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Clara Zetkin to Marie Gardós, Wilhelmshöhe, 10 April 1909
written by Clara Zetkin, 1857-1933 (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives], 940. f. 35. ő.e.) (10 April 1909) , 3 page(s)
TITLE: Clara Zetkin to Marie Gardós [Mariska Gárdos], Wilhelmshöhe, 10 April 1909. DESCRIPTION: The letter is kept in the papers of Mariska Gárdos (Mária Gárdos, Mrs. György Pintér, 1884 or 1885-1973) in the Institute of Political History, Archives (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára), Budapest, Hung...
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written by Clara Zetkin, 1857-1933 (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives], 940. f. 35. ő.e.) (10 April 1909) , 3 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Clara Zetkin to Marie Gardós [Mariska Gárdos], Wilhelmshöhe, 10 April 1909. DESCRIPTION: The letter is kept in the papers of Mariska Gárdos (Mária Gárdos, Mrs. György Pintér, 1884 or 1885-1973) in the Institute of Political History, Archives (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára), Budapest, Hungary. Gárdos was a key representative of the social democratic women’s movement in Hungary under the Habsburg Monarchy. Clara Zetkin,...
TITLE: Clara Zetkin to Marie Gardós [Mariska Gárdos], Wilhelmshöhe, 10 April 1909. DESCRIPTION: The letter is kept in the papers of Mariska Gárdos (Mária Gárdos, Mrs. György Pintér, 1884 or 1885-1973) in the Institute of Political History, Archives (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára), Budapest, Hungary. Gárdos was a key representative of the social democratic women’s movement in Hungary under the Habsburg Monarchy. Clara Zetkin, in this letter, informs Gárdos that the German party leadership has rejected the proposal to send a German delegate to the third social democratic women’s congress in Hungary. Gárdos shall regard the letter Zetkin had sent the day before as letter of congratulations on behalf of the German woman Comrades as well as the International Secretary (i.e., the Secretariat of the Socialist Women’s International). See also, Mária [Mariska] Gárdos, “Erster Frauentag - vor Fünfzig Jahren in _Neue Zeitung_ IV, Nummer 10 [First Women’s Day – Fifty Years Ago in _New Newspaper_ IV, no. 10]” (Newspaper article, Budapest, March 4, 1960), 940. f. 24. ő.e., Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives]; “Clara Zetkin to Fr. Marie Gárdos [Mrs. Mariska Gárdos], Wilhelmshöhe, 31 March 1909” (Letter, Wilhelmshöhe, 1909), 940. f. 35. ő.e., Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives]; and “Clara Zetkin to Mariska Gárdos, Wilhelmshöhe, 8 April 1909” (Letter, Wilhelmshöhe, 1909), 940. f. 35. ő.e., Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives]. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Socialism; Socialist Women; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Germany
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
10 April 1909, 1909
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Clara Zetkin, 1857-1933
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Indigenous Women, Socialism, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Political Leadership, Germans
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Clara Zetkin to Mariska Gárdos, Wilhelmshöhe, 8 April 1909
written by Clara Zetkin, 1857-1933 (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives], 940. f. 35. ő.e.) (08 April 1909) , 4 page(s)
TITLE: Clara Zetkin to Mariska Gárdos, Wilhelmshöhe, 8 April 1909. DESCRIPTION: The letter is kept in the papers of Mariska Gárdos (Mária Gárdos, Mrs. György Pintér, 1884 or 1885-1973) in the Institute of Political History, Archives (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára), Budapest, Hungary. Gárdos was...
Sample
written by Clara Zetkin, 1857-1933 (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives], 940. f. 35. ő.e.) (08 April 1909) , 4 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Clara Zetkin to Mariska Gárdos, Wilhelmshöhe, 8 April 1909. DESCRIPTION: The letter is kept in the papers of Mariska Gárdos (Mária Gárdos, Mrs. György Pintér, 1884 or 1885-1973) in the Institute of Political History, Archives (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára), Budapest, Hungary. Gárdos was a key representative of the social democratic women’s movement in Hungary under the Habsburg Monarchy. The handwritten letter by Clar...
TITLE: Clara Zetkin to Mariska Gárdos, Wilhelmshöhe, 8 April 1909. DESCRIPTION: The letter is kept in the papers of Mariska Gárdos (Mária Gárdos, Mrs. György Pintér, 1884 or 1885-1973) in the Institute of Political History, Archives (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára), Budapest, Hungary. Gárdos was a key representative of the social democratic women’s movement in Hungary under the Habsburg Monarchy. The handwritten letter by Clara Zetkin gives the “most cordial greetings from Germany” to the third social democratic women’s congress in Hungary. The German woman comrades will be happy to read that the reactionary ruling forces have not been able to stifle the “young, forward-striving woman workers’ movement” in Hungary, which aims to unite the “double exploited and oppressed” working women. Without difference as to gender, men and women of the working classes in all countries fight against the oppressors without taking note of their gender. The woman Comrades of all countries, with whom the Hungarian woman Comrades are in contact, regard the latter’s fight as their own fight. See also, Mária [Mariska] Gárdos, “Erster Frauentag - vor Fünfzig Jahren in _Neue Zeitung_ IV, Nummer 10 [First Women’s Day – Fifty Years Ago in _New Newspaper_ IV, no. 10]” (Newspaper article, Budapest, March 4, 1960), 940. f. 24. ő.e., Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives]; “Clara Zetkin to Fr. Marie Gárdos [Mrs. Mariska Gárdos], Wilhelmshöhe, 31 March 1909” (Letter, Wilhelmshöhe, 1909), 940. f. 35. ő.e., Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Political History, Archives]; and “Clara Zetkin to Marie Gardós [Mariska Gárdos], Wilhelmshöhe, 10 April 1909” (Letter, Wilhelmshöhe, 1909), 940. f. 35. ő.e., Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives]. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Socialism; Socialist Women; Work and Class Identity; Gender and Class; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Germany
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
08 April 1909, 1909
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Clara Zetkin, 1857-1933
Topic / Theme
Work and Class Identity, Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women as “Proletariat”, Equal Rights for Women, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Socialism, Germans, Hungarians
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![Clara Zetkin to Szeréna Ladányi [Mrs. Buchinger], Berne, 18 April 1915](https://d3crmev290s45i.cloudfront.net/content/1009464xxx/1009464455/1009464455-size-exact-140x0.jpg "Clara Zetkin to Szeréna Ladányi [Mrs. Buchinger], Berne, 18 April 1915")
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Clara Zetkin to Szeréna Ladányi [Mrs. Buchinger], Berne, 18 April 1915
written by Clara Zetkin, 1857-1933 (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives], 696. f. 165. ő.e) (18 April 1915) , 1 page(s)
TITLE: Clara Zetkin to Szeréna Ladányi [Mrs. Buchinger], Berne, 18 April 1915. DESCRIPTION: On behalf of Clara Zetkin, the letter informs the “Esteemed Woman Comrade” to whom it is addressed about the international conference of socialist women which had been sitting in March 1915 in Berne, explaining that i...
Sample
written by Clara Zetkin, 1857-1933 (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára [Institute of Poitical History, Archives], 696. f. 165. ő.e) (18 April 1915) , 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Clara Zetkin to Szeréna Ladányi [Mrs. Buchinger], Berne, 18 April 1915. DESCRIPTION: On behalf of Clara Zetkin, the letter informs the “Esteemed Woman Comrade” to whom it is addressed about the international conference of socialist women which had been sitting in March 1915 in Berne, explaining that it had not been possible for Zetkin – “for reasons you easily understand” – to share the information earlier. The letter is kept...
TITLE: Clara Zetkin to Szeréna Ladányi [Mrs. Buchinger], Berne, 18 April 1915. DESCRIPTION: On behalf of Clara Zetkin, the letter informs the “Esteemed Woman Comrade” to whom it is addressed about the international conference of socialist women which had been sitting in March 1915 in Berne, explaining that it had not been possible for Zetkin – “for reasons you easily understand” – to share the information earlier. The letter is kept in the papers attributed to Szerena Ladányi Mrs. Buchinger and her husband Manó Buchinger, kept in the Institute of Political History, Archives Division (Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltára) in Budapest, Hungary. Ladányi was involved in the social democratic women’s movement in Budapest, Hungary since 1905. In the years before World War I and during the War she was a key representative of the social democratic women’s movement associated with the Social-democratic Party of Hungary (Magyarországi Szociáldemokrata Párt, MSZDP). KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; International Women’s Conference Berne 1915; Peace and War, International Governance, and International Law; World War I; Social Reform and Political Activism; Socialist Women
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
18 April 1915, 1915
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Clara Zetkin, 1857-1933
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Socialism, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Computu public alu fondului Reuniunei Femeilor Române spre ajutoriulu crescerei fetitieloru orfane scl si actele acesteia: Partea II. pentr...
written by Maria Nicolau, fl. 1854 (Brașov, Brașov County: Römer and Kamner (Publisher), 1854), 48 page(s)
TITLE: Public Account for the Fund of the Reunion of Romanian Women to Aid in Raising Orphan Girls, etc., and its Acts: Part II, Year III. DESCRIPTION: This document is the second part of a two-part account included in this digital archive. For Part I, see Maria Nicolau, Computu public alu fondului Reuniunei Femei...
Sample
written by Maria Nicolau, fl. 1854 (Brașov, Brașov County: Römer and Kamner (Publisher), 1854), 48 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Public Account for the Fund of the Reunion of Romanian Women to Aid in Raising Orphan Girls, etc., and its Acts: Part II, Year III. DESCRIPTION: This document is the second part of a two-part account included in this digital archive. For Part I, see Maria Nicolau, Computu public alu fondului Reuniunei Femeilor Române spre ajutoriulu crescerei fetitieloru orfane scl si actele acesteia: Partea I. pentru anulu I si II [Public Account for the...
TITLE: Public Account for the Fund of the Reunion of Romanian Women to Aid in Raising Orphan Girls, etc., and its Acts: Part II, Year III. DESCRIPTION: This document is the second part of a two-part account included in this digital archive. For Part I, see Maria Nicolau, Computu public alu fondului Reuniunei Femeilor Române spre ajutoriulu crescerei fetitieloru orfane scl si actele acesteia: Partea I. pentru anulu I si II [Public Account for the Fund of the Reunion of Romanian Women to Aid in Raising Orphan Girls, etc., and its Acts: Part I, Year I and II] (Brasov: Römer & Kamner, 1853). Reports, accounts and transcribed documents by and for the Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov covering the first four years of its existence (1850-1854). The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov/Brasso/Kronstadt was founded in 1850. Its initial goal was to support and educate orphaned girls. From 1880, it focused more on providing a Romanian-language education for middle-class girls. In its first decade of functioning, the Reunion opened a primary school for girls in Brasov and a handiwork school in the neighboring, smaller town of Blaj. Later, it organized a boarding school. A later account of the political and social context in which the Reunion was founded and functioned in its first two decades, was published by its then President in 1870. The Reunion mobilized an impressive support network in aristocratic and merchant families in the Empire and counted, on average, 100 local members throughout its existence This document provides details on the circumstances in which the Brasov Reunion was founded, its initial goals and the reasons provided for women’s growing social involvement. It shows that in a period considered repressive towards civil society organizing in the whole of the Habsburg Empire, because of the aftermath of the 1848-1849 Revolution, Romanian speaking upper-middle class women in the city considered themselves “secure [enough] under the Austrian scepter” to create an association. The transcribed speeches, meeting protocols, and accounting books for the years 1850-1854 show that the Reunion admitted members regardless of confession, organized collections throughout the region and deposited its capital in different investments, using the interest obtained to support up to a dozen girls. This Yearbook for the period 1850-1854 reveals that founders aimed to work “to the benefit of offering a more solid upbringing to our sex, and especially to the orphans of martyrs of the faith from the past revolution.” They obtained the support of the Austrian governor of Transylvania Ludwig von Wohlgemuth and a donation from his spouse, Sofia Wohlgemuth; they also named several noble women from Austria and neighboring territories inhabited by Romanians as patrons. Interestingly, the Yearbook highlights a number of discourses motivating Transylvanian Romanian women’s involvement in the relatively novel domain of civic associations. In letters, speeches and reports republished in the book, they argued that: they were “following the example of other European ladies,” that women should prove that they understand and support their husbands’ struggle for nationality rights, that girls’ upbringing needed to be better suited to the “new life of the present century,” and that the context calls on women to add social concerns to their domestic duties. The document offers an insight into the beginnings of Romanian women’s associations in Transylvania, the mobilization techniques they used, their relatively comfortable relationship with Habsburg authorities during the neo-absolutism of the 1850s and the intellectual genealogy of ideas about women’s social contributions through education. ¶ The ulterior evolution of the Reunion (up until its disbandment in 1939) is mirrored in several other items included in this digital archive: see, Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brasov, “Propecta [Proposal for Modified Statutes of the Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brașov]” (Statutes, Brașov, 1861), 5150/1861, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff. 1-3, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov; Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brașov, “Regulament. Pentru internatul de fetite ax reuniunii femeilor române din Brasov [Regulations: For the Girls’ Boarding School of the Reunion of the Romanian Women in Brașov]” (Policy, Brașov, României, January 1, 1888), 5747/1888, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov; Reuniunea Femeilor Române Brașov, “Simțindu-se încă de mult lipsa unei scóle practice, 6 iunie 1893 [Given the Lack of a Practical School: Statutes, 6 June 1893, with Penciled Comments by the Representative of the Hungarian Ministry of Internal Affairs, November 1894]” (Statutes, Brașov, November 1894), 5904/1893 and 5960/1783, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff. 4-10, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov; and Reuniunea Femeilor Romane Brasov, “Raportul [Report of the Committee of the Reunion of Romanian Women to the General Assembly held on 11/23 October 1892]” (Report, Brașov, October 11, 1892), 5864/1892, Fond 1299, Societatea Reuniunea Femeilor Romane din Brasov, ff.1-2, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Serviciul Judetean al Arhivelor Nationale Brasov. Keywords: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Imperial Identity; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Education; Access to Primary Education/Literacy; Gendered Education; Habsburg Empire; Reunion of Romanian Women/Reuniunea Femeilor Române; Funds and Donations; Political mobilization; Neo-absolutism; Habsburg Empire; Transylvania
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Maria Nicolau, fl. 1854
Date Published / Released
1854
Publisher
Römer and Kamner (Publisher)
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Indigenous Women, Equal Rights for Women, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Gendered Education, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Opposition to Imperialism, Social and Political Leadership, Social and Cul...
Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Indigenous Women, Equal Rights for Women, Empire and Feminism, National Identity, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Gendered Education, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Opposition to Imperialism, Social and Political Leadership, Social and Cultural Rights, Romanians
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Connie Mofokeng, interview by Diana Russell, South Africa, 1987
written by Connie Mofokeng, 1959-, in South African Women, 1987, of Diana Russell Personal Collection; interview by Diana Russell, 1938- (1987), 28 mins
Interview of Connie Mofokeng by Diana Russell, South Africa, 1987 Proofed by Lynne Aschman.
Portrait. This image is part of series of photographs taken during Diana Russell's travels in South Africa for the research phase of the book, Lives of Courage: Women for a New South Africa.
Sample
written by Connie Mofokeng, 1959-, in South African Women, 1987, of Diana Russell Personal Collection; interview by Diana Russell, 1938- (1987), 28 mins
Description
Interview of Connie Mofokeng by Diana Russell, South Africa, 1987 Proofed by Lynne Aschman.
Portrait. This image is part of series of photographs taken during Diana Russell's travels in South Africa for the research phase of the book, Lives of Courage: Women for a New South Africa.
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1987
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Interview
Author / Creator
Connie Mofokeng, 1959-, Diana Russell, 1938-
Date Published / Released
1987
Person Discussed
Connie Mofokeng, 1959-
Topic / Theme
Apartheid, South Africa, 1948-1994, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women, Social Reform and Political Activism, Law Enforcement, Apartheid in South Africa, Social and Political Leadership, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, South Africans, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Cooperation between White and Colored Women
written by Charlotte Hawkins Brown, 1883-1961, in Missionary Review of the World, Vol. 45, June 1922, pp. 484-87 (Missionary Review of the World, originally published 1922), 4 page(s)
Sample
written by Charlotte Hawkins Brown, 1883-1961, in Missionary Review of the World, Vol. 45, June 1922, pp. 484-87 (Missionary Review of the World, originally published 1922), 4 page(s)
Collection
Women and Social Movements in the United States,1600-2000
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Charlotte Hawkins Brown, 1883-1961
Date Published / Released
1922-06
Topic / Theme
Association and organization conferences, Race relations, Social Reform and Political Activism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements
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Cuvantul de deschidere rostit de doamna Maria B. Baiulescu, presedinta Uniunii Femeilor Romane din Brasov la I-ul Congres al Reuniunilor de...
written by Maria Baiulescu, 1860-1941 ("George Baritiu" Library, Brasov, Romania, MS 1954, f. 36, "George Baritiu" County Library Special Collections) (1913) , 1 page(s)
TITLE: Opening Speech Given by Mrs. Maria B. Baiulescu, President of the Union of Romanian Women in Brasov to the Ist Congress of the Women's Reunions held in Brasov between 3-5 June 1913. DESCRIPTION: Typed draft of speech by Maria Baiulescu on the occasion of the first congress of the Union of Romanian Women in...
Sample
written by Maria Baiulescu, 1860-1941 ("George Baritiu" Library, Brasov, Romania, MS 1954, f. 36, "George Baritiu" County Library Special Collections) (1913) , 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Opening Speech Given by Mrs. Maria B. Baiulescu, President of the Union of Romanian Women in Brasov to the Ist Congress of the Women's Reunions held in Brasov between 3-5 June 1913. DESCRIPTION: Typed draft of speech by Maria Baiulescu on the occasion of the first congress of the Union of Romanian Women in Hungary. Maria Baiulescu (1860-1941) was an author, Romanian nationalist and civic organizer. She was the president of the Reunion of R...
TITLE: Opening Speech Given by Mrs. Maria B. Baiulescu, President of the Union of Romanian Women in Brasov to the Ist Congress of the Women's Reunions held in Brasov between 3-5 June 1913. DESCRIPTION: Typed draft of speech by Maria Baiulescu on the occasion of the first congress of the Union of Romanian Women in Hungary. Maria Baiulescu (1860-1941) was an author, Romanian nationalist and civic organizer. She was the president of the Reunion of Romanian Women in Brasov/Brasso/Kronstadt (1908-1935), the President of the Union of Romanian Women (a federation of Transylvanian women’s associations) (1913-1935), and leader of ASTRA association’s Biopolitical Section, founded in 1927. A supporter of women’s social involvement, she advocated what has been termed “republican motherhood,” which focused on women’s roles as nurturers and educators of the nation. See, Krassimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi, and Francisca de Haan, A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), 48-50. Baiulescu’s personal archives are housed by the "George Baritiu" County Library Brasov (Romania), Special Collections Unit. The Union of Romanian Women reunited approximatively half of the 60 independent Romanian women’s “Reunions” that had appeared in Transylvania since the 1850s. ¶ The speech laid out the purpose of a Union with “centralized power” to direct the activities of the adhering women’s Reunions in Hungary. The document also argued that the Union would direct the activities of women’s Reunions that would form in the future. The goals of the Union outlined by Baiulescu were promoting girls’ education, preserving peasant women’s handicraft traditions, raising “hardworking and thrifty wives and mothers,” promoting charitability among women, and creating a unified orphanage. Finally, according to Baiulescu, “through her disinterested social work woman is becoming an important factor even in states’ lives as only she is capable to resolve somewhat the humanitarian problem.” At first sight, the speech reaffirms and unifies the existing areas of activity of the Union’s members and places them within the politically uncontroversial frame of “republican motherhood.” However, concerning the context of this speech, the Romanian Women’s Union founding congress was scheduled to coincide with the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) Congress in Budapest (3-5 June 1913). Whereas Saxon and Hungarian women’s associations in Transylvania were visible participants at the IWSA Congress, the newly-formed Union abstained from organized participation. The abstention was due to a “silenced or veiled” (but, nevertheless, present) suffrage politics pursued by the Transylvanian Romanian women’s movement in Hungary, one that may have been carried aut through the Romanian National Party’s advocating universal suffrage in the Hungarian Parliament, largely because of governemntal restrictions against minorities associational life in the Kingdom of Hungary ¶ This document points to the existence of the Union of Romanian Women in Hungary and the tendencies towards centralization of disparate women’s associations, occurring by the 1910s. Secondly, Baiulescu’s speech reveals the rhetoric that masked the transnational connections and internationally convergent politics some politically-minded Transylvanian Romanian women, although, perhaps, not Maria Baiulescu herself, were pursuing at the time. KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; National Identity; Social Reform and Political Activism; Welfare Movements; Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Political and Human Rights; Human Rights, Suffrage; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Work and Class Identity; Sexual Division of Labor; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA).
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1913
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Speech/Address
Author / Creator
Maria Baiulescu, 1860-1941
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Work and Class Identity, Indigenous Women, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Equal Rights for Women, Sexual Division of Labor, Gendered Education, Human Rights, Su...
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Work and Class Identity, Indigenous Women, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social and Cultural Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Equal Rights for Women, Sexual Division of Labor, Gendered Education, Human Rights, Suffrage, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, Social Movements and Indigenous Women, Social and Political Leadership, Empire and Feminism, Romanians
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![The Daily Svornost [Concord] to Božena Viková-Kunetická, Chicago, June 8, 1912](https://d3crmev290s45i.cloudfront.net/content/1009458xxx/1009458975/1009458975-size-exact-140x0.jpg "The Daily Svornost [Concord] to Božena Viková-Kunetická, Chicago, June 8, 1912")
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The Daily Svornost [Concord] to Božena Viková-Kunetická, Chicago, June 8, 1912
written by Daily Svornost (Památník národního písemnictví v Praze, Literární archiv, [Memorial of National Literature, Literary Archives], fond Viková-Kunětická Božena, access. no. 59/55, folder blahopřání k zvolení B. Vikové-Kunětické do sněmu král. Českého z roku 1912 [congratulations on the election of B. Viková-Kunětická to Bohemian Provincial Diet in 1912]) (08 June 1912) , 1 page(s)
TITLE: The Daily Svornost [Concord] to Božena Viková-Kunětická, Chicago, June 8, 1912. DESCRIPTION: The Daily Svornost [The Daily Concord] was the first Czech journal in Chicago, founded in 1875. Božena Viková-Kunětická (1862-1934) was a Czech speaking writer and nationalist politician. In 1912, she was el...
Sample
written by Daily Svornost (Památník národního písemnictví v Praze, Literární archiv, [Memorial of National Literature, Literary Archives], fond Viková-Kunětická Božena, access. no. 59/55, folder blahopřání k zvolení B. Vikové-Kunětické do sněmu král. Českého z roku 1912 [congratulations on the election of B. Viková-Kunětická to Bohemian Provincial Diet in 1912]) (08 June 1912) , 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Daily Svornost [Concord] to Božena Viková-Kunětická, Chicago, June 8, 1912. DESCRIPTION: The Daily Svornost [The Daily Concord] was the first Czech journal in Chicago, founded in 1875. Božena Viková-Kunětická (1862-1934) was a Czech speaking writer and nationalist politician. In 1912, she was elected a deputy to the Bohemian Provincial Diet, the first elected woman deputy in the Habsburg Monarchy. The curial electoral system to...
TITLE: The Daily Svornost [Concord] to Božena Viková-Kunětická, Chicago, June 8, 1912. DESCRIPTION: The Daily Svornost [The Daily Concord] was the first Czech journal in Chicago, founded in 1875. Božena Viková-Kunětická (1862-1934) was a Czech speaking writer and nationalist politician. In 1912, she was elected a deputy to the Bohemian Provincial Diet, the first elected woman deputy in the Habsburg Monarchy. The curial electoral system to the Diet, in use since 1861, was based on tax and property qualifications and thus excluded a major part of the citizens on the basis of class. At the same time the regulations pertaining to the Bohemian Diet used gender neutral terms – some women thus were not deprived from the right to vote to the Diet, some were not explicitly excluded from the passive electoral right. The publisher of the Daily Svornost congratulates the Czech writer Božena Viková-Kunětická to her victory in the election and asks her to send a message to the “Czech America.” KEYWORDS: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Political and Human Rights; Suffrage; Habsburg Empire; Cisleithania; Bohemia
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
08 June 1912, 1912
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Author / Creator
Daily Svornost
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Suffrage, Empire and Internationalism, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Czechs
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Der Stand der Frauenbildung in Polen
written by Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmitt, 1859-1921 (Austrian National Library), in Handbuch der Frauenbewegung. Teil III: Der Stand der Frauenbildung in den Kulturländern, edited by Helene Lange and Gertrud Bäumer. (Berlin, Germany: W. Moeser Buchhandlung, 1902), pp. 339–354 (1902), 16 page(s)
Title: The State of Women's Education in Poland. Description: The author, Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmitt (1859–1921), was a Polish feminist, publicist and editor. In 1907, she founded the Union of Equal Rights for Polish Women. In this article, Kuczalska-Reinschmitt starts with the history of women's education in...
Sample
written by Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmitt, 1859-1921 (Austrian National Library), in Handbuch der Frauenbewegung. Teil III: Der Stand der Frauenbildung in den Kulturländern, edited by Helene Lange and Gertrud Bäumer. (Berlin, Germany: W. Moeser Buchhandlung, 1902), pp. 339–354 (1902), 16 page(s)
Description
Title: The State of Women's Education in Poland. Description: The author, Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmitt (1859–1921), was a Polish feminist, publicist and editor. In 1907, she founded the Union of Equal Rights for Polish Women. In this article, Kuczalska-Reinschmitt starts with the history of women's education in Poland. She elaborates that there was an old Polish tradition of an equal education of women and men in Poland. The influence of priva...
Title: The State of Women's Education in Poland. Description: The author, Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmitt (1859–1921), was a Polish feminist, publicist and editor. In 1907, she founded the Union of Equal Rights for Polish Women. In this article, Kuczalska-Reinschmitt starts with the history of women's education in Poland. She elaborates that there was an old Polish tradition of an equal education of women and men in Poland. The influence of private and religious schools like Sacre Coeur and convent schools caused a turning point. Furthermore, she underlines that periods of war interrupted the development of the women's education in Poland. As influential female pedagogics, she names Tanska Hofmanowa and Narcyza Zmichowska. In the second part of the article, she gives an overview of the current status of the women's and girl's education in Poland. This section is divided in a part for “Russisch-Polen” and “Österreich-Polen,” which describes the territory of Galicia. The author discusses elementary schools, schools for higher education and universities. She gives information about numbers of pupil, subjects, teacher's education for the different schools, the wage for the different classes of teacher, and the representation of teachers on the political and administrative level. The author describes that there was no public, higher-education institute for girls in Galicia. Women in Galicia took opposition to the 1900 announced plan by the Austrian Education ministry for to establish Lyceums for girls. The first girls’ gymnasium was established by the “Verein für Mädchengymnasialschule” in 1896. The association was founded in the same year in Krakow. Opposite of the university of Warsaw, which was part of “Russisch-Polen”, the university of Krakow in the part of the “Österreichisch-Polen” opened the philosophic faculty for female students in 1897. This article is published in a handbook Handbuch der Frauenbewegung [Handbook of the Women's Movement] (ed. Helene Lange, Gertrud Bäumer, 1902), which contains several articles about the history of women's movements and their core activities in several countries. The topic of girls' education in the Habsburg Monarchy was also covered by Auguste Fickert in “Der Stand der Frauenbildung in Österreich [Women's Education in Austria]” and by Rosika Schwimmer in “Der Stand der Frauenbildung in Ungarn [Status of Women's Education in Hungary].” Both articles are available as documents in this digital archive. Keywords: Women and Institutions of Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Education; Access to Higher Education; Access to Primary Education/Literacy; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Habsburg Empire; Tanska Hofmanowa; Narcyza Zmichowska; Austria; Poland
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Author / Creator
Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmitt, 1859-1921
Date Published / Released
1902
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Social Reform and Political Activism, Empire and Education, Gendered Education, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Access to Higher Education, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Polish, Spanish, Austrians
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Der Stand der Frauenbildung in Ungarn
written by Rosika Schwimmer, 1877-1948 (Austrian National Library), in Handbuch der Frauenbewegung. Teil III: Der Stand der Frauenbildung in den Kulturländern, edited by Helene Lange and Gertrud Bäumer. (Berlin, Germany: W. Moeser Buchhandlung, 1902), pp. 191-206 (1902), 16 page(s)
Title: The State of Women's Education in Hungary. Description: The author, Rosika Schwimmer (1877–1948), was a leading figure of the progressive-liberal wing of the Hungarian women's movement. In the article, Rosika Schwimmer gives an overview on the educations system in Hungary, from the kindergarten to the uni...
Sample
written by Rosika Schwimmer, 1877-1948 (Austrian National Library), in Handbuch der Frauenbewegung. Teil III: Der Stand der Frauenbildung in den Kulturländern, edited by Helene Lange and Gertrud Bäumer. (Berlin, Germany: W. Moeser Buchhandlung, 1902), pp. 191-206 (1902), 16 page(s)
Description
Title: The State of Women's Education in Hungary. Description: The author, Rosika Schwimmer (1877–1948), was a leading figure of the progressive-liberal wing of the Hungarian women's movement. In the article, Rosika Schwimmer gives an overview on the educations system in Hungary, from the kindergarten to the university. Her description relies on statistic data of 1899/1900 covering only Hungary. In the article, there is no data from other count...
Title: The State of Women's Education in Hungary. Description: The author, Rosika Schwimmer (1877–1948), was a leading figure of the progressive-liberal wing of the Hungarian women's movement. In the article, Rosika Schwimmer gives an overview on the educations system in Hungary, from the kindergarten to the university. Her description relies on statistic data of 1899/1900 covering only Hungary. In the article, there is no data from other countries of the Hungarian crown or other crown lands of the Habsburg Monarchy. In the introduction, Schwimmer mentions that although Hungarian women were privileged concerning their legal status compared to women in other countries, girl's and women's education was only taken up more prominently after the Hungarian state has regained its constitution in 1867. The article describes the Hungarian ministry for education, Gyula Wlassics, as strong supporter of women's education. In December 1895, Wlassic published a “Reskript” stating the access of the philosophic, pharmaceutic and medicine university faculties for female students. For example, the University of Vienna only opened its philosophical faculty for female students in 1897. This article is published in a handbook Handbuch der Frauenbewegung [Handbook of the Women's Movement] (ed. Helene Lange, Gertrud Bäumer, 1902), which contains several articles about the history of women's movements and their core activities in several countries. The topic of girls' education in the Habsburg Monarchy was also covered by Auguste Fickert in “Der Stand der Frauenbildung in Österreich [Women's Education in Austria]” and by Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmitt “Der Stand der Frauenbildung in Polen [The State of Women's Education in Poland].” Both articles are available as documents in this digital archive. Keywords: Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Education; Access to Higher Education; Access to Primary Education/Literacy; Women as Teachers; Habsburg Empire; Gyula Wlassics; Austria; Hungary
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Section
Author / Creator
Rosika Schwimmer, 1877-1948
Date Published / Released
1902
Person Discussed
Gyula Wlassics, 1852-1937
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Social Reform and Political Activism, Empire and Education, Gendered Education, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Access to Higher Education, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Austrians, Hungarians
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