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Halljunk egy honleányt!
written by Teréz Karacs, 1808-1892 (Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [National Széchényi Library]), in Életképek. Nép szava [Genre Paintings: Voice of the People], Vol. 9 no. 25, December 17, 1848, pp. 769–772 (1848), 4 page(s)
Sample
written by Teréz Karacs, 1808-1892 (Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [National Széchényi Library]), in Életképek. Nép szava [Genre Paintings: Voice of the People], Vol. 9 no. 25, December 17, 1848, pp. 769–772 (1848), 4 page(s)
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Author / Creator
Teréz Karacs, 1808-1892
Date Published / Released
17 December 1848, 1848
Topic / Theme
Hungarian Revolution of 1848, Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Equal Rights for Women, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Feminism, Hungarians
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Honleányokhoz
(Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [National Széchényi Library]), in Nemzetőr. Melléklet a "Pesti Divatlaphoz" [National Guardsman: Supplement to the Pest Fashion Magazine], No. 21, November 23, 1848, p. 323 (1848), 1 page(s)
TITLE: To the Daughters of the Homeland. DESCRIPTION: This poem is from the title page of the 23 November 1848 issue of Nemzetőr (Guardian of the Nation). It exhorts patriotic girls to stand behind the revolutionary soldier fighting in the Hungarian militia/army (honvéd). In the last stanza, the image of sewing...
Sample
(Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [National Széchényi Library]), in Nemzetőr. Melléklet a "Pesti Divatlaphoz" [National Guardsman: Supplement to the Pest Fashion Magazine], No. 21, November 23, 1848, p. 323 (1848), 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: To the Daughters of the Homeland. DESCRIPTION: This poem is from the title page of the 23 November 1848 issue of Nemzetőr (Guardian of the Nation). It exhorts patriotic girls to stand behind the revolutionary soldier fighting in the Hungarian militia/army (honvéd). In the last stanza, the image of sewing slides into the metaphor of stabbing to death the Habsburg enemy, embodied in the Viennese privy council rather than in the monarch, wh...
TITLE: To the Daughters of the Homeland. DESCRIPTION: This poem is from the title page of the 23 November 1848 issue of Nemzetőr (Guardian of the Nation). It exhorts patriotic girls to stand behind the revolutionary soldier fighting in the Hungarian militia/army (honvéd). In the last stanza, the image of sewing slides into the metaphor of stabbing to death the Habsburg enemy, embodied in the Viennese privy council rather than in the monarch, who at that time was recognized as the legitimate king of Hungary. KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Ferdinand I of Austria; Women Challenging Empire; Peace and War, International Governance and International Law; War; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Social Reform and Political Activism; Habsburg Empire; Hungary
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Poetry
Date Published / Released
23 November 1848, 1848
Person Discussed
Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, 1793-1875
Topic / Theme
Hungarian Revolution of 1848, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, International Peace, Law Enforcement, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Feminism, Austrians, Hungarians
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Hrvatska izborna reforma i žene
written by Marija Jurić Zagorka, 1873-1957, in Ženski svijet, Vol. I, Issue 4, December 1, 1917, pp. 145-146 (1917), 2 page(s)
TITLE: Croatian Electoral Reform and Women. DESCRIPTION: Marija Jurić Zagorka (1873-1956) was a Croatian feminist, the first female political journalist, editor of women’s magazines, and a most popular Croatian writer. The text is an engaged manifest written by one of the most influential female public figures...
Sample
written by Marija Jurić Zagorka, 1873-1957, in Ženski svijet, Vol. I, Issue 4, December 1, 1917, pp. 145-146 (1917), 2 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Croatian Electoral Reform and Women. DESCRIPTION: Marija Jurić Zagorka (1873-1956) was a Croatian feminist, the first female political journalist, editor of women’s magazines, and a most popular Croatian writer. The text is an engaged manifest written by one of the most influential female public figures at that time. It is published in the newly founded magazine Ženskisvijet (Women’s world), edited by Zofka Kveder. The author discuss...
TITLE: Croatian Electoral Reform and Women. DESCRIPTION: Marija Jurić Zagorka (1873-1956) was a Croatian feminist, the first female political journalist, editor of women’s magazines, and a most popular Croatian writer. The text is an engaged manifest written by one of the most influential female public figures at that time. It is published in the newly founded magazine Ženskisvijet (Women’s world), edited by Zofka Kveder. The author discusses the new proposal for the extension of suffrage to all male citizens, presented to the Croatian Parliament in 1917. She argues in favor of women’s suffrage, highlighting that the state gives duties to citizens of both sexes, hence the need for equality in rights. The main part of the article is devoted to discussing the inexistence of a separate women’s movement for women’s rights in countries that are not independent, as opposed to the independent ones. Referring to the common struggle of both men and women in Croatia during history, and especially in the general national struggle against “Pest” (i.e. Budapest as the center of the Hungarian half of the Empire), the author points out that Croatian women refused a separate struggle, as well as an alliance with Hungarian feminists in the fight for women’s suffrage. She refers to a recent visit of an unnamed Hungarian feminist who visited Zagreb and invited Croatian women to overcome Croatian-Hungarian tensions and join Hungarian women in demonstrations for women’s suffrage. While the Croats refused the invitation from Budapest, they sent a delegate to Prague, to a congress of Czech women, where they demonstrated together against the suppression of national rights of Slavic peoples. (Zagorka here probably refers to the Seventh Congress of the International Women’s Suffrage Alliance held in 1913 in Budapest, and the related meeting of Slavic women held in Prague from 8th to the 12th of June 1913, see also 20476). Zagorka’s argumentation in favor of women’s suffrage is based not only on the principles of democracy and equality, but also on the historical merit of Croatian women who shared all nationalist efforts with their male compatriots, giving priority to national struggle over the feminist one. Keywords: Women and Nation within Empire; Relations between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Relationship between Nations in the Empire; Empire and Feminism; Social Reform and Political Activism; Multi-ethnic Participation in Social Movements; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Suffrage; Equal Rights for Women; Habsburg Empire
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Marija Jurić Zagorka, 1873-1957
Date Published / Released
01 December 1917, 1917
Topic / Theme
Women and Immigration, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Nationality Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Equal Rights for Women, Suffrage, Social and Cultural Rights, Human Rights, Empire and Feminism, Croatians, Hungarians, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Hungary XI, No 12 Complimentary Number: The World's Women's Congress, Budapest, 1913
(Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 51), in Hungary: The World's Women's Congress, Budapest, 1913, Vol. 11 no. 12, Complimentary Number, 1913, pp. 189-232 (Budapest, Budapest County, 1913), 44 page(s)
KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary Francis Joseph; Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; István Bárczy Major of Budapest; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the In...
Sample
(Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 25 Folder 51), in Hungary: The World's Women's Congress, Budapest, 1913, Vol. 11 no. 12, Complimentary Number, 1913, pp. 189-232 (Budapest, Budapest County, 1913), 44 page(s)
Description
KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary Francis Joseph; Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; István Bárczy Major of Budapest; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Advertizing Hungary; Hungarian Attractio...
KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary Francis Joseph; Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; István Bárczy Major of Budapest; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Seventh Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance IWSA, Budapest, 15-21 June 1913; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Advertizing Hungary; Hungarian Attractions; Hungarian Institutions; Child Protection; Visit to Child Protection Institutions; Hungarian Development
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Date Published / Released
1913
Person Discussed
István Bárczy, 1866-1943, Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1830-1916
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Human Rights, Suffrage, Empire and Feminism, Hungarians
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Hölgyszalon. Elébb reform, azután Noemancipatio.
written by Blanka Teleki, 1806-1862 (Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [National Széchényi Library]), in Életképek. Nép szava [Genre Paintings: Voice of the People], Vol. 9 no. 21, May 7, 1848, pp. 593–594 (1848), 2 page(s)
TITLE: Ladies’ Salon: First Reform, Then Women’s Emancipation. DESCRIPTION: Contribution by Blanka Teleki (1806-1862) to the 7 May 1848 issue of Életképek. In her contribution, countess Blanka Teleki implies that the triumph of the slogan ‘Liberty, Equality, Fraternity’ (also the motto that the journal c...
Sample
written by Blanka Teleki, 1806-1862 (Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [National Széchényi Library]), in Életképek. Nép szava [Genre Paintings: Voice of the People], Vol. 9 no. 21, May 7, 1848, pp. 593–594 (1848), 2 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Ladies’ Salon: First Reform, Then Women’s Emancipation. DESCRIPTION: Contribution by Blanka Teleki (1806-1862) to the 7 May 1848 issue of Életképek. In her contribution, countess Blanka Teleki implies that the triumph of the slogan ‘Liberty, Equality, Fraternity’ (also the motto that the journal carried in its masthead) has ripened the time for women’s emancipation, calling on Hungarian women to live up to the slogan and thus ..
TITLE: Ladies’ Salon: First Reform, Then Women’s Emancipation. DESCRIPTION: Contribution by Blanka Teleki (1806-1862) to the 7 May 1848 issue of Életképek. In her contribution, countess Blanka Teleki implies that the triumph of the slogan ‘Liberty, Equality, Fraternity’ (also the motto that the journal carried in its masthead) has ripened the time for women’s emancipation, calling on Hungarian women to live up to the slogan and thus “make it true.” Hungarian women must rise up from intellectual under age status to freedom and inspire their husbands to heroism, like Júlia Szendrei (1828-1868), Petőfi’s wife. Teleki stated that “woman stands at a monumental place if she understands the importance of her condition.” Teleki also encourages Hungarian women to get their daughters out from under the thumb of governesses, to give them an education worthy of human beings rather than of mayflies on the lookout for an eligible mate, to make them study singing (instead of piano), history, science, ethics and hygiene, and to restrict the teaching of handicraft to needlework for personal use. For an account on women in the Hungarian revolution of 1848/1849, see Robert Nemes, “Getting to the Source: Women in the 1848-1849 Hungarian Revolution,” Journal of Women’s History 13, no. 3 (Autumn 2001): 193–207 (15pp.). More on Teleki can be found in Krassimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi, and Francisca de Haan, A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), 218-19. KEYWORDS: Women Challenging Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political and Human Rights; Equal Rights for Women; Women and Education; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Habsburg Empire; Hungary
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Blanka Teleki, 1806-1862
Date Published / Released
07 May 1848, 1848
Person Discussed
Júlia Szendrey, 1828-1868
Topic / Theme
Hungarian Revolution of 1848, Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Gendered Education, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Equal Rights for Women, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Feminism, Hungarians
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In a Different Voice: Responses of Hungarian Feminism to the First World War
written by Judit Acsady, fl. 1994, in The Women's Movement in Wartime: International Perspectives, 1914-19, edited by Alison S. Fell and Ingrid Sharp. (New York, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2007), pp. 105-123 (2007, originally published 2007), 21 page(s)
Sample
written by Judit Acsady, fl. 1994, in The Women's Movement in Wartime: International Perspectives, 1914-19, edited by Alison S. Fell and Ingrid Sharp. (New York, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2007), pp. 105-123 (2007, originally published 2007), 21 page(s)
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Chapter
Author / Creator
Judit Acsady, fl. 1994
Date Published / Released
2007
Topic / Theme
World War I, 1914-1918, Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Equal Rights for Women, Empire and Feminism, Hungarians, Industrialization and Western Global Hegemony (1750–1914), 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Inditvány a felsobb leányiskolák érdekében
written by Antonina De Gerando, 1845-1914 (Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [National Széchényi Library]) (1886) , 6 page(s)
TITLE: Proposition in Interests of Higher Girls' Schools. DESCRIPTION: A pamphlet written by Antonina De Gerando (1845 [?] – 1914 or 1915), likely in 1886. Beginning in 1880, De Gerando served for more than three decades as Director of the high school for girls in Kolozsvár/Cluj/Klausenburg in Transylvania, Hun...
Sample
written by Antonina De Gerando, 1845-1914 (Országos Széchényi Könyvtár [National Széchényi Library]) (1886) , 6 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Proposition in Interests of Higher Girls' Schools. DESCRIPTION: A pamphlet written by Antonina De Gerando (1845 [?] – 1914 or 1915), likely in 1886. Beginning in 1880, De Gerando served for more than three decades as Director of the high school for girls in Kolozsvár/Cluj/Klausenburg in Transylvania, Hungary. She became a public figure promoting girls’ medium-level education and its reform, including women’s qualification for univer...
TITLE: Proposition in Interests of Higher Girls' Schools. DESCRIPTION: A pamphlet written by Antonina De Gerando (1845 [?] – 1914 or 1915), likely in 1886. Beginning in 1880, De Gerando served for more than three decades as Director of the high school for girls in Kolozsvár/Cluj/Klausenburg in Transylvania, Hungary. She became a public figure promoting girls’ medium-level education and its reform, including women’s qualification for university entrance. She responds in the pamphlet to an inquiry by the French politician, Camille Sée, about higher girls’ schools in Hungary. De Gerando first points to their deficient national spirit as their only shortcoming compared to their French counterparts. In the course of her exposition, however, this single defect turns out to have several sides, and she compares France favourably to Hungary in most respects. Accordingly, the Hungarian system of girls’ education reveals its foreign (read: German) origins. The teaching process is overly formalised and mechanical; the textbooks are pedantic; physical education is neglected as is the improvement of linguistic and stylistic skills and of literary taste in the mother tongue. De Gerando argues that more emphasis should also be placed on geography, especially the human geography of Hungary, which should be taught in the highest classes. Some of these criticisms De Gerando will repeat in 1913. See, Antonina De Gerando, A felsőbb leányiskolákról [On Higher Girls’ Schools] (Budapest: Framklin-Társulat Nyomdája, 1913). KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women; “Social Movements and Other Actors beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and National Languages; Women and Education; Women as Teachers; Education in National Languages; Habsburg Empire; Hungary
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1886
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Pamphlet
Author / Creator
Antonina De Gerando, 1845-1914
Person Discussed
Camille Sée, 1847-1919
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Indigenous Languages, Women as Teachers, Access to Higher Education, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Empire and Education, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Feminism, French, Hungarians
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Indreptatire politica femeilor!
written by Eleonora Lemény, 1885-1954, in Adevarul-Glasul Poporulu, December 2, 1918, p. NA (1918), 2 page(s)
TITLE: Legitimate Women's Policy! DESCRIPTION: This brief newspaper article by Eleonora Lemény celebrates Art. III.3 of the 1918 Resolution proclaiming the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania. The article was published in the social-democratic newspaper Adevarul-Glasul Poporului. Eleonora Lemény (1...
Sample
written by Eleonora Lemény, 1885-1954, in Adevarul-Glasul Poporulu, December 2, 1918, p. NA (1918), 2 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Legitimate Women's Policy! DESCRIPTION: This brief newspaper article by Eleonora Lemény celebrates Art. III.3 of the 1918 Resolution proclaiming the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania. The article was published in the social-democratic newspaper Adevarul-Glasul Poporului. Eleonora Lemény (1885-1954) was a teacher and politician, a prominent member of the Social-democratic Party in Transylvania. She was a participant in int...
TITLE: Legitimate Women's Policy! DESCRIPTION: This brief newspaper article by Eleonora Lemény celebrates Art. III.3 of the 1918 Resolution proclaiming the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania. The article was published in the social-democratic newspaper Adevarul-Glasul Poporului. Eleonora Lemény (1885-1954) was a teacher and politician, a prominent member of the Social-democratic Party in Transylvania. She was a participant in international congresses, among which (in all likelihood) the 1913 International Suffrage Congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA), in Budapest. Beginning with 1912, she published on feminist themes in Romanian-language, social-democratic journals. Simultaneously a member of the Reunion of Romanian Women network, she taught literature and foreign languages in the Reunion's Sibiu secondary school. Together with other socialist leaders, she participated in the 1919 Paris negotiations to help convince outside socialist entities of the importance of a unified Romania. The 1918 Resolution proclaiming Transylvania’s union with the Kingdom of Romania included a provision for universal suffrage, at her insistence. She would resign, together with other Socialists, from her post as Minister of Labour in the transitional, government-like body of the Consiliul Dirigent/Transylvanian Guidance Council on account of the Bucharest central government’s dithering on the suffrage question. Art III.3 of the Resolution mentioned in this newspaper clipping called for “popular, direct, equal, secret vote, per village commune, proportionally, for both sexes, aged at least 21 years for representation in village communes, counties or parliament.” Lemény’s article argues that the provision built on the growing recognition of women’s long-standing political efforts for the national and social cause; she guarantees that “the future will show how much labor power, how much energy of thought has been squandered until now by disregarding women’s political work.” The document highlights the ideological diversity which existed among women involved in the Reuniunile Femeilor Române/Reunions of Romanian Women, the Transylvanian Romanian nationalist associations dedicated to philanthropy and women’s education. Secondly, the document signals discussions on suffrage in a post-imperial setting. Lemény’s biography reveals the importance of transnational connections, within and outside the Habsburg Empire for the genesis of these ideological positions. Her stance on the “national question” for instance, was compatible with the Austro-Marxist tradition, a current of thought which considered nationalist identifications to not be merely superstructural. The article also spotlights the largely-forgotten figure of Eleonora Lemény. Finally, it shows the influence of left-leaning versions of feminism in shaping political realities in Transylvania before and after 1918. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Peace and War, International Governance, and International Law; State Sovereignty; International Peace; Women and International Relations; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women Challenging Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Socialism; Political and Human Rights; Human Rights, Suffrage; Equal Rights for Women; Women and Education; Women as Teachers; Habsburg Empire; Transylvania; Eleonora Lemenyi/ Nora Lemeny/ Lemenyi/Lemeny/ Lemeni/ Lemenyi-Rozvan/ Lemeny-Rozvany; Transylvania; Hermannstadt; Reuniunea Femeilor Române / Reunion of Romanian Women; Women’s Associations.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Eleonora Lemény, 1885-1954
Date Published / Released
02 December 1918, 1918
Person Discussed
Eleonora Lemény, 1885-1954
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Indigenous Women, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Suffrage, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Feminism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Women as Teachers, Huma...
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Women and Education, Indigenous Women, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Suffrage, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Feminism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Women as Teachers, Human Rights, Socialism, Social and Political Leadership, Domestic/National Sovereignty, International Peace, Romanians, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Insemnarea
(Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov, 4471/1854, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, f.1) (1854) , 2 page(s)
TITLE: Funds Resulted from the Sale of Portrait of Empress of Austria. DESCRIPTION: Brief list of names of women and men who had purchased reproductions of the Austrian Empress’s portrait for the benefit of the first women’s association among Transylvanian Romanians, the Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ The Reunion...
Sample
(Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov, 4471/1854, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, f.1) (1854) , 2 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Funds Resulted from the Sale of Portrait of Empress of Austria. DESCRIPTION: Brief list of names of women and men who had purchased reproductions of the Austrian Empress’s portrait for the benefit of the first women’s association among Transylvanian Romanians, the Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ The Reunion of Romanian Women in Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt. The Reunion had been founded four years earlier, in 1850. Its focus was on facilitatin...
TITLE: Funds Resulted from the Sale of Portrait of Empress of Austria. DESCRIPTION: Brief list of names of women and men who had purchased reproductions of the Austrian Empress’s portrait for the benefit of the first women’s association among Transylvanian Romanians, the Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ The Reunion of Romanian Women in Brașov/Brassó/Kronstadt. The Reunion had been founded four years earlier, in 1850. Its focus was on facilitating girls’ education. ¶ During the 1850s, Transylvania was under direct Austrian administration, and political activity was severely curtailed, as in the rest of the Habsburg Empire, after the defeat of the 1848/1849 Revolutions. Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria became Empress of Austria following her marriage to Emperor Franz Joseph I, during the same year. The sale of the portrait was one way of highlighting Transylvanian Romanian’s loyalty to the Habsburg dynasty. It also shows that politically-minded Transylvanian Romanians participated in Empire-wide celebrations, such as a monarch’s marriage. Sale of the portrait of the Empress may have expanded the donors’ base outside the community of Romanian-language nationalists. ¶ The document offers a glimpse into the reach and the methods of organizing women-centric, associational life in communities that perceived themselves as non-dominant in the Empire during the neo-absolutism of the 1850s. It highlights engagement with political events in Vienna and strategic use of Habsburg-related symbolism in order to attain local goals. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Women and Education; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; Transylvania; Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ The Reunion of Romanian Women; Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, Elisabeth of Bavaria (“Sissi”); Funds and donations; Women’s associations.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1854
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Financial document
Person Discussed
Elisabeth, Empress, consort of Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 1837-1898
Topic / Theme
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Women and Education, Empire and Feminism, Social and Cultural Rights, Empire and Education
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Jeanne del Homme to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894 (3)
written by Jeanne del Homme, fl. 1894 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 830/1894, ff. 1-4) (1894) , 8 page(s)
TITLE: Jeanne del Homme to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894 (3). DESCRIPTION: This letter is one of three written by Jeanne del Homme, in French, to Emilia Rațiu in 1894. The year has been determined based on content. Jeanne del Homme was a French teacher, based in Oxford and then in Le Mans. She was instrumental...
Sample
written by Jeanne del Homme, fl. 1894 (Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest, 830/1894, ff. 1-4) (1894) , 8 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Jeanne del Homme to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894 (3). DESCRIPTION: This letter is one of three written by Jeanne del Homme, in French, to Emilia Rațiu in 1894. The year has been determined based on content. Jeanne del Homme was a French teacher, based in Oxford and then in Le Mans. She was instrumental in publicizing the “Memorandum trial” occurring in Transylvania in 1894 among English progressive liberals. Emilia Rațiu (1846-192...
TITLE: Jeanne del Homme to Emilia Dr. Rațiu, London, 1894 (3). DESCRIPTION: This letter is one of three written by Jeanne del Homme, in French, to Emilia Rațiu in 1894. The year has been determined based on content. Jeanne del Homme was a French teacher, based in Oxford and then in Le Mans. She was instrumental in publicizing the “Memorandum trial” occurring in Transylvania in 1894 among English progressive liberals. Emilia Rațiu (1846-1929) was a Transylvanian Romanian nationalist activist and a frequent contributor to Familia magazine. She was married to Romanian National Party leader Ioan Rațiu. She was president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in the town of Turda/Torda/Thorenburg, founder of the Women’s Reading Society in the same town in 1873, and an initiator of several other social reform and welfare activities. She led international mobilization efforts in favor of the claims of Transylvanian Romanians within Austria-Hungary, especially following the arrest of Ioan Rațiu in 1894. Ioan Rațiu was arrested following his condemnation for anti-state activity through the distribution of a manifesto on Transylvanian autonomy and linguistic rights in the “Memorandum trial” mentioned in the letter. ¶ This letter thanks Emilia Rațiu for the beautifully-embroidered chemisette and bolero she had sent, mentions friends’ admiration for the clothes’ graceful shapes and harmonious colors, and asks Rațiu to thank everyone who worked on the clothing. Del Homme informs Rațiu that she spoke at length to three Members of Parliament on the “Romanian Question”, trying to persuade them that “a word said in Parliament” would greatly help Rațiu’s work. Del Homme reports that MPs were sympathetic and requested further documents on the issue. Del Homme writes that she sent several reports on the Memorandum trial happening in Cluj/Kolosvàr/Klausenburg to English newspapers but that the press there was “hesitant” to publish an account, for “fear of inciting polemics.” ¶ This letter is one among several exchanged in 1894 by Emilia Rațiu and progressive Englishwomen. It sheds light on the merging of transnational cultural interaction (i.e., sending parts of a folk costume as a gift) with transnational political activism and lobbying. Among others, this mix was made possible by the incorporation into nationalists’ self-definition of a particularly Austro-Hungarian ethnographic gaze, which emphasized both ethnic diversity and difference. The document also underscores women’s involvement in England in lobbying Parliament on behalf of the rights of dominated nations or nationalities. It points to the cautious attitude of English MPs as well as the English press towards what was being presented as the “Romanian Question.” KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Peace and War, International Governance, and International Law; Women and International Relations; Empire and Internationalism; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; Transylvania; Networks; Mobilization; Lobbying; Cultural Diplomacy; Press.
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1894
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Jeanne del Homme, fl. 1894
Topic / Theme
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Women of Color, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Immigration, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Empire and Internationalism, Empire and Feminism, Equal Rights for Women, Racial and Ethnic Differences Among Women, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Nationality Rights, Pol...
Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Political and Human Rights, Women of Color, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Immigration, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Empire and Internationalism, Empire and Feminism, Equal Rights for Women, Racial and Ethnic Differences Among Women, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Nationality Rights, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, International Peace, Social and Cultural Rights, Austrians, Hungarians, English, Romanians
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