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Carrie Chapman Catt to Rosika Schwimmer, New York, 25 February 1913
written by Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (25 February 1913) , 7 page(s)
KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Carrie Chapman Catt; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; German Auxiliary; French Auxiliary; Free Masons; Turkish Women; Habsbur...
Sample
written by Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (25 February 1913) , 7 page(s)
Description
KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Carrie Chapman Catt; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; German Auxiliary; French Auxiliary; Free Masons; Turkish Women; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Serbia; Balkan Countries; Róza Schwimmer (Rosika Schwimmer); Adela Stanton Coit; Aletta Jacobs; Marie Stritt; Anna...
KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Carrie Chapman Catt; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; German Auxiliary; French Auxiliary; Free Masons; Turkish Women; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Serbia; Balkan Countries; Róza Schwimmer (Rosika Schwimmer); Adela Stanton Coit; Aletta Jacobs; Marie Stritt; Anna Lindemann; Millicent Fawcett; Jane Addams; Anna Howard Shaw; Martina Kramers
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
25 February 1913, 1913
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947
Topic / Theme
Balkan Wars, 1912-1913, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Suffrage, Equal Rights for Women, Germans, Serbians
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Carrie Chapman Catt to Rosika Schwimmer, New York, 31 December 1912
written by Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (31 December 1912) , 2 page(s)
KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Peace and War, International Governance, and International Law; Balkan Wars 1912 and 1913; Carrie Chapman Catt; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapes...
Sample
written by Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (31 December 1912) , 2 page(s)
Description
KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Peace and War, International Governance, and International Law; Balkan Wars 1912 and 1913; Carrie Chapman Catt; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; IWSA USA Auxiliary; Congress Preparations; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Balkan Countries; Róza Schwimmer (Rosika Schw...
KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Peace and War, International Governance, and International Law; Balkan Wars 1912 and 1913; Carrie Chapman Catt; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; IWSA USA Auxiliary; Congress Preparations; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Balkan Countries; Róza Schwimmer (Rosika Schwimmer)
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
31 December 1912, 1912
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947
Topic / Theme
Balkan Wars, 1912-1913, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, International Peace, Suffrage, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Human Rights, Americans
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Carrie Chapman Catt to Rosika Schwimmer, Samarang, 22 June 1912
written by Aletta Henriette Jacobs, 1854-1929 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (22 June 1912) , 4 page(s)
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from Semarang, Java, Carrie Chapman Catt writes to Rosika Schwimmer. The first part of this letter continues a discussion about letters sent and received, or not received, as the case may be. Catt reports that she is on the way to Hong Kong. Catt also mentions that the date...
Sample
written by Aletta Henriette Jacobs, 1854-1929 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (22 June 1912) , 4 page(s)
Description
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from Semarang, Java, Carrie Chapman Catt writes to Rosika Schwimmer. The first part of this letter continues a discussion about letters sent and received, or not received, as the case may be. Catt reports that she is on the way to Hong Kong. Catt also mentions that the date for the congress is to be set by the Hungarian women’s group, and she compliments both Schwimmer and the Hungarian women in their fun...
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from Semarang, Java, Carrie Chapman Catt writes to Rosika Schwimmer. The first part of this letter continues a discussion about letters sent and received, or not received, as the case may be. Catt reports that she is on the way to Hong Kong. Catt also mentions that the date for the congress is to be set by the Hungarian women’s group, and she compliments both Schwimmer and the Hungarian women in their fundraising and congress planning. Catt explains the work she has done as president to prompt auxiliary participation for the congress, including drafting a letter to all auxiliaries and requesting program additions. Catt makes suggestions for topic changes on the program, including adding one where women who have the vote discuss how suffrage has helped forward charity and philanthropic goals. She also wants a Colorado woman to attend as a woman with the vote. Catt requests a special “Asiatic” designation for the congress, and she reports working on finding delegates from Egypt, Russia, British India, Burmah [Burma/Myanmar], China, and Japan. She cautions Schwimmer to keep this out of the press for now but recognizes that it may be useful later if delegates are secured from these countries. Changing topics, Catt regrets that she cannot come to Budapest this winter nor can she visit the Balkans, and she offers the excuse that her language barrier in the Balkans is too great to make her a useful “missionary” and argues that the length of her current travels have kept her away from home for too long. Turning to more personal topics, Catt reports that she and Dr. Aletta [Aletta Jacobs] are fairly well, aside from some horseback riding while in the mountains. She also insists that the two are “very good friends and likely to continue so,” suggesting that the friendship may have been in doubt during the travels and a topic that had come up in other letters. Catt received the May Jus Suffragii and a large quantity of letters that she plans to catch up while on the ship to Hong Kong. Catt also discusses a dispute between “those two splendid little suffragists,” expressing hope that they can forgive and forget. Her next topic, the turmoil among British suffrage leaders, suggests that the feud she references is likely the one between Millicent Fawcett and Emmeline Pankhurst. Since a British woman is likely unreasonable as the next president of the alliance, Catt asks Schwimmer for recommendations for candidates with extensive language skills. Catt enquires about the “man suffragists of Hungary,” who reportedly smashed windows, and the government’s response. Finally, Catt wishes Schwimmer luck in the national fight for suffrage. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Carrie Chapman Catt; Aletta Jacobs; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Man Suffragists in Hungary; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Dutch East India (Indonesia); Java; Samarang (Semarang); Róza Schwimmer (Rosika Schwimmer)
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
22 June 1912, 1912
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Aletta Henriette Jacobs, 1854-1929
Person Discussed
Emmeline Pankhurst, 1858-1928, Millicent Garrett Fawcett, 1847-1929, Aletta Henriette Jacobs, 1854-1929
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Suffrage, Equal Rights for Women, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, British, Hungarians, Asians
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Carrie Chapman Catt to Vilma Glücklich and Rosika Schwimmer, Bandoeng, Java 21 May 1912
written by Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (21 May 1912) , 2 page(s)
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from Java, Carrie Chapman Catt writes to Vilma Glücklich and Rosika Schwimmer. Catt reports that she and Aletta Jabobs have received a copy of Jus Suffragii, the periodical distributed by the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA). The issue included details about a C...
Sample
written by Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (21 May 1912) , 2 page(s)
Description
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from Java, Carrie Chapman Catt writes to Vilma Glücklich and Rosika Schwimmer. Catt reports that she and Aletta Jabobs have received a copy of Jus Suffragii, the periodical distributed by the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA). The issue included details about a Christmas sale, municipal appropriations for the congress, and the estimated date of the congress in June. Catt congratulates them but c...
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from Java, Carrie Chapman Catt writes to Vilma Glücklich and Rosika Schwimmer. Catt reports that she and Aletta Jabobs have received a copy of Jus Suffragii, the periodical distributed by the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA). The issue included details about a Christmas sale, municipal appropriations for the congress, and the estimated date of the congress in June. Catt congratulates them but complains that no letters have arrived from them. Catt provides travel plans and mailing address, like she did in the April 15, 1912, letter, including returning to the United States in October while Jacobs returning via the Trans-Siberian Railway. Catt tells them that she and Jacobs are well, despite the intense heat and resulting lack of sleep. She reports they are currently “in the mountains,” with milder temperatures. They are remaining there for a bit to allow the mail to get sorted out. Catt describes the variety of fruit available, providing details for a particular one that Jacobs carried back that smelled like “a sulfuric, volcanic crater and a pigs’ sty.” They ate it because it was supposed to taste good and decided that one was enough. Catt also describes the tropical country as beautiful, and she reports on a “tribe of people in Sumatra, where the women own everything, carry the family pocket book, and alas! do all the hard work!” She called it an interesting experience and expressed that “the relation of the sexes…and the common duties of life seem to be the pivot upon which every problem turns.” Catt complains of the weather, again, before discussing her excitement to visit China to see if the reports of women voting are true: “I hope we shall find emancipated women!” Catt sends love from Jacobs, who is chattering Dutch in another room. Along with her own love, Catt wishes them well in their preparations for the congress. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Carrie Chapman Catt; Aletta Jacobs; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Dutch East India (Indonesia); Java; Róza Schwimmer (Rosika Schwimmer); Vilma Glücklich
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
21 May 1912, 1912
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947
Person Discussed
Aletta Henriette Jacobs, 1854-1929
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Equal Rights for Women, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Javanese
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Carrie Chapman Catt to Vilma Glücklich and Rosika Schwimmer, Batavia, Java, 15 April 1912
written by Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (15 April 1912) , 2 page(s)
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from Java, Carrie Chapman Catt writes to Vilma Glücklich and Rosika Schwimmer. She reports receiving a letter from Glücklich. Glücklich referenced a letter Schwimmer sent Catt, but Catt did not receive Schwimmer’s letter nor recent issues of Jus Suffragii, the periodica...
Sample
written by Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (15 April 1912) , 2 page(s)
Description
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from Java, Carrie Chapman Catt writes to Vilma Glücklich and Rosika Schwimmer. She reports receiving a letter from Glücklich. Glücklich referenced a letter Schwimmer sent Catt, but Catt did not receive Schwimmer’s letter nor recent issues of Jus Suffragii, the periodical distributed by the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA). Catt concludes that mail service “seems very uncertain on this sid...
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from Java, Carrie Chapman Catt writes to Vilma Glücklich and Rosika Schwimmer. She reports receiving a letter from Glücklich. Glücklich referenced a letter Schwimmer sent Catt, but Catt did not receive Schwimmer’s letter nor recent issues of Jus Suffragii, the periodical distributed by the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA). Catt concludes that mail service “seems very uncertain on this side of the world.” Catt, travelling with Aletta Jacobs, complains about the heat and offers details of future travel plans throughout Sumatra, to Manila, Philippines, to Japan, and possibly China. Catt intends to return home in November, and Jacobs may take the Trans-Siberian Railway. Their travel to and in China “depends on the war.” Catt mentions a letter she is drafting for the presidents, presumably of the IWSA, regarding the program for the upcoming congress. Catt wants to find delegates from Egypt, Burma, and India. She asks Glücklich and Schwimmer to send invitations to the names enclosed: Miss Kumudini Mitter, Calcutta, India, and sister; Mrs. S. Q. Ranaday, Bombay, India; Mme. Tackla Pasha, Cairo, Egypt; Mrs. Hla Oung, Rongoon, Burmah. Catt reports that the first two are Hindu, the third Christian, and the fourth Buddhist. Catt closes the letter with: “The Doctor sends her love and I also send my love and gratitude to my dear Hungarian girls.” KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Names of Contacts in Bombay, Cairo, and Burma (Myanmar); Carrie Chapman Catt; Aletta Jacobs; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Dutch East India (Indonesia); Java; Batavia (Jakarta); Róza Schwimmer (Rosika Schwimmer); Vilma Glücklich
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
15 April 1912, 1912
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947
Person Discussed
Aletta Henriette Jacobs, 1854-1929, Kumudini Mitter, fl. 1912
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Suffrage, Equal Rights for Women, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Burmese, Egyptians, Indians (Asian), Hungarians
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Carrie Chapman Catt to Vilma Glücklich and Rosika Schwimmer, SS Chiyu Maru to San Francisco, 2 November 1912
written by Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (02 November 1912) , 4 page(s)
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from aboard the SS Chiyu Maru to San Francisco, Carrie Chapman Catt writes to Vilma Glücklich and Rosika Schwimmer. Although writing from the ship, Catt declares that she has arrived home because she will be by the time Glücklich and Schwimmer receive the letter. Catt expr...
Sample
written by Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 49) (02 November 1912) , 4 page(s)
Description
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from aboard the SS Chiyu Maru to San Francisco, Carrie Chapman Catt writes to Vilma Glücklich and Rosika Schwimmer. Although writing from the ship, Catt declares that she has arrived home because she will be by the time Glücklich and Schwimmer receive the letter. Catt expresses wishes of many letters, including some from Hungary, when she arrives in New York. She also reports hearing news of the militant...
DESCRIPTION: In this handwritten letter from aboard the SS Chiyu Maru to San Francisco, Carrie Chapman Catt writes to Vilma Glücklich and Rosika Schwimmer. Although writing from the ship, Catt declares that she has arrived home because she will be by the time Glücklich and Schwimmer receive the letter. Catt expresses wishes of many letters, including some from Hungary, when she arrives in New York. She also reports hearing news of the militant men demonstrating for their own suffrage in Hungary; in other words, she is worried that the men will forget the women when the time comes for suffrage extension. Nonetheless, Catt is hopeful that the congress will be able to celebrate success for Hungarian women for the vote. Next, Catt discusses the “Asiatic” effort, which will include country reports and maybe a delegate. The Chinese suffragists gave Catt a banner to present to the International Woman Suffrage Alliance on their behalf. Catt expresses regret over the war in south-eastern Europe, as the Balkan War “is bad for” international suffrage work. While Catt cannot yet confirm travel plans for the congress, she does express a wish to stop in Constantinople on her way to Budapest, but the stop will only be possible if Turkey is not involved in the Balkan War. The Austrian women seem to be requesting a meeting before the congress, but Catt tells Schwimmer that she will deal with it upon her return to New York and that Schwimmer should not worry about it. While stopped in Honolulu, Catt was introduced to “an organization …composed mostly of native women.” Catt also summarizes the extent of her and Aletta Jacobs (the other part of the “we” mentioned) journey: four continents, three oceans, and women of “Aryan, Semitic, Mongolian, Malay, Polynesian, and Negro races.” Catt expreses optimism that this trip happened at the “right moment” for the suffrage cause and seems excited about the international possibilities for the movement. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Carrie Chapman Catt; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Chinese Suffragists; Austrian Suffragists; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Austria; Róza Schwimmer (Rosika Schwimmer); Vilma Glücklich
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
02 November 1912, 1912
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947
Person Discussed
Aletta Henriette Jacobs, 1854-1929
Topic / Theme
Balkan Wars, 1912-1913, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Suffrage, Equal Rights for Women, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Austrians, Chinese, Hungarians
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Catalog für die Ausstellung österr. Frauen-Arbeiten. Welt-Ausstellung 1873 in Wien
(Austrian National Library); edited by Aglaia von Enderes, 1836-1883 (Vienna, Vienna State: Central-Commission Publisher, 1873), 71 page(s)
Title: Catalogue for the Exhibition of Austrian Women's Work: World Exhibition 1873 in Vienna. Description: The document is a catalogue published on the occasion of the Vienna World Exhibition of 1873. The catalogue gives an introduction on women's work and is followed by a list of producers and goods, which were...
Sample
(Austrian National Library); edited by Aglaia von Enderes, 1836-1883 (Vienna, Vienna State: Central-Commission Publisher, 1873), 71 page(s)
Description
Title: Catalogue for the Exhibition of Austrian Women's Work: World Exhibition 1873 in Vienna. Description: The document is a catalogue published on the occasion of the Vienna World Exhibition of 1873. The catalogue gives an introduction on women's work and is followed by a list of producers and goods, which were crafted by women. One pavilion of the Vienna World Exhibition was devoted exclusively to women's work in the Habsburg Monarchy. The exp...
Title: Catalogue for the Exhibition of Austrian Women's Work: World Exhibition 1873 in Vienna. Description: The document is a catalogue published on the occasion of the Vienna World Exhibition of 1873. The catalogue gives an introduction on women's work and is followed by a list of producers and goods, which were crafted by women. One pavilion of the Vienna World Exhibition was devoted exclusively to women's work in the Habsburg Monarchy. The exponents were presented in four categories: schools, dilettantes, house industry, factory industry. In advance of the exhibition, commissions in Vienna, Ragusa, Graz, Görtz, Innsbruck, Bolzano, Brno, Olomouc, Opava (Troppau), Krakow, Chernivtsi, Trieste, Ljubljana collected 3,216 “female,” hand-craft products and industrial manufacturing products. A selection of this collection was presented in the pavilion devoted to women's work. As mentioned by Aglaia von Enderes in the introduction, the exhibition of women's art and craft served the purpose to visualise and raise attention on the work of women. The author of catalogue, Aglaia von Enderes (1834–1883) was a writer and active in the Wiener Frauen-Erwerb-Verein [Viennese Women's Acquisition Association]. She wrote several articles in the journal Politische Frauen-Zeitung [Political Women Journal] about the Viennese Women's Acquisition Association. Keywords: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; National Identity; Social Reform; Political Activism; Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements; Work and Class Identity; Labor Standards; Habsburg Empire; World Exhibition; Austria
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Contributor
Aglaia von Enderes, 1836-1883
Date Published / Released
1873
Publisher
Central-Commission Publisher
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Work and Class Identity, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, National Identity, Rights to Work, Empire and Internationalism, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Austrians
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The Challenge of Multinational Empire for the International Women's Movement: The Habsburg Monarchy and the Development of Feminist Inter/na...
written by Susan Zimmermann, fl. 2012, in Globalizing Feminisms, 1789-1945, edited by Karen Offen. (London: Routledge, 2010), pp. 153-69, 367-73 (2010), 24 page(s)
Sample
written by Susan Zimmermann, fl. 2012, in Globalizing Feminisms, 1789-1945, edited by Karen Offen. (London: Routledge, 2010), pp. 153-69, 367-73 (2010), 24 page(s)
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Author / Creator
Susan Zimmermann, fl. 2012
Date Published / Released
2010
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Equal Rights for Women, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Empire and Feminism, Hungarians, Croatians, Austrians, Czechs, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Clara Zetkin to Mariska Gárdos, Wilhelmshöhe, 8 April 1909
written by Clara Zetkin, 1857-1933 (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives], 940. f. 35. ő.e.) (08 April 1909) , 4 page(s)
TITLE: Clara Zetkin to Mariska Gárdos, Wilhelmshöhe, 8 April 1909. DESCRIPTION: The letter is kept in the papers of Mariska Gárdos (Mária Gárdos, Mrs. György Pintér, 1884 or 1885-1973) in the Institute of Political History, Archives (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára), Budapest, Hungary. Gárdos was...
Sample
written by Clara Zetkin, 1857-1933 (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives], 940. f. 35. ő.e.) (08 April 1909) , 4 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Clara Zetkin to Mariska Gárdos, Wilhelmshöhe, 8 April 1909. DESCRIPTION: The letter is kept in the papers of Mariska Gárdos (Mária Gárdos, Mrs. György Pintér, 1884 or 1885-1973) in the Institute of Political History, Archives (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára), Budapest, Hungary. Gárdos was a key representative of the social democratic women’s movement in Hungary under the Habsburg Monarchy. The handwritten letter by Clar...
TITLE: Clara Zetkin to Mariska Gárdos, Wilhelmshöhe, 8 April 1909. DESCRIPTION: The letter is kept in the papers of Mariska Gárdos (Mária Gárdos, Mrs. György Pintér, 1884 or 1885-1973) in the Institute of Political History, Archives (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára), Budapest, Hungary. Gárdos was a key representative of the social democratic women’s movement in Hungary under the Habsburg Monarchy. The handwritten letter by Clara Zetkin gives the “most cordial greetings from Germany” to the third social democratic women’s congress in Hungary. The German woman comrades will be happy to read that the reactionary ruling forces have not been able to stifle the “young, forward-striving woman workers’ movement” in Hungary, which aims to unite the “double exploited and oppressed” working women. Without difference as to gender, men and women of the working classes in all countries fight against the oppressors without taking note of their gender. The woman Comrades of all countries, with whom the Hungarian woman Comrades are in contact, regard the latter’s fight as their own fight. See also, Mária [Mariska] Gárdos, “Erster Frauentag - vor Fünfzig Jahren in _Neue Zeitung_ IV, Nummer 10 [First Women’s Day – Fifty Years Ago in _New Newspaper_ IV, no. 10]” (Newspaper article, Budapest, March 4, 1960), 940. f. 24. ő.e., Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives]; “Clara Zetkin to Fr. Marie Gárdos [Mrs. Mariska Gárdos], Wilhelmshöhe, 31 March 1909” (Letter, Wilhelmshöhe, 1909), 940. f. 35. ő.e., Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Political History, Archives]; and “Clara Zetkin to Marie Gardós [Mariska Gárdos], Wilhelmshöhe, 10 April 1909” (Letter, Wilhelmshöhe, 1909), 940. f. 35. ő.e., Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives]. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Socialism; Socialist Women; Work and Class Identity; Gender and Class; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Germany
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
08 April 1909, 1909
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Clara Zetkin, 1857-1933
Topic / Theme
Work and Class Identity, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women as “Proletariat”, Equal Rights for Women, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Socialism, Germans, Hungarians
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Computu public alu fondului Reuniunei Femeilor Române spre ajutoriulu crescerei fetitieloru orfane scl si actele acesteia: Partea II. pentr...
written by Maria Nicolau, fl. 1854 (Brașov, Brașov County: Römer and Kamner (Publisher), 1854), 48 page(s)
TITLE: Public Account for the Fund of the Reunion of Romanian Women to Aid in Raising Orphan Girls, etc., and its Acts: Part II, Year III. DESCRIPTION: This document is the second part of a two-part account included in this digital archive. For Part I, see Maria Nicolau, Computu public alu fondului Reuniunei Femei...
Sample
written by Maria Nicolau, fl. 1854 (Brașov, Brașov County: Römer and Kamner (Publisher), 1854), 48 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Public Account for the Fund of the Reunion of Romanian Women to Aid in Raising Orphan Girls, etc., and its Acts: Part II, Year III. DESCRIPTION: This document is the second part of a two-part account included in this digital archive. For Part I, see Maria Nicolau, Computu public alu fondului Reuniunei Femeilor Române spre ajutoriulu crescerei fetitieloru orfane scl si actele acesteia: Partea I. pentru anulu I si II [Public Account for the...
TITLE: Public Account for the Fund of the Reunion of Romanian Women to Aid in Raising Orphan Girls, etc., and its Acts: Part II, Year III. DESCRIPTION: This document is the second part of a two-part account included in this digital archive. For Part I, see Maria Nicolau, Computu public alu fondului Reuniunei Femeilor Române spre ajutoriulu crescerei fetitieloru orfane scl si actele acesteia: Partea I. pentru anulu I si II [Public Account for the Fund of the Reunion of Romanian Women to Aid in Raising Orphan Girls, etc., and its Acts: Part I, Year I and II] (Brasov: Römer & Kamner, 1853). Reports, accounts and transcribed documents by and for the Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov covering the first four years of its existence (1850-1854). The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov/Brasso/Kronstadt was founded in 1850. Its initial goal was to support and educate orphaned girls. From 1880, it focused more on providing a Romanian-language education for middle-class girls. In its first decade of functioning, the Reunion opened a primary school for girls in Brasov and a handiwork school in the neighboring, smaller town of Blaj. Later, it organized a boarding school. A later account of the political and social context in which the Reunion was founded and functioned in its first two decades, was published by its then President in 1870. The Reunion mobilized an impressive support network in aristocratic and merchant families in the Empire and counted, on average, 100 local members throughout its existence This document provides details on the circumstances in which the Brasov Reunion was founded, its initial goals and the reasons provided for women’s growing social involvement. It shows that in a period considered repressive towards civil society organizing in the whole of the Habsburg Empire, because of the aftermath of the 1848-1849 Revolution, Romanian speaking upper-middle class women in the city considered themselves “secure [enough] under the Austrian scepter” to create an association. The transcribed speeches, meeting protocols, and accounting books for the years 1850-1854 show that the Reunion admitted members regardless of confession, organized collections throughout the region and deposited its capital in different investments, using the interest obtained to support up to a dozen girls. This Yearbook for the period 1850-1854 reveals that founders aimed to work “to the benefit of offering a more solid upbringing to our sex, and especially to the orphans of martyrs of the faith from the past revolution.” They obtained the support of the Austrian governor of Transylvania Ludwig von Wohlgemuth and a donation from his spouse, Sofia Wohlgemuth; they also named several noble women from Austria and neighboring territories inhabited by Romanians as patrons. Interestingly, the Yearbook highlights a number of discourses motivating Transylvanian Romanian women’s involvement in the relatively novel domain of civic associations. In letters, speeches and reports republished in the book, they argued that: they were “following the example of other European ladies,” that women should prove that they understand and support their husbands’ struggle for nationality rights, that girls’ upbringing needed to be better suited to the “new life of the present century,” and that the context calls on women to add social concerns to their domestic duties. The document offers an insight into the beginnings of Romanian women’s associations in Transylvania, the mobilization techniques they used, their relatively comfortable relationship with Habsburg authorities during the neo-absolutism of the 1850s and the intellectual genealogy of ideas about women’s social contributions through education. ¶ The ulterior evolution of the Reunion (up until its disbandment in 1939) is mirrored in several other items included in this digital archive: see, Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brasov, “Propecta [Proposal for Modified Statutes of the Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brașov]” (Statutes, Brașov, 1861), 5150/1861, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff. 1-3, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov; Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brașov, “Regulament. Pentru internatul de fetite ax reuniunii femeilor române din Brasov [Regulations: For the Girls’ Boarding School of the Reunion of the Romanian Women in Brașov]” (Policy, Brașov, României, January 1, 1888), 5747/1888, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov; Reuniunea Femeilor Române Brașov, “Simțindu-se încă de mult lipsa unei scóle practice, 6 iunie 1893 [Given the Lack of a Practical School: Statutes, 6 June 1893, with Penciled Comments by the Representative of the Hungarian Ministry of Internal Affairs, November 1894]” (Statutes, Brașov, November 1894), 5904/1893 and 5960/1783, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff. 4-10, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov; and Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brasov, “Raportul [Report of the Committee of the Reunion of Romanian Women to the General Assembly held on 11/23 October 1892]” (Report, Brașov, October 11, 1892), 5864/1892, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov. Keywords: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Education; Access to Primary Education/Literacy; Gendered Education; Habsburg Empire; Reunion of Romanian Women/Reuniunea Femeilor Române; Funds and Donations; Political mobilization; Neo-absolutism; Habsburg Empire; Transylvania
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Maria Nicolau, fl. 1854
Date Published / Released
1854
Publisher
Römer and Kamner (Publisher)
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Indigenous Women, Equal Rights for Women, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Gendered Education, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Opposition to Imperialism, Social and Political Leadership, Social and Cul...
Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Indigenous Women, Equal Rights for Women, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Gendered Education, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Opposition to Imperialism, Social and Political Leadership, Social and Cultural Rights, Romanians
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