Serbia; Prague; Bohemia
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972
Date Published / Released
11 January 1908, 1908
Person Discussed
Draga Ljočić, 1855-1926, Savka Subotić, 1834-1914, Katarina Milovuk, 1844-1913, Nadežda Petrović, fl. 1903, Arkadije Varađanin, fl. 1874, Delfa Ivanić, 1881-1972
Topic / Theme
Women and Immigration, Women and Education, Women and Development, Work and Class Identity, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Nationality Rights, Indigenous Languages, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Access to Higher Education, Household Crafts, Labor Standards, Empire and Feminism, Access to Primar...
Women and Immigration, Women and Education, Women and Development, Work and Class Identity, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Nationality Rights, Indigenous Languages, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Access to Higher Education, Household Crafts, Labor Standards, Empire and Feminism, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Czechs, Serbians
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Gr. Teleki Sándorné, gr. Haller Györgyné, Paula Pogány (A Nok Választójogi Világszövetségének VII. kongresszusa. Elokészíto Biz...
written by Iska Teleki, fl. 1912, Ilona Haller, fl. 1912 and Paula Pogány, fl. 1918 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 48) (07 May 1912) , 1 page(s)
TITLE: Countess Iska Teleki, Countess Ilona Haller, Paula Pogány of the Preparatory Committee 7th International Woman Suffrage Congress to Esteemed Presidency, Budapest, 7 May 1912. DESCRIPTION: Letter soliciting subsidies for the seventh congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance in 1913, pointing out...
Sample
written by Iska Teleki, fl. 1912, Ilona Haller, fl. 1912 and Paula Pogány, fl. 1918 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 48) (07 May 1912) , 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Countess Iska Teleki, Countess Ilona Haller, Paula Pogány of the Preparatory Committee 7th International Woman Suffrage Congress to Esteemed Presidency, Budapest, 7 May 1912. DESCRIPTION: Letter soliciting subsidies for the seventh congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance in 1913, pointing out that the congress is an opportunity to generate sympathy with Hungary within the Habsburg Monarchy. The two woman aristocrats and the...
TITLE: Countess Iska Teleki, Countess Ilona Haller, Paula Pogány of the Preparatory Committee 7th International Woman Suffrage Congress to Esteemed Presidency, Budapest, 7 May 1912. DESCRIPTION: Letter soliciting subsidies for the seventh congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance in 1913, pointing out that the congress is an opportunity to generate sympathy with Hungary within the Habsburg Monarchy. The two woman aristocrats and the third representative of the Preparatory Committee in giving their signature refer to the term “daughter of the homeland” (honleány), a term which had been widely used the Hungarian Revolution of 1848/1849, giving their patriotic greetings. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Hungarian Hospitality; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Congress Preparations; Hungarian Preparatory Committee Members; Generation of Funding in Hungary; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Austria
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
07 May 1912, 1912
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Iska Teleki, fl. 1912, Ilona Haller, fl. 1912, Paula Pogány, fl. 1918
Topic / Theme
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Empire and Feminism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Suffrage, Human Rights, Social and Cultural Rights, Hungarians
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Hrvatska izborna reforma i žene
written by Marija Jurić Zagorka, 1873-1957, in Ženski svijet, Vol. I, Issue 4, December 1, 1917, pp. 145-146 (1917), 2 page(s)
TITLE: Croatian Electoral Reform and Women. DESCRIPTION: Marija Jurić Zagorka (1873-1956) was a Croatian feminist, the first female political journalist, editor of women’s magazines, and a most popular Croatian writer. The text is an engaged manifest written by one of the most influential female public figures...
Sample
written by Marija Jurić Zagorka, 1873-1957, in Ženski svijet, Vol. I, Issue 4, December 1, 1917, pp. 145-146 (1917), 2 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Croatian Electoral Reform and Women. DESCRIPTION: Marija Jurić Zagorka (1873-1956) was a Croatian feminist, the first female political journalist, editor of women’s magazines, and a most popular Croatian writer. The text is an engaged manifest written by one of the most influential female public figures at that time. It is published in the newly founded magazine Ženskisvijet (Women’s world), edited by Zofka Kveder. The author discuss...
TITLE: Croatian Electoral Reform and Women. DESCRIPTION: Marija Jurić Zagorka (1873-1956) was a Croatian feminist, the first female political journalist, editor of women’s magazines, and a most popular Croatian writer. The text is an engaged manifest written by one of the most influential female public figures at that time. It is published in the newly founded magazine Ženskisvijet (Women’s world), edited by Zofka Kveder. The author discusses the new proposal for the extension of suffrage to all male citizens, presented to the Croatian Parliament in 1917. She argues in favor of women’s suffrage, highlighting that the state gives duties to citizens of both sexes, hence the need for equality in rights. The main part of the article is devoted to discussing the inexistence of a separate women’s movement for women’s rights in countries that are not independent, as opposed to the independent ones. Referring to the common struggle of both men and women in Croatia during history, and especially in the general national struggle against “Pest” (i.e. Budapest as the center of the Hungarian half of the Empire), the author points out that Croatian women refused a separate struggle, as well as an alliance with Hungarian feminists in the fight for women’s suffrage. She refers to a recent visit of an unnamed Hungarian feminist who visited Zagreb and invited Croatian women to overcome Croatian-Hungarian tensions and join Hungarian women in demonstrations for women’s suffrage. While the Croats refused the invitation from Budapest, they sent a delegate to Prague, to a congress of Czech women, where they demonstrated together against the suppression of national rights of Slavic peoples. (Zagorka here probably refers to the Seventh Congress of the International Women’s Suffrage Alliance held in 1913 in Budapest, and the related meeting of Slavic women held in Prague from 8th to the 12th of June 1913, see also 20476). Zagorka’s argumentation in favor of women’s suffrage is based not only on the principles of democracy and equality, but also on the historical merit of Croatian women who shared all nationalist efforts with their male compatriots, giving priority to national struggle over the feminist one. Keywords: Women and Nation within Empire; Relations between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Relationship between Nations in the Empire; Empire and Feminism; Social Reform and Political Activism; Multi-ethnic Participation in Social Movements; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Suffrage; Equal Rights for Women; Habsburg Empire
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Marija Jurić Zagorka, 1873-1957
Date Published / Released
01 December 1917, 1917
Topic / Theme
Women and Immigration, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Nationality Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Equal Rights for Women, Suffrage, Social and Cultural Rights, Human Rights, Empire and Feminism, Croatians, Hungarians, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Hungary XI, No 12 Complimentary Number: The World's Women's Congress, Budapest, 1913
(Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 51), in Hungary: The World's Women's Congress, Budapest, 1913, Vol. 11 no. 12, Complimentary Number, 1913, pp. 189-232 (Budapest, Budapest County, 1913), 44 page(s)
KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary Francis Joseph; Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; István Bárczy Major of Budapest; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the In...
Sample
(Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 51), in Hungary: The World's Women's Congress, Budapest, 1913, Vol. 11 no. 12, Complimentary Number, 1913, pp. 189-232 (Budapest, Budapest County, 1913), 44 page(s)
Description
KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary Francis Joseph; Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; István Bárczy Major of Budapest; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Advertizing Hungary; Hungarian Attractio...
KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary Francis Joseph; Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; István Bárczy Major of Budapest; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Advertizing Hungary; Hungarian Attractions; Hungarian Institutions; Child Protection; Visit to Child Protection Institutions; Hungarian Development
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Date Published / Released
1913
Person Discussed
István Bárczy, 1866-1943, Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1830-1916
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Human Rights, Suffrage, Empire and Feminism, Hungarians
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Indreptatire politica femeilor!
written by Eleonora Lemény, 1885-1954, in Adevarul-Glasul Poporulu, December 2, 1918, p. NA (1918), 2 page(s)
TITLE: Legitimate Women's Policy! DESCRIPTION: This brief newspaper article by Eleonora Lemény celebrates Art. III.3 of the 1918 Resolution proclaiming the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania. The article was published in the social-democratic newspaper Adevarul-Glasul Poporului. Eleonora Lemény (1...
Sample
written by Eleonora Lemény, 1885-1954, in Adevarul-Glasul Poporulu, December 2, 1918, p. NA (1918), 2 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Legitimate Women's Policy! DESCRIPTION: This brief newspaper article by Eleonora Lemény celebrates Art. III.3 of the 1918 Resolution proclaiming the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania. The article was published in the social-democratic newspaper Adevarul-Glasul Poporului. Eleonora Lemény (1885-1954) was a teacher and politician, a prominent member of the Social-democratic Party in Transylvania. She was a participant in int...
TITLE: Legitimate Women's Policy! DESCRIPTION: This brief newspaper article by Eleonora Lemény celebrates Art. III.3 of the 1918 Resolution proclaiming the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania. The article was published in the social-democratic newspaper Adevarul-Glasul Poporului. Eleonora Lemény (1885-1954) was a teacher and politician, a prominent member of the Social-democratic Party in Transylvania. She was a participant in international congresses, among which (in all likelihood) the 1913 International Suffrage Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA), in Budapest. Beginning with 1912, she published on feminist themes in Romanian-language, social-democratic journals. Simultaneously a member of the Reunion of Romanian Women network, she taught literature and foreign languages in the Reunion's Sibiu secondary school. Together with other socialist leaders, she participated in the 1919 Paris negotiations to help convince outside socialist entities of the importance of a unified Romania. The 1918 Resolution proclaiming Transylvania’s union with the Kingdom of Romania included a provision for universal suffrage, at her insistence. She would resign, together with other Socialists, from her post as Minister of Labour in the transitional, government-like body of the Consiliul Dirigent/Transylvanian Guidance Council on account of the Bucharest central government’s dithering on the suffrage question. Art III.3 of the Resolution mentioned in this newspaper clipping called for “popular, direct, equal, secret vote, per village commune, proportionally, for both sexes, aged at least 21 years for representation in village communes, counties or parliament.” Lemény’s article argues that the provision built on the growing recognition of women’s long-standing political efforts for the national and social cause; she guarantees that “the future will show how much labor power, how much energy of thought has been squandered until now by disregarding women’s political work.” The document highlights the ideological diversity which existed among women involved in the Reuniunile Femeilor Române/Reunions of Romanian Women, the Transylvanian Romanian nationalist associations dedicated to philanthropy and women’s education. Secondly, the document signals discussions on suffrage in a post-imperial setting. Lemény’s biography reveals the importance of transnational connections, within and outside the Habsburg Empire for the genesis of these ideological positions. Her stance on the “national question” for instance, was compatible with the Austro-Marxist tradition, a current of thought which considered nationalist identifications to not be merely superstructural. The article also spotlights the largely-forgotten figure of Eleonora Lemény. Finally, it shows the influence of left-leaning versions of feminism in shaping political realities in Transylvania before and after 1918. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Peace and War, International Governance, and International Law; State Sovereignty; International Peace; Women and International Relations; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women Challenging Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Socialism; Political and Human Rights; Human Rights, Suffrage; Equal Rights for Women; Women and Education; Women as Teachers; Habsburg Empire; Transylvania; Eleonora Lemenyi/ Nora Lemeny/ Lemenyi/Lemeny/ Lemeni/ Lemenyi-Rozvan/ Lemeny-Rozvany; Transylvania; Hermannstadt; Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women; Women’s Associations.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Eleonora Lemény, 1885-1954
Date Published / Released
02 December 1918, 1918
Person Discussed
Eleonora Lemény, 1885-1954
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Indigenous Women, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Suffrage, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Feminism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Women as Teachers, Huma...
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Indigenous Women, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Suffrage, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Feminism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Women as Teachers, Human Rights, Socialism, Social and Political Leadership, Domestic/National Sovereignty, International Peace, Romanians, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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