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U rogatackoj Slatini
written by Marija Jurić Zagorka, 1873-1957, in Obzor, no. 179, August 8, 1898, p. NA (1898), 4 page(s)
TITLE: In Rogatačka Slatina. DESCRIPTION: Marija Jurić Zagorka (1873-1956) was a Croatian feminist, the first female political journalist, editor of women’s magazines, and the most popular Croatian writer. The newspaper article, in two parts, describes the stay of Croatian bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Rog...
Sample
written by Marija Jurić Zagorka, 1873-1957, in Obzor, no. 179, August 8, 1898, p. NA (1898), 4 page(s)
Description
TITLE: In Rogatačka Slatina. DESCRIPTION: Marija Jurić Zagorka (1873-1956) was a Croatian feminist, the first female political journalist, editor of women’s magazines, and the most popular Croatian writer. The newspaper article, in two parts, describes the stay of Croatian bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Rogaška Slatina, a spa in Slovenia, near the border with Croatia. The author evokes the international ambience of the place, with patrons...
TITLE: In Rogatačka Slatina. DESCRIPTION: Marija Jurić Zagorka (1873-1956) was a Croatian feminist, the first female political journalist, editor of women’s magazines, and the most popular Croatian writer. The newspaper article, in two parts, describes the stay of Croatian bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Rogaška Slatina, a spa in Slovenia, near the border with Croatia. The author evokes the international ambience of the place, with patrons speaking Hungarian, French, Czech and German. The bishop’s meeting with Croatian ladies in July 1898 serves to Zagorka as an opportunity to discuss the position of Croatian women. Declaring that Croatian women show less patriotism than all other Slavic women, she emphasizes as the gravest problems the lack of national contents in women’s education and the still on-going practice of the everyday use of German language in urban centers in Croatia. As for the women’s participation in politics, the author sees the difference between patriotic feelings and the politics in the private/public divide. She exhorts both women and men to enable the development of Croatian patriotism among women. Keywords: Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Education; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political and Human Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Habsburg Empire
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Marija Jurić Zagorka, 1873-1957
Date Published / Released
1898
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Women and Education, Social and Cultural Rights, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Germans, Slavs, Czechs, Croatians
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Unveiled: The Autobiography of a Turkish Girl
written by Selma Ekrem, 1902-1986 (New York, NY: Ives Washburn, 1930), 334 page(s)
Sample
written by Selma Ekrem, 1902-1986 (New York, NY: Ives Washburn, 1930), 334 page(s)
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Diary/Memoir/Autobiography
Author / Creator
Selma Ekrem, 1902-1986
Date Published / Released
1930
Publisher
Ives Washburn
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Women and Religion, National Identity, Social and Cultural Rights, Male Religious Authorities, Turkish, Industrialization and Western Global Hegemony (1750–1914)
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Viktoria Lityán to Feministák Egyesülete, Szekesfehérvár, ca. 1910s
written by Viktoria Lityán, fl. 1910 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 3 Folder 5) (1910) , 1 page(s)
TITLE: Viktoria Lityán to Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association (in Hungary)], Szekesfehérvár, ca. 1910s. DESCRIPTION: Undated letter, on behalf of the Szekesfehérvár Group of the Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesületének székesfehérvári csoportja), asking for support with regard to the pla...
Sample
written by Viktoria Lityán, fl. 1910 (Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary – National Archives], P999 Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association], Box 3 Folder 5) (1910) , 1 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Viktoria Lityán to Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association (in Hungary)], Szekesfehérvár, ca. 1910s. DESCRIPTION: Undated letter, on behalf of the Szekesfehérvár Group of the Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesületének székesfehérvári csoportja), asking for support with regard to the planned organization of local peasant women, a plan on which the group has agreed. The Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete) was...
TITLE: Viktoria Lityán to Feministák Egyesülete [Feminist Association (in Hungary)], Szekesfehérvár, ca. 1910s. DESCRIPTION: Undated letter, on behalf of the Szekesfehérvár Group of the Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesületének székesfehérvári csoportja), asking for support with regard to the planned organization of local peasant women, a plan on which the group has agreed. The Feminist Association (Feministák Egyesülete) was the leading progressive-liberal organization in Hungary. Viktoria Lityán requests the help of the Feminist Association in Budapest for inviting and bringing over to Székesfehérvár two (peasant) women from Balmazújváros who speak “the language of the people.” KEYWORDS: Work and Class Identity; Gender and Class; Peasant Women’s Organizing; Habsburg Empire; Women’s Movement Spreading all over Hungary
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1910
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Letter
Recipient Organization
Feminist Association, Hungary
Author / Creator
Viktoria Lityán, fl. 1910
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Work and Class Identity, Women of Color, Social Reform and Political Activism, Social and Cultural Rights, Women as “Proletariat”, Gender Discrimination, Class Discrimination, National Identity, Hungarians
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W kwestii międzynarodowego trwałego pokoju
written by Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska, 1860-1934 (Archiwum Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej, Fragment archiwum NZ LK NKN, 8836/IV: k 34-38) (1915) , 5 page(s)
TITLE: The Question of an International Permanent Peace. DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the...
Sample
written by Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska, 1860-1934 (Archiwum Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej, Fragment archiwum NZ LK NKN, 8836/IV: k 34-38) (1915) , 5 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Question of an International Permanent Peace. DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the international Women’s Peace Congress in The Hague in 1915. Daszyńska-Golińska was a socialist and feminist politician and a nationa...
TITLE: The Question of an International Permanent Peace. DESCRIPTION: The archive of Jagiellonian Library in Cracow contains unpublished material of Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska (1866-1934) which she collected due to her task to represent the Polish women’s organization “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” at the international Women’s Peace Congress in The Hague in 1915. Daszyńska-Golińska was a socialist and feminist politician and a national economist (Nationalökonomin). She gained her PhD at the University of Zurich (Universität Zürich) in 1891 and taught at Berlin University (Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, today Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin). She stood up for women’s right to vote and for the independence of Poland. She also was arepresentative of the eugenic movement in Poland especially between the wars. The “International Congress of Women, The Hague, 1915” called together representatives of women’s organizations from all over the world to prevent war in future. It established the “International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace,” since 1919 “Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.” The “Liga Kobiet (Women’s League)” joined together active Polish women to mobilize them for the “Polish question.” The collection consists of 48 pp. of different handwritten papers and typescripts in German and Polish from Daszyńska-Goliǹska: records from meetings and policy papers about the positions of Polish women’s politics concerning independence, peace and the role of women during war times. In addition, there are some English, Polish and German announcements and protocols concerning the Congress and the Committee. They are not written by Daszyńska-Golińska. The typescript ‘W kwestii międzynarodowego trwałego pokoju [The Question of an International Permanent Peace’ (June 19, 2015)] is written like a speech. It starts with the success of the peace congress as an international meeting of women from so many different countries and then argues for the most basic structure of peace, the nation. The overwhelming meaning became visible when class conflicts were left behind in the beginning of the war. Daszyńska-Golińska mentioned France, Germany, Great Britain and Austria. The importance of the nation leads her to the avtivities of Polish women and the Liga kobiet (Women’s League). She ends with the remark that Polish women like all women want peace and therefore fight for freedom of Poland. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/Cultures of Empire; Women Interacting with Women, Social Movements, and Other Actors Beyond Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Women Challenging Empire; Peace and War; Social Reform and Political Activism; Political and Human Rights; Habsburg Empire; Poland; Germany; France; Great Britain; Austria; The Hague
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Date Written / Recorded
1915
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Government/institutional document
Author / Creator
Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska, 1860-1934
Topic / Theme
Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Work and Class Identity, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Human Rights, Social and Cultural Rights, National Identity, Nationalism and Independence Movements, Class Discrimination, International Peace, Polish, 20...
Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Work and Class Identity, Peace, International Governance, and International Law, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Human Rights, Social and Cultural Rights, National Identity, Nationalism and Independence Movements, Class Discrimination, International Peace, Polish, 20th Century in World History (1914--2000)
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Woman in Nation
written by Elena Soltészova, fl. 1902, in Dennica [Morning Star], Vol. 5 no. 7, July 1902, pp. 137-140 (1902), 4 page(s)
TITLE: Woman in Nation. DESCRIPTION: Elena (Maróthy-) Šoltésová (1855-1939) was a Slovak writer, editor and publicist and a leading figure of the Slovak women’s activism of the 2nd half of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Between 1894 and 1927, she was the chairwoman of the Slovak women’s assoc...
Sample
written by Elena Soltészova, fl. 1902, in Dennica [Morning Star], Vol. 5 no. 7, July 1902, pp. 137-140 (1902), 4 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Woman in Nation. DESCRIPTION: Elena (Maróthy-) Šoltésová (1855-1939) was a Slovak writer, editor and publicist and a leading figure of the Slovak women’s activism of the 2nd half of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Between 1894 and 1927, she was the chairwoman of the Slovak women’s association Živena. Lead by Maróthy-Šoltésová, Živena founded several schools for girls, organised lectures for girls in housekeeping...
TITLE: Woman in Nation. DESCRIPTION: Elena (Maróthy-) Šoltésová (1855-1939) was a Slovak writer, editor and publicist and a leading figure of the Slovak women’s activism of the 2nd half of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Between 1894 and 1927, she was the chairwoman of the Slovak women’s association Živena. Lead by Maróthy-Šoltésová, Živena founded several schools for girls, organised lectures for girls in housekeeping and founded the Lipa organisation to help Slovak female embroiders sell their work. She was also the editor of the women’s journal Živena, founded in 1910. Dennica [Morning Star] was the first Slovak women’s journal, founded in 1898. The journal was founded and edited by Terézia Vansová (1857-1942), Slovak writer and a leading women’s activist. From the perspective of the Slovak nationalism, the author deals with defining the role of a woman in the Slovak nation as a nation suffering and oppressed. The primary task of a woman is the successful education of children in the national spirit. However, the author emphasizes that the woman’s role is not limited to this. A woman, like a man, is called to the national mission, to work for the nation as a nationalist. The Slovak nation is portrayed as a soft and pliable nation. Women have the task of supplying it with strength, multiplying the power of the nation. The legitimacy to do so is given to them by their love for the nation, which according to the author is primarily a woman’s attribute. In the text nationalism is connected with Christianity - the nations are something eternal - created by God. See also, Ambróz Pietor, “Slovenky pozor! [Slovak Women, Beware!],” Národní hlásník [National Watchman] 2, no. 6 (1869): 169–73 (5pp.); and Anna Pivková, Ambróz Pietor, and Anna Mudroňová, “Príhlas k ct. obecenstvu slovenskému [Statement to the Revered Slovak Audience],” in Živena. Národní almanach [Živena: National Almanac] (Turč. Sv. Martin: Knihtlačiarsky-účastinárský spolok, 1872), 226–232 (7pp.). KEYWORDS: Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Education in National Languages; Women and Religion; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Slovakia
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Elena Soltészova, fl. 1902
Date Published / Released
July 1902, 1902
Topic / Theme
Work and Class Identity, Women and Development, Political and Human Rights, Women and Education, Social Reform and Political Activism, Rights to Work, Household Crafts, Equal Rights for Women, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, National Identity, Slovak
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Woman's Indirect Influence, and its Effect on Character: Her Position Improved by the Franchise, Morally and Materially
written by Edith Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 1878-1959, in Theresa, Lady Londonderry Papers, of Northern Ireland. Public Record Office (Papers of the 7th Marquess of Londonderry and His Wife Edith Helen, Speeches and Addresses by Lady Londonderry on Woman's Suffrage (Reference number D3099/3/6)) (Belfast, Northern Ireland) (1909), 8 page(s)
Pamphlet by Edith Castlereagh describing why the aims of Unionist and Conservative associations should include the pursuit of women's suffrage.
Sample
written by Edith Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 1878-1959, in Theresa, Lady Londonderry Papers, of Northern Ireland. Public Record Office (Papers of the 7th Marquess of Londonderry and His Wife Edith Helen, Speeches and Addresses by Lady Londonderry on Woman's Suffrage (Reference number D3099/3/6)) (Belfast, Northern Ireland) (1909), 8 page(s)
Description
Pamphlet by Edith Castlereagh describing why the aims of Unionist and Conservative associations should include the pursuit of women's suffrage.
Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Pamphlet
Author / Creator
Edith Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 1878-1959
Date Published / Released
1909-03, 1909
Topic / Theme
Political and Human Rights, Social Reform and Political Activism, Suffrage, Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations, National Identity, Industrialization and Western Global Hegemony (1750–1914)
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XXV ani din viaţa Reuniunei Femeilor Române Sălăgene: 1881-1906
written by Augustin Vicas, fl. 1897 (Libraria Centrala Universitara "Lucian Blaga" Cluj Napoca) (Simleul Silvaniei, Salaj County: Institutul Tipografic Victoria, 1906), 129 page(s)
TITLE: Twenty-Five Years of the Reunion of Romanian Women, 1881-1906. DESCRIPTION: The monograph consists of a year-by-year account of the activity of the The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ Reunion of Romanian Women in Sălaj/Szilàgy county, between 1881 and 1906. The Reunion was part of Women’s Reunions (i.e. Wom...
Sample
written by Augustin Vicas, fl. 1897 (Libraria Centrala Universitara "Lucian Blaga" Cluj Napoca) (Simleul Silvaniei, Salaj County: Institutul Tipografic Victoria, 1906), 129 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Twenty-Five Years of the Reunion of Romanian Women, 1881-1906. DESCRIPTION: The monograph consists of a year-by-year account of the activity of the The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ Reunion of Romanian Women in Sălaj/Szilàgy county, between 1881 and 1906. The Reunion was part of Women’s Reunions (i.e. Women’s Associations) in Transylvania. The narrative is supported by and references on page margins ten annexed documents. The Addenda c...
TITLE: Twenty-Five Years of the Reunion of Romanian Women, 1881-1906. DESCRIPTION: The monograph consists of a year-by-year account of the activity of the The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ Reunion of Romanian Women in Sălaj/Szilàgy county, between 1881 and 1906. The Reunion was part of Women’s Reunions (i.e. Women’s Associations) in Transylvania. The narrative is supported by and references on page margins ten annexed documents. The Addenda consist of official correspondence in Romanian and Hungarian, Reunion statutes, significant members’ speeches and several illustrations. The Reuniunea Femeilor Române/ Reunion of Romanian Women in Sălaj/Szilàgy county was created in 1881. Among its founders were Emilia Pop Hossu-Longin and Clara Maniu (1842-1929) (serving as President), both of them members of politically influential families, with ties to the Romanian National Party in Transylvania. Augustin Vicaș, the monograph’s author, was a Greek-Catolic (Eastern Catholic) priest, who served as secretary of the Reunion of Romanian Women in Sălaj/Szilàgy megye, between 1897 and 1905. ¶ According to the monograph, the Reunion opened an elementary school for girls in 1889. The school functioned in the town of Șimleu Silvaniei/Szilágysomlyó/Schomlemarkt until at least 1905, with an average of 30 students, drawn from educated middle class families in Sălaj/Szilàgy county. It financed itself through members’ donations, a regular subsidy from a Romanian bank in town, and royalties from the sale of a prayer book for which it was donated the copy rights. The school’s founders presented it both as an institution for women’s emancipation through education and as a way of competing with members of other nationalities in the Empire (especially Hungarian women). It subscribed to publicist George Baritiu’s ideas about the place of a good (but not highly theoretical) education for women within the Transylvanian Romanian nationalist movement. In the first years after its founding, the Reunion’s main struggle was to formally maintain the school’s status as a private school whose main language of teaching was Romanian, rather than turning it into a Romanian-language confessional school run by either the Eastern Catholic or the Orthodox Church. Concerning attempts at placing the association’s school under the remit of one of the two churches , the monograph’s author opined that it shed a negative light on the Romanian community and that “nationalism and confessionalism among the Romanian people must go arm in arm, without offending each other” (p.32). For decades, the school insisted on using the Romanian language in official business with regional educational authorities, invoking the Austro-Hungarian Law of Nationalities of 1868. It defined its scrupulously legalistic approach, evidenced by the monograph’s Addenda (for example Doc. 8), as “forcefully standing up in the legal domain/on legal grounds for the defense of our cherished national language” (p.46). From 1900, the Reunion focused increasingly on preserving and developing home industry production in the region, noticing that the originality of the “Romanian woman’s costume has been admired and praised by foreigners” – a nod to the use of peasant embroidery in transnational mobilization for the Transylvanian Romanian national cause in previous years. Beginning with 1900, Reunion members collected textiles, embroidery and entire women’s costumes from villages in the county. In 1901, it hosted an exhibition of homemade textiles, collected and sold by “the sister Reunion” from “the romantic county of Hunedoara” (p. 66), meant to benefit “fire-stricken” peasants from the village of Vaideeni. Significantly, the Hunedoara Reunion was presided over by a Sălaj/Szilàgy-county native. Interestingly, the Hunedoara Reunion had itself participated in exhibitions meant to support flood-stricken peasants from Upper Hungary (present day Slovakia), at the behest of Baroness Dithfurth. The monograph notes that on the occasion of the 1901 exhibition, “it was noticed with joy that women and girls from [Salaj] villages made copies of the most beautiful [Hunedoara] weaves in order to imitate them” (p. 65). The Reunion introduced the celebration of the Christmas tree, an occasion for donating objects to children in need. The Christmas tree celebration was described as a “humanitarian institution” and the Reunion hoped to spread the ceremony in the county’s villages. ¶ The monograph describes in a careful and detailed form the activities of one of the Transylvanian women’s Reunions (i.e., Associations), offering a good view of the concrete functioning of these women-centric associations over 25 years. The document describes Romanian nationalistic mobilization in an overwhelmingly rural county, an area which Reunion members perceived as marginal and a “frontier of Romanianess” (p.66). (The better documented Reunions usually functioned in larger cities, with a fairly strong Romanian middle class, such as Sibiu or Brasov). The book also offers a sense of how these organizations self-limited their activity on both gender and national questions. For instance, while the Reunion fought its protracted, mostly low-level, administrative battle for the use of Romanian in all official correspondence, it refrained from organizing its 1894 general assembly in an area where “spirits were agitated” due to the Memorandum trial. See also, “Elena Baiulescu and Elena Muresianu to Emilia Dr. Ratiu” (Letter, Brașov, României, June 16, 1894), 734/1905, Fond 1246 Personal Fond Dr. Ioan Ratiu, f.1, Romania. Arhivele Nationale. Arhivele Nationale Istorice Centrale Bucharest. KEYWORDS: Women and Practices/ Cultures of Empire; Women and Nation within Empire; Relations Between Women of Different Nationalities; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; Women and National Languages; National Identity; Social Reform and Political Activism; Women and Education; Gendered Education; Education in National Languages; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Habsburg Empire; Kingdom of Hungary; Funds and donations; Handicrafts; Home industry
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Book
Author / Creator
Augustin Vicas, fl. 1897
Date Published / Released
1906
Publisher
Institutul Tipografic Victoria
Topic / Theme
Indigenous Women, Women and Development, Women and Education, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Indigenous Women and Dress, Household Crafts, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Gendered Education, Empire and Education, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, Social and Cultural Rights, Romanians
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Ženska čitaonica
written by Milica Tomić, fl. 1911, in Žena, Vol. 1, no. 1, 1911, pp. 20-25 (1911), 6 page(s)
TITLE: Women's Reading Room. DESCRIPTION: The author of this article was Milica Tomić (1859-1944), a writer, editor and a public activist for women’s rights born and based in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Vojvodina. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonom...
Sample
written by Milica Tomić, fl. 1911, in Žena, Vol. 1, no. 1, 1911, pp. 20-25 (1911), 6 page(s)
Description
TITLE: Women's Reading Room. DESCRIPTION: The author of this article was Milica Tomić (1859-1944), a writer, editor and a public activist for women’s rights born and based in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Vojvodina. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of t...
TITLE: Women's Reading Room. DESCRIPTION: The author of this article was Milica Tomić (1859-1944), a writer, editor and a public activist for women’s rights born and based in Novi Sad (Újvidék), Vojvodina. The Vojvodina belonged to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Hungary, in the dual Monarchy (from 1867) of Austria-Hungary. Serbian was one of the dominant languages spoken in the Vojvodina. Milica Tomić published numerous works on the subject of women’s rights, education and emancipation. Her central endeavor was founding the periodical Žena (The Woman) in 1911, which she herself edited from 1911 until 1921 (because of the First World War, the periodical was not published from 1915 to 1917). In 1881, she was hired to work for the Charitable Cooperative of Serbian Women in Novi Sad (Dobrotvorna zadruga Srpkinja Novosatkinja). See, “Rad dobrotvornih zadruga [The Work of Charitable Cooperatives],” Ženski svet, January 5, 1886. Milica Tomić cooperated with Rosika Schwimmer (1877–1948), a prominent Hungarian feminist, and their correspondence was published in one of the issues of Žena. In this article, Milica Tomić argues that the establishment of women’s reading rooms should be the beginning of a more intensive work in the field of “progress and education of our women.” She describes how she participated (in 1910) in establishing a reading room in Novi Sad. This reading room differs from men’s reading rooms, as well as from women’s reading rooms “in the West.” Initially, “seven years earlier,” Tomić and her female friends would meet every Thursday to read together. They would all add some money to the common budget each time they would meet. Around Christmas, the members would use the money to help a poor child or a poor old lady. When the education in national languages was “endangered” by a law initiated in Hungary, the women collected thirty thousand signatures of women against this initiative. Then, the women (at first five, then fifteen of them) had an agreement to establish a public reading room for all women, including those from the poorest families. In order to involve women from other classes, some of whom could not even read, they decided to have meetings where they would read out loud. The organization was officially established in Novi Sad under the name Women’s Reading Room ‘Posestrima’(Ženska čitaonica ‘Posestrima’, a descriptive translation is “the reading room where women become sisters”). As reported, the government didn’t accept the use of the name in Serbian when they registered the organization. The reading room also functioned as a library with about 300 books. There were initially 170 members. The meetings were attended by many peasant women. Tomić mentions the activities they would all perform in villages together, and that a certain feeling of community was created. In the end, she argues that this kind of organization would bring (Serbian) women of different classes together, which would further lead to progress. She ends the text with an exclamation: “We must go forward! (Napred se mora!)” KEYWORDS: Women and Institutions of Empire; Reading room; Women and Nation within Empire; Women and Nation-Building; Women and Relationship Between Nations in the Empire; Women and Struggle Between Nations in the Empire; National Identity; Empire Silenced; Social Reform and Political Activism; Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements; Political Parties and Other Male Dominated Organizations; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Social and Cultural Rights; Women and Education; Education in National Languages; Access to Higher Education; Access to Primary Education/Literacy; Gendered Education; Women as Teachers; Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation; Habsburg Empire; Hungary; Vojvodina; Novi Sad; Serbia
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Periodical article
Author / Creator
Milica Tomić, fl. 1911
Date Published / Released
1911
Person Discussed
Rosika Schwimmer, 1877-1948, Milica Tomić, fl. 1911
Topic / Theme
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Women and Immigration, Social Reform and Political Activism, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Women as Teachers, Access to Higher Education, Social and Cultural Rights, Nationality Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Gendered Education,...
Women and Education, Political and Human Rights, Women and Immigration, Social Reform and Political Activism, Access to Primary Education/Literacy, Education as a Source of Women’s Emancipation, Women as Teachers, Access to Higher Education, Social and Cultural Rights, Nationality Rights, Multi-Ethnic Participation in Social Movements, National Identity, Indigenous Languages, Gendered Education, Serbians
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Žensko pitanje
written by Marija Kumičić, 1863-1945 (Zagreb, Grad Zagreb: Hrvatska čitaonica u Zagrebu, 1906), 16 page(s)
TITLE: The Woman Question. DESCRIPTION: Marija Kumičić (1863-1945) was a Croatian writer and member of numerous patriotic and women’s associations. The booklet is entirely devoted to the woman question, and it is published in 1906 by Hrvatska Čitaonica (the Croatian Reading Room) in Zagreb. It presents a cons...
Sample
written by Marija Kumičić, 1863-1945 (Zagreb, Grad Zagreb: Hrvatska čitaonica u Zagrebu, 1906), 16 page(s)
Description
TITLE: The Woman Question. DESCRIPTION: Marija Kumičić (1863-1945) was a Croatian writer and member of numerous patriotic and women’s associations. The booklet is entirely devoted to the woman question, and it is published in 1906 by Hrvatska Čitaonica (the Croatian Reading Room) in Zagreb. It presents a conservative view on women’s position in society, explicitly posited against the "modern current" that opened up the woman question as th...
TITLE: The Woman Question. DESCRIPTION: Marija Kumičić (1863-1945) was a Croatian writer and member of numerous patriotic and women’s associations. The booklet is entirely devoted to the woman question, and it is published in 1906 by Hrvatska Čitaonica (the Croatian Reading Room) in Zagreb. It presents a conservative view on women’s position in society, explicitly posited against the "modern current" that opened up the woman question as the issue of equality. The author refers to the divine law that gave women their primary role of being mothersand educating children’s minds and hearts. She laments the loss of traditional values and ideals and is against the modern view that promotes equality between men and women in all areas. For Kumičić, women who entered professions are not free, since in the contemporary world everyone is slave to duty, while the “modern freedom” often work against morality and required modesty. The most important question in society is the national one. Even without the voting rights, women often vote through their husbands, Kumičić finds, even blaming women for votes against national interests. They are often motivated by vanity and influenced by the world of foreign fashion, promoted by the popular press from Berlin, Vienna and Paris. The text finishes by evoking Jelena Šubić, mother of the national hero Nikola Šubić-Zrinjski, as an ideal woman active in the struggle for national independence, but also a foreign woman, Croatian queen Jelena (Helena, Ilona), sister of Hungarian King Ladislaus I. who abolished Croatia’s sovereignty. Marija Kumičić (née Maršić) was the wife of Eugen Kumičić (1850-1904), an influential Croatian writer and politician. She wrote political and social articles, poems, novels and short stories, translated novels and worked as the editor of literary supplement to the fashion magazine Modnisvijet. Through her husband, Marija Kumičić was in close relations with the Croatian politician Ante Starčević, the founder of the modern Croatian nationalism, influenced by political liberalism. Socially, however, she espoused conservatism and blamed the importing of the woman question to the "modern stream", foreign to Croatian nation. Characteristically for her conservative views, the author remained silent about women from other parts of the Empire and Europe, preferring the simple narrative of the struggle for Croatian national independence, narrowly focused on national history and its plight. Later, in the kingdom of Yugoslavia, Kumičić will act as the president of Hrvatskažena (Croatian woman, 1921-1943), the main nationalist women’s organization opposed to the common Yugoslav state and standing outside of Yugoslav umbrella women’s organizations. She remained active in the fascist, puppet “Independent state of Croatia” during the Second World War. Keywords: Women and Nation within Empire; National Identity; Empire Silenced; Political and Human Rights; Nationality Rights; Suffrage; Women and Religion
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Collection
Women and Social Movements, Modern Empires Since 1820
Field of Study
Women and Social Movements
Content Type
Pamphlet
Author / Creator
Marija Kumičić, 1863-1945
Date Published / Released
1906
Publisher
Hrvatska čitaonica u Zagrebu
Person Discussed
Ante Starčević, 1823-1896, Eugen Kumičić, 1850-1904, Marija Kumičić, 1863-1945, Ladislaus I, King of Hungary, 1046-1095, Helena of Hungary, Queen of Croatia, 1050-1091, Nikola Šubić Zrinski, 1508-1566, Jelena Karlović, fl. 1500
Topic / Theme
World War II, 1939-1945, Women, Colonization, Empire, and Post Coloniality, Social Reform and Political Activism, Political and Human Rights, Women and Immigration, Nationalism and Independence Movements, Empire and Family Life, National Identity, Suffrage, Equal Rights for Women, Citizenship Rights, Croatians, Yugoslavs
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